1
|
Ghosh S, Prabhu NP. Heterogeneous Macromolecular crowding effect on nucleation-independent fibril formation of Lysozyme: Spectroscopic analysis of Structure, Stability, and fibrillation rate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 315:124276. [PMID: 38626673 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - N Prakash Prabhu
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tufail N, Abidi M, Warsi MS, Kausar T, Nayeem SM. Computational and physicochemical insight into 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal induced structural and functional perturbations in human low-density lipoprotein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2698-2713. [PMID: 37154523 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2208234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a biological process that frequently occurs under physiological conditions. Undue oxidative stress increases the level of LPO; which may further contribute to the development of cancer. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), one of the principal by-products of LPO, is present in high concentrations in oxidatively stressed cells. HNE rapidly reacts with various biological components, including DNA and proteins; however, the extent of protein degradation by lipid electrophiles is not well understood. The influence of HNE on protein structures will likely have a considerable therapeutic value. This research elucidates the potential of HNE, one of the most researched phospholipid peroxidation products, in modifying low-density lipoprotein (LDL). In this study, we tracked the structural alterations in LDL by HNE using various physicochemical techniques. To comprehend the stability, binding mechanism and conformational dynamics of the HNE-LDL complex, computational investigations were carried out. LDL was altered in vitro by HNE, and the secondary and tertiary structural alterations were examined using spectroscopic methods, such as UV-visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Carbonyl content, thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substance (TBARS) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assays were used to examine changes in the oxidation status of LDL. Thioflavin T (ThT), 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic (ANS) binding assay and electron microscopy were used to investigate aggregates formation. According to our research, LDL modified by HNE results in changes in structural dynamics, oxidative stress and the formation of LDL aggregates. The current investigation must characterize HNE's interactions with LDL and comprehend how it can change their physiological or pathological functions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Tufail
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Minhal Abidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Sharib Warsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Tasneem Kausar
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Shahid M Nayeem
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grazioli G, Tao A, Bhatia I, Regan P. Genetic Algorithm for Automated Parameterization of Network Hamiltonian Models of Amyloid Fibril Formation. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1854-1865. [PMID: 38359362 PMCID: PMC10910512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The time scales of long-time atomistic molecular dynamics simulations are typically reported in microseconds, while the time scales for experiments studying the kinetics of amyloid fibril formation are typically reported in minutes or hours. This time scale deficit of roughly 9 orders of magnitude presents a major challenge in the design of computer simulation methods for studying protein aggregation events. Coarse-grained molecular simulations offer a computationally tractable path forward for exploring the molecular mechanism driving the formation of these structures, which are implicated in diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and type-II diabetes. Network Hamiltonian models of aggregation are centered around a Hamiltonian function that returns the total energy of a system of aggregating proteins, given the graph structure of the system as an input. In the graph, or network, representation of the system, each protein molecule is represented as a node, and noncovalent bonds between proteins are represented as edges. The parameter, i.e., a set of coefficients that determine the degree to which each topological degree of freedom is favored or disfavored, must be determined for each network Hamiltonian model, and is a well-known technical challenge. The methodology is first demonstrated by beginning with an initial set of randomly parametrized models of low fibril fraction (<5% fibrillar), and evolving to subsequent generations of models, ultimately leading to high fibril fraction models (>70% fibrillar). The methodology is also demonstrated by applying it to optimizing previously published network Hamiltonian models for the 5 key amyloid fibril topologies that have been reported in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The models generated by the AI produced fibril fractions that surpass previously published fibril fractions in 3 of 5 cases, including the most naturally abundant amyloid fibril topology, the 1,2 2-ribbon, which features a steric zipper. The authors also aim to encourage more widespread use of the network Hamiltonian methodology for fitting a wide variety of self-assembling systems by releasing a free open-source implementation of the genetic algorithm introduced here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarc Grazioli
- Department of Chemistry, San
José State University, San Jose, California 95192, United States
| | - Andy Tao
- Department of Chemistry, San
José State University, San Jose, California 95192, United States
| | - Inika Bhatia
- Department of Chemistry, San
José State University, San Jose, California 95192, United States
| | - Patrick Regan
- Department of Chemistry, San
José State University, San Jose, California 95192, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cook KD, Tran T, Thomas VA, Devanaboyina SC, Rock DA, Pearson JT. Correlation of In Vitro Kinetic Stability to Preclinical In Vivo Pharmacokinetics for a Panel of Anti-PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody Interleukin 21 Mutein Immunocytokines. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:228-235. [PMID: 38135505 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic fusion protein drugs is often impeded by the unintended consequences that occur from fusing together domains from independent naturally occurring proteins, consequences such as altered biodistribution, tissue uptake, or rapid clearance and potential immunogenicity. For therapeutic fusion proteins containing globular domains, we hypothesized that aberrant in vivo behavior could be related to low kinetic stability of these domains leading to local unfolding and susceptibility to partial proteolysis and/or salvage and uptake. Herein we describe an assay to measure kinetic stability of therapeutic fusion proteins by way of their sensitivity to the protease thermolysin. The results indicate that in vivo pharmacokinetics of a panel of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 monocolonal antibody:interleukin 21 immunocytokines in both mice and nonhuman primates are highly correlated with their in vitro susceptibility to thermolysin-mediated proteolysis. This assay can be used as a tool to quickly identify in vivo liabilities of globular domains of therapeutic proteins, thus aiding in the optimization and development of new multispecific drug candidates. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work describes a novel assay utilizing protein kinetic stability to identify preclinical in vivo pharmacokinetic liabilities of multispecific therapeutic fusion proteins. This provides an efficient, inexpensive method to ascertain inherent protein stability in vitro before conducting in vivo studies, which can rapidly increase the speed of preclinical drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Cook
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, South San Francisco, California
| | - Thuy Tran
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, South San Francisco, California
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Dan A Rock
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, South San Francisco, California
| | - Josh T Pearson
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, South San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Galata AA, Kröger M. Globular Proteins and Where to Find Them within a Polymer Brush-A Case Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102407. [PMID: 37242983 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein adsorption by polymerized surfaces is an interdisciplinary topic that has been approached in many ways, leading to a plethora of theoretical, numerical and experimental insight. There is a wide variety of models trying to accurately capture the essence of adsorption and its effect on the conformations of proteins and polymers. However, atomistic simulations are case-specific and computationally demanding. Here, we explore universal aspects of the dynamics of protein adsorption through a coarse-grained (CG) model, that allows us to explore the effects of various design parameters. To this end, we adopt the hydrophobic-polar (HP) model for proteins, place them uniformly at the upper bound of a CG polymer brush whose multibead-spring chains are tethered to a solid implicit wall. We find that the most crucial factor affecting the adsorption efficiency appears to be the polymer grafting density, while the size of the protein and its hydrophobicity ratio come also into play. We discuss the roles of ligands and attractive tethering surfaces to the primary adsorption as well as secondary and ternary adsorption in the presence of attractive (towards the hydrophilic part of the protein) beads along varying spots of the backbone of the polymer chains. The percentage and rate of adsorption, density profiles and the shapes of the proteins, alongside with the respective potential of mean force are recorded to compare the various scenarios during protein adsorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini A Galata
- Magnetism and Interface Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kröger
- Magnetism and Interface Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
March D, Bianco V, Franzese G. Correction: March et al. Protein Unfolding and Aggregation near a Hydrophobic Interface. Polymers 2021, 13, 156. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092053. [PMID: 37177381 PMCID: PMC10180727 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the original publication [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David March
- Secció de Física Estadística i Interdisciplinària-Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentino Bianco
- Chemical Physics Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de las Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Franzese
- Secció de Física Estadística i Interdisciplinària-Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pandey S, Raut KK, Clark AM, Baudin A, Djemri L, Libich DS, Ponniah K, Pascal SM. Enhancing the Conformational Stability of the cl-Par-4 Tumor Suppressor via Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040667. [PMID: 37189414 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins play important roles in cell signaling, and dysregulation of these proteins is associated with several diseases. Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4), an approximately 40 kilodalton proapoptotic tumor suppressor, is a predominantly intrinsically disordered protein whose downregulation has been observed in various cancers. The caspase-cleaved fragment of Par-4 (cl-Par-4) is active and plays a role in tumor suppression by inhibiting cell survival pathways. Here, we employed site-directed mutagenesis to create a cl-Par-4 point mutant (D313K). The expressed and purified D313K protein was characterized using biophysical techniques, and the results were compared to that of the wild-type (WT). We have previously demonstrated that WT cl-Par-4 attains a stable, compact, and helical conformation in the presence of a high level of salt at physiological pH. Here, we show that the D313K protein attains a similar conformation as the WT in the presence of salt, but at an approximately two times lower salt concentration. This establishes that the substitution of a basic residue for an acidic residue at position 313 alleviates inter-helical charge repulsion between dimer partners and helps to stabilize the structural conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samjhana Pandey
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Krishna K Raut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Andrea M Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Antoine Baudin
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lamya Djemri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - David S Libich
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Komala Ponniah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Steven M Pascal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Milčić N, Švaco P, Sudar M, Tang L, Findrik Blažević Z, Majerić Elenkov M. Impact of organic solvents on the catalytic performance of halohydrin dehalogenase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2351-2361. [PMID: 36881116 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic transformations in organic synthesis often require the use of organic solvents to improve substrate solubility and promote the product formation. Halohydrin dehalogenases (HHDHs) are enzymes that catalyze the formation and conversion of epoxides, important synthetic class of compounds that are often sparingly soluble in water and prone to hydrolysis. In this study, the activity, stability, and enantioselectivity of HHDH from Agrobacterium radiobacter AD1 (HheC) in form of cell-free extract were evaluated in various aqueous-organic media. A correlation was discovered between the enzyme activity in the ring-closure reaction and logP of the solvent. Knowledge of such a relationship makes biocatalysis with organic solvents more predictable, which may reduce the need to experiment with a variety of solvents in the future. The results revealed a high enzyme compatibility with hydrophobic solvents (e.g., n-heptane) in terms of activity and stability. Regarding the HHDH applicability in an organic medium, inhibitions by a number of solvents (e.g., THF, toluene, chloroform) proved to be a more challenging problem than the protein stability, especially in the ring-opening reaction, thus suggesting which solvents should be avoided. In addition, solvent tolerance of the thermostable variant ISM-4 was also evaluated, revealing increased stability and to a lesser extent enantioselectivity compared to the wild-type. This is the first time such a systematic analysis has been reported, giving insight into the behavior of HHDHs in nonconventional media and opening new opportunities for the future biocatalytic applications. KEY POINTS: • HheC performs better in the presence of hydrophobic than hydrophilic solvents. • Enzyme activity in the PNSHH ring-closure reaction is a function of the logP. • Thermostability of ISM-4 variant is accompanied by superior solvent tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Milčić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska c, 16, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Švaco
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c, 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Sudar
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska c, 16, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lixia Tang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology, No. 4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deiringer N, Friess W. Afraid of the wall of death? Considerations on monoclonal antibody characteristics that trigger aggregation during peristaltic pumping. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122635. [PMID: 36690131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is of major concern in manufacturing of biopharmaceutics. Protein aggregation upon peristaltic pumping for filtration, transfer or filling is triggered by protein adsorption to the tubing surface and subsequent film rupture during roller movement. While the impact of tubing type and formulation has been studied in more detail, the contribution of the protein characteristics is not fully resolved. We studied the aggregation propensity of six monoclonal antibodies during peristaltic pumping and characterized their colloidal and conformational stability, hydrophobicity, and surface activity. A high affinity to the surface resulting in faster adsorption and film renewal was key for the formation of protein particles ≥ 1 µm. Film formation and renewal were influenced by the antibody hydrophobicity, potential for electrostatic self-interaction and conformational stability. The initial interfacial pressure increase within the first minute can serve as a good predictor for antibody adsorption and particle formation propensity. Our results highlight the complexity of protein adsorption and emphasize the importance of formulation development to reduce protein particle formation by avoidance of adsorption to interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Deiringer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Instability Challenges and Stabilization Strategies of Pharmaceutical Proteins. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112533. [PMID: 36432723 PMCID: PMC9699111 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the structure of protein and peptide drugs has become one of the most important goals of scientists in recent decades. Cold and thermal denaturation conditions, lyophilization and freeze drying, different pH conditions, concentrations, ionic strength, environmental agitation, the interaction between the surface of liquid and air as well as liquid and solid, and even the architectural structure of storage containers are among the factors that affect the stability of these therapeutic biomacromolecules. The use of genetic engineering, side-directed mutagenesis, fusion strategies, solvent engineering, the addition of various preservatives, surfactants, and additives are some of the solutions to overcome these problems. This article will discuss the types of stress that lead to instabilities of different proteins used in pharmaceutics including regulatory proteins, antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates, and then all the methods for fighting these stresses will be reviewed. New and existing analytical methods that are used to detect the instabilities, mainly changes in their primary and higher order structures, are briefly summarized.
Collapse
|
11
|
Alraawi Z, Banerjee N, Mohanty S, Kumar TKS. Amyloidogenesis: What Do We Know So Far? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213970. [PMID: 36430450 PMCID: PMC9695042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of protein aggregation, and amyloidosis in particular, has gained considerable interest in recent times. Several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) show a characteristic buildup of proteinaceous aggregates in several organs, especially the brain. Despite the enormous upsurge in research articles in this arena, it would not be incorrect to say that we still lack a crystal-clear idea surrounding these notorious aggregates. In this review, we attempt to present a holistic picture on protein aggregation and amyloids in particular. Using a chronological order of discoveries, we present the case of amyloids right from the onset of their discovery, various biophysical techniques, including analysis of the structure, the mechanisms and kinetics of the formation of amyloids. We have discussed important questions on whether aggregation and amyloidosis are restricted to a subset of specific proteins or more broadly influenced by the biophysiochemical and cellular environment. The therapeutic strategies and the significant failure rate of drugs in clinical trials pertaining to these neurodegenerative diseases have been also discussed at length. At a time when the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the globe hard, the review also discusses the plausibility of the far-reaching consequences posed by the virus, such as triggering early onset of amyloidosis. Finally, the application(s) of amyloids as useful biomaterials has also been discussed briefly in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Alraawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fulbright College of Art and Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Nayan Banerjee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Srujana Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata 741246, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cho SY, Na HW, Oh H, Kwak YM, Song WS, Park S, Jeon WJ, Cho H, Oh BC, Park J, Kang S, Lee GS, Yoon SI. Structural basis of flagellar motility regulation by the MogR repressor and the GmaR antirepressor in Listeria monocytogenes. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11315-11330. [PMID: 36283692 PMCID: PMC9638930 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes bacterium produces the flagellum as a locomotive organelle at or below 30°C outside the host, but it halts flagellar expression at 37°C inside the human host to evade the flagellum-induced immune response. Listeria monocytogenes GmaR is a thermosensor protein that coordinates flagellar expression by binding the master transcriptional repressor of flagellar genes (MogR) in a temperature-responsive manner. To understand the regulatory mechanism whereby GmaR exerts the antirepression activity on flagellar expression, we performed structural and mutational analyses of the GmaR-MogR system. At or below 30°C, GmaR exists as a functional monomer and forms a circularly enclosed multidomain structure via an interdomain interaction. GmaR in this conformation recognizes MogR using the C-terminal antirepressor domain in a unique dual binding mode and mediates the antirepressor function through direct competition and spatial restraint mechanisms. Surprisingly, at 37°C, GmaR rapidly forms autologous aggregates that are deficient in MogR neutralization capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Cho
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-won Na
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Byeol Oh
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Mi Kwak
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Seok Song
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Cheol Park
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Jong Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongbaek Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Shik Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-il Yoon
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carpenter B, Talosig AR, Mulvey JT, Merham JG, Esquivel J, Rose B, Ogata AF, Fishman DA, Patterson JP. Role of Molecular Modification and Protein Folding in the Nucleation and Growth of Protein-Metal-Organic Frameworks. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:8336-8344. [PMID: 36193290 PMCID: PMC9523577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous nanomaterials that have been extensively studied as enzyme immobilization substrates. During in situ immobilization, MOF nucleation is driven by biomolecules with low isoelectric points. Investigation of how biomolecules control MOF self-assembly mechanisms on the molecular level is key to designing nanomaterials with desired physical and chemical properties. Here, we demonstrate how molecular modifications of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) can affect MOF crystal size, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency. Final crystal properties are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), fluorescent microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. To probe MOF self-assembly, in situ experiments were performed using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Biophysical characterization of BSA and FITC-BSA was performed using ζ potential, mass spectrometry, circular dichroism studies, fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The combined data reveal that protein folding and stability within amorphous precursors are contributing factors in the rate, extent, and mechanism of crystallization. Thus, our results suggest molecular modifications as promising methods for fine-tuning protein@MOFs' nucleation and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke
P. Carpenter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - A. Rain Talosig
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T. Mulvey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jovany G. Merham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jamie Esquivel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Ben Rose
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Alana F. Ogata
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Dmitry A. Fishman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen H, Ma L, Dai H, Fu Y, Wang H, Zhang Y. Advances in Rational Protein Engineering toward Functional Architectures and Their Applications in Food Science. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4522-4533. [PMID: 35353517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein biomolecules including enzymes, cagelike proteins, and specific peptides have been continuously exploited as functional biomaterials applied in catalysis, nutrient delivery, and food preservation in food-related areas. However, natural proteins usually function well in physiological conditions, not industrial conditions, or may possess undesirable physical and chemical properties. Currently, rational protein design as a valuable technology has attracted extensive attention for the rational engineering or fabrication of ideal protein biomaterials with novel properties and functionality. This article starts with the underlying knowledge of protein folding and assembly and is followed by the introduction of the principles and strategies for rational protein design. Basic strategies for rational protein engineering involving experienced protein tailoring, computational prediction, computation redesign, and de novo protein design are summarized. Then, we focus on the recent progress of rational protein engineering or design in the application of food science, and a comprehensive summary ranging from enzyme manufacturing to cagelike protein nanocarriers engineering and antimicrobial peptides preparation is given. Overall, this review highlights the importance of rational protein engineering in food biomaterial preparation which could be beneficial for food science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongjie Dai
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Khan JM, Malik A, Husain FM, Hakeem MJ, Alhomida AS. Sunset Yellow Dye Induces Amorphous Aggregation in β-Lactoglobulin at Acidic pH: A Multi-Techniques Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030395. [PMID: 35160385 PMCID: PMC8839080 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation is of two types: (i) amorphous and (ii) amyloid fibril. Several extrinsic factors (temperature, pH, and small ligands) stimulate protein aggregation in vitro. In this study, we have examined the role of sunset yellow (SY) on the β-lactoglobulin (BLG) aggregation at pH 2.0. We have used spectroscopic (turbidity, Rayleigh light scattering (RLS), far-UV CD) and microscopic (transmission electron microscopy [TEM]) techniques to describe the effects of SY on BLG aggregation. Our results showed that BLG aggregation is dependent on SY concentrations. Very low concentrations (0.0–0.07 mM) of SY were unable to induce aggregation, while SY in the concentrations range of 0.1–5.0 mM induces aggregation in BLG. The kinetics of SY-stimulated aggregation is very fast and monomeric form of BLG directly converted into polymeric aggregates. The kinetics results also showed SY-induced BLG aggregation disappeared in the presence of NaCl. The far-UV CD and TEM results indicated the amorphous nature of SY-induced BLG aggregates. We believe that our results clearly suggest that SY dye effectively stimulates BLG aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.H.); (M.J.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Mohammed J. Hakeem
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Abdullah S. Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gallo P, Bachler J, Bove LE, Böhmer R, Camisasca G, Coronas LE, Corti HR, de Almeida Ribeiro I, de Koning M, Franzese G, Fuentes-Landete V, Gainaru C, Loerting T, de Oca JMM, Poole PH, Rovere M, Sciortino F, Tonauer CM, Appignanesi GA. Advances in the study of supercooled water. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:143. [PMID: 34825973 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we report recent progress in the field of supercooled water. Due to its uniqueness, water presents numerous anomalies with respect to most simple liquids, showing polyamorphism both in the liquid and in the glassy state. We first describe the thermodynamic scenarios hypothesized for the supercooled region and in particular among them the liquid-liquid critical point scenario that has so far received more experimental evidence. We then review the most recent structural indicators, the two-state model picture of water, and the importance of cooperative effects related to the fact that water is a hydrogen-bonded network liquid. We show throughout the review that water's peculiar properties come into play also when water is in solution, confined, and close to biological molecules. Concerning dynamics, upon mild supercooling water behaves as a fragile glass former following the mode coupling theory, and it turns into a strong glass former upon further cooling. Connections between the slow dynamics and the thermodynamics are discussed. The translational relaxation times of density fluctuations show in fact the fragile-to-strong crossover connected to the thermodynamics arising from the existence of two liquids. When considering also rotations, additional crossovers come to play. Mobility-viscosity decoupling is also discussed in supercooled water and aqueous solutions. Finally, the polyamorphism of glassy water is considered through experimental and simulation results both in bulk and in salty aqueous solutions. Grains and grain boundaries are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gallo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Roma, Italy.
| | - Johannes Bachler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Livia E Bove
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7590, IMPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Roland Böhmer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gaia Camisasca
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Luis E Coronas
- Secció de Física Estadística i Interdisciplinària-Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, & Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Horacio R Corti
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, B1650LWP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin", Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurice de Koning
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin", Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-861, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Franzese
- Secció de Física Estadística i Interdisciplinària-Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, & Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Violeta Fuentes-Landete
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Catalin Gainaru
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Peter H Poole
- Department of Physics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Mauro Rovere
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Christina M Tonauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gustavo A Appignanesi
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Grabowska O, Kogut MM, Żamojć K, Samsonov SA, Makowska J, Tesmar A, Chmur K, Wyrzykowski D, Chmurzyński L. Effect of Tetraphenylborate on Physicochemical Properties of Bovine Serum Albumin. Molecules 2021; 26:6565. [PMID: 34770974 PMCID: PMC8588492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding interactions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with tetraphenylborate ions ([B(Ph)4]-) have been investigated by a set of experimental methods (isothermal titration calorimetry, steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism spectroscopy) and molecular dynamics-based computational approaches. Two sets of structurally distinctive binding sites in BSA were found under the experimental conditions (10 mM cacodylate buffer, pH 7, 298.15 K). The obtained results, supported by the competitive interactions experiments of SDS with [B(Ph)4]- for BSA, enabled us to find the potential binding sites in BSA. The first site is located in the subdomain I A of the protein and binds two [B(Ph)4]- ions (logK(ITC)1 = 7.09 ± 0.10; ΔG(ITC)1 = -9.67 ± 0.14 kcal mol-1; ΔH(ITC)1 = -3.14 ± 0.12 kcal mol-1; TΔS(ITC)1 = -6.53 kcal mol-1), whereas the second site is localized in the subdomain III A and binds five ions (logK(ITC)2 = 5.39 ± 0.06; ΔG(ITC)2 = -7.35 ± 0.09 kcal mol-1; ΔH(ITC)2 = 4.00 ± 0.14 kcal mol-1; TΔS(ITC)2 = 11.3 kcal mol-1). The formation of the {[B(Ph)4]-}-BSA complex results in an increase in the thermal stability of the alfa-helical content, correlating with the saturation of the particular BSA binding sites, thus hindering its thermal unfolding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dariusz Wyrzykowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (O.G.); (M.M.K.); (K.Ż.); (S.A.S.); (J.M.); (A.T.); (K.C.); (L.C.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bao Y, Ertbjerg P, Estévez M, Yuan L, Gao R. Freezing of meat and aquatic food: Underlying mechanisms and implications on protein oxidation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5548-5569. [PMID: 34564951 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent decades,protein oxidation in muscle foods has gained increasing research interests as it is known that protein oxidation can affect eating quality and nutritional value of meat and aquatic products. Protein oxidation occurs during freezing/thawing and frozen storage of muscle foods, leading to irreversible physicochemical changes and impaired quality traits. Controlling oxidative damage to muscle foods during such technological processes requires a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of freezing-induced protein oxidation. This review focus on key physicochemical factors in freezing/thawing and frozen storage of muscle foods, such as formation of ice crystals, freeze concentrating and macromolecular crowding effect, instability of proteins at the ice-water interface, freezer burn, lipid oxidation, and so on. Possible relationships between these physicochemical factors and protein oxidation are thoroughly discussed. In addition, the occurrence of protein oxidation, the impact on eating quality and nutrition, and controlling methods are also briefly reviewed. This review will shed light on the complicated mechanism of protein oxidation in frozen muscle foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Bao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Per Ertbjerg
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mario Estévez
- Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Li Yuan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ruichang Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chattopadhyay M, Krok E, Orlikowska H, Schwille P, Franquelim HG, Piatkowski L. Hydration Layer of Only a Few Molecules Controls Lipid Mobility in Biomimetic Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14551-14562. [PMID: 34342967 PMCID: PMC8447254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Self-assembly of
biomembranes results from the intricate interactions
between water and the lipids’ hydrophilic head groups. Therefore,
the lipid–water interplay strongly contributes to modulating
membrane architecture, lipid diffusion, and chemical activity. Here,
we introduce a new method of obtaining dehydrated, phase-separated,
supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) solely by controlling the decrease
of their environment’s relative humidity. This facilitates
the study of the structure and dynamics of SLBs over a wide range
of hydration states. We show that the lipid domain structure of phase-separated
SLBs is largely insensitive to the presence of the hydration layer.
In stark contrast, lipid mobility is drastically affected by dehydration,
showing a 6-fold decrease in lateral diffusion. At the same time,
the diffusion activation energy increases approximately 2-fold for
the dehydrated membrane. The obtained results, correlated with the
hydration structure of a lipid molecule, revealed that about six to
seven water molecules directly hydrating the phosphocholine moiety
play a pivotal role in modulating lipid diffusion. These findings
could provide deeper insights into the fundamental reactions where
local dehydration occurs, for instance during cell–cell fusion,
and help us better understand the survivability of anhydrobiotic organisms.
Finally, the strong dependence of lipid mobility on the number of
hydrating water molecules opens up an application potential for SLBs
as very precise, nanoscale hydration sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Chattopadhyay
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emilia Krok
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Orlikowska
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Henri G Franquelim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lukasz Piatkowski
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|