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Veluri S, Sowinski P, Svyntkivska M, Bartczak Z, Makowski T, Piorkowska E. Structure and Mechanical Properties of iPP-Based Nanocomposites Crystallized under High Pressure. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:629. [PMID: 38607163 PMCID: PMC11013707 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The unique nonparallel chain arrangement in the orthorhombic γ-form lamellae of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) results in the enhancement of the mechanical properties of γ-iPP. Our study aimed at the investigation of the mechanical properties of γ-iPP nanocomposites with 1-5 wt.% multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and 5 wt.% organo-modified montmorillonite prepared by melt-mixing and high-pressure crystallization. Neat iPP and the nanocomposites were crystallized under high pressures of 200 MPa and 300 MPa, and for comparison under 1.4 MPa, in a custom-built high-pressure cell. The structure of the materials was studied using WAXS, SAXS, DSC, and SEM, whereas their mechanical properties were tested in plane-strain compression. Under a small pressure of 1.4 MPa, polymer matrix in all materials crystallized predominantly in the α-form, the most common monoclinic form of iPP, whereas under high pressure it crystallized in the γ-form. This caused a significant increase in the elastic modulus, yield stress, and stress at break. Moreover, due to the presence of MWCNT, these parameters of the nanocomposites exceeded those of the neat polymer. As a result, a 60-70% increase in the elastic modulus, yield stress, and stress at break was achieved by filling of iPP with MWCNT and high-pressure crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ewa Piorkowska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90 363 Lodz, Poland; (S.V.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (Z.B.); (T.M.)
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Mechanical Recycling of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites: Processing, Thermal, Rheological, Mechanical and Electrical Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030583. [PMID: 36771884 PMCID: PMC9919012 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites is not well common, despite a growing interest in using polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites in industrial applications. In this study, the influence of mechanical recycling on the thermal, rheological, mechanical and electrical behavior of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)/CNT nanocomposites is investigated. EVA/CNT nanocomposite with different amounts of CNTs (1, 3 and 5 wt.%) was subjected to mechanical grinding and reprocessing by injection molding in a close-loop up to three cycles, and the changes induced by mechanical recycling were monitored by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), capillary rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrical resistance and tensile tests. It was found that the EVA/CNT nanocomposites did not exhibit significant changes in thermal and flow behavior due to mechanical recycling and reprocessing. The recycled EVA/CNT nanocomposites retain close to 75% of the original elastic modulus after three recycling cycles and about 80-90% in the tensile strength, depending on the CNT loading. The electrical conductivity of the recycled nanocomposites was about one order of magnitude lower as compared with the virgin nanocomposites, spanning the insulating to semi-conducting range (10-9 S/m-10-2 S/m) depending on the CNT loading. With proper control of the injection molding temperature and CNT loading, a balance between the mechanical and electrical properties of the recycled EVA nanocomposites can be reached, showing a potential to be used in practical applications.
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Luna CBB, do Nascimento EP, Siqueira DD, Soares BG, Agrawal P, de Mélo TJA, Araújo EM. Tailoring Nylon 6/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Nanocomposites for Application against Electromagnetic Interference: Evaluation of the Mechanical, Thermal and Electrical Behavior, and the Electromagnetic Shielding Efficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169020. [PMID: 36012282 PMCID: PMC9408880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nylon 6/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene nanocomposites were prepared by mixing in a molten state and injection molded for application in electromagnetic interference shielding and antistatic packaging. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and maleic anhydride-grafted ABS compatibilizer were incorporated to improve the electrical conductivity and mechanical performance. The nanocomposites were characterized by oscillatory rheology, Izod impact strength, tensile strength, thermogravimetry, current-voltage measurements, shielding against electromagnetic interference, and scanning electron microscopy. The rheological behavior evidenced a severe increase in complex viscosity and storage modulus, which suggests an electrical percolation phenomenon. Adding 1 to 5 phr MWCNT into the nanocomposites produced electrical conductivities between 1.22 × 10−6 S/cm and 6.61 × 10−5 S/cm. The results make them suitable for antistatic purposes. The nanocomposite with 5 phr MWCNT showed the highest electromagnetic shielding efficiency, with a peak of –10.5 dB at 9 GHz and a value around –8.2 dB between 11 and 12 GHz. This was possibly due to the higher electrical conductivity of the 5 phr MWCNT composition. In addition, the developed nanocomposites, regardless of MWCNT content, showed tenacious behavior at room temperature. The results reveal the possibility for tailoring the properties of insulating materials for application in electrical and electromagnetic shielding. Additionally, the good mechanical and thermal properties further widen the application range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bruno Barreto Luna
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882-Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Emanuel Pereira do Nascimento
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882-Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Danilo Diniz Siqueira
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882-Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Bluma Guenther Soares
- Department of Metallurgic and Materials Engineering, Macromolecules Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pankaj Agrawal
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882-Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Tomás Jeferson Alves de Mélo
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882-Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Edcleide Maria Araújo
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882-Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
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Thermal, mechanical and water barrier properties of graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol/polyol composite films. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhu D, Kurahashi E, You H, Wada T, Chammingkwan P, Taniike T. Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Graft-Type Nanocomposites Using Organically Modified SiO2 and Polypropylene Containing Reactive Methoxy Groups. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030563. [PMID: 35160552 PMCID: PMC8838797 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ grafting of a reactive matrix and nanofillers is a promising strategy to fabricate graft-type polypropylene (PP)-based nanocomposites, where the grafting efficiency is affected by the initial dispersion of nanofillers in the matrix. In this work, influences of surface organic modification of nanofillers were investigated on properties of PP/SiO2 nanocomposites using poly(propylene-co-octenyltrimethoxysilane) as a reactive matrix. The surface modification of SiO2, especially with longer alkyl chains, led to improved dispersion of nanoparticles, thus promoting the grafting reaction and mechanical properties. The combination of in situ grafting and surface modification of nanofillers provided several benefits, most notably in balancing the strength and the toughness, which could not be achieved by the grafting alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhi Zhu
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan; (D.Z.); (H.Y.); (T.W.)
| | - Eiji Kurahashi
- Kojima Industries Corporation, 3-30 Shimoichiba-cho, Toyota 471-8588, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Hui You
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan; (D.Z.); (H.Y.); (T.W.)
| | - Toru Wada
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan; (D.Z.); (H.Y.); (T.W.)
| | - Patchanee Chammingkwan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan; (D.Z.); (H.Y.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (T.T.); Tel.: +81-761-51-1630 (T.T.)
| | - Toshiaki Taniike
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan; (D.Z.); (H.Y.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (T.T.); Tel.: +81-761-51-1630 (T.T.)
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El Haber G, Noel L, Lin CF, Gree S, Vidal L, Zan HW, Hobeika N, Lhost O, Trolez Y, Soppera O. Near-Infrared Laser Direct Writing of Conductive Patterns on the Surface of Carbon Nanotube Polymer Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49279-49287. [PMID: 34613692 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) laser annealing is used to write conductive patterns on the surface of polypropylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite (PP/MWCNT) plates. Before irradiation, the surface of the nanocomposite is not conductive due to the partial alignment of the MWCNT, which occurs during injection molding. We observe a significant decrease in the surface sheet resistance using NIR laser irradiation, which we explain by a randomization of the orientation of MWCNTs in the PP matrix melt by NIR laser irradiation. After only 5 s of irradiation, the sheet resistance of PP/MWCNTs, annealed with a laser at a power density of 7 W/cm2, decreases by more than 4 decades from ∼100 MΩ/sq to ∼1 kΩ/sq. Polarized Raman, TEM, and SEM are used to investigate the changes in the sheet resistance and confirm the physico-chemical processes involved. This allows direct writing of conductive patterns using a NIR laser on the surface of nanocomposite polymer substrates, with the advantages of a fast, easy, and low-energy consumption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerges El Haber
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Engineering Branch 2, Roumieh, Metn, Mount-Lebanon, Beirut 90656, Lebanon
| | - Laurent Noel
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Ching-Fu Lin
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Simon Gree
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Loïc Vidal
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Hsiao-Wen Zan
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nelly Hobeika
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Engineering Branch 2, Roumieh, Metn, Mount-Lebanon, Beirut 90656, Lebanon
| | | | - Yves Trolez
- TotalEnergies OneTech Belgium, Feluy 7181, Belgium
| | - Olivier Soppera
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
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Rheological Properties Related to Extrusion of Polyolefins. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040489. [PMID: 33557292 PMCID: PMC7914999 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheological properties related to the extrusion of polyolefins are the shear viscosity, the elongational viscosity, the slip velocity and their temperature- and pressure-dependencies. These properties are measured in the rheology lab mainly via a parallel-plate rheometer and a capillary rheometer. Then appropriate rheological models have to be used to account for all these properties. Such models are either viscous (e.g., the Cross model) or viscoelastic (e.g., the K-BKZ model). The latter gives the best fitting of the experimental data and offers excellent results in numerical simulations, especially in extrusion flows. Wall slip effects are also found and measured by rheometric flows. Modeling of extrusion flows should make use of appropriate slip models that take into effect the various slip parameters, including the effects of shear stress, molecular characteristics, temperature and pressure on the slip velocity. In this paper the importance of these properties in extrusion are discussed.
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