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Hix-Janssens T, Davies JR, Turner NW, Sellergren B, Sullivan MV. Molecularly imprinted nanogels as synthetic recognition materials for the ultrasensitive detection of periodontal disease biomarkers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05395-6. [PMID: 38898327 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Periodontal disease affects supporting dental structures and ranks among one of the top most expensive conditions to treat in the world. Moreover, in recent years, the disease has also been linked to cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases. At present, there is a serious lack of accurate diagnostic tools to identify people at severe risk of periodontal disease progression. Porphyromonas gingivalis is often considered one of the most contributing factors towards disease progression. It produces the Arg- and Lys-specific proteases Rgp and Kgp, respectively. Within this work, a short epitope sequence of these proteases is immobilised onto a magnetic nanoparticle platform. These are then used as a template to produce high-affinity, selective molecularly imprinted nanogels, using the common monomers N-tert-butylacrylamide (TBAM), N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM), and N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide hydrochloride (APMA). N,N-Methylene bis(acrylamide) (BIS) was used as a crosslinking monomer to form the interconnected polymeric network. The produced nanogels were immobilised onto a planar gold surface and characterised using the optical technique of surface plasmon resonance. They showed high selectivity and affinity towards their template, with affinity constants of 79.4 and 89.7 nM for the Rgp and Kgp epitope nanogels, respectively. From their calibration curves, the theoretical limit of detection was determined to be 1.27 nM for the Rgp nanogels and 2.00 nM for the Kgp nanogels. Furthermore, they also showed excellent selectivity against bacterial culture supernatants E8 (Rgp knockout), K1A (Kgp knockout), and W50-d (wild-type) strains in complex medium of brain heart infusion (BHI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hix-Janssens
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julia R Davies
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nicholas W Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Börje Sellergren
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Mark V Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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Torrini F, Ferraro G, Fratini E, Palladino P, Scarano S, Minunni M. Toward nano-sized imprinted norepinephrine-derived biopolymer as artificial receptors for detecting IgG1 by surface plasmon resonance. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 252:116133. [PMID: 38394703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Bio-based nanostructured molecularly imprinted polymers (nano-MIPs), also known as 'plastibodies', have a real potential to be used as alternatives to natural antibodies. These nanostructures have recently gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this context, we have developed polynorepinephrine (PNE)-based nano-MIPs using an eco-friendly one-pot process for the sensitive and selective detection of a model biomolecule, immunoglobulin IgG1. We first investigated non-imprinted nanostructures (nano-NIPs) based on polydopamine as reference material, using DLS, SEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Subsequently, PNE scaffolds were characterized, both in the form of nano-NIPs and nano-MIPs. Concerning nano-MIPs, we used the epitope-directed imprinting technology to create binding cavities using a small peptide from the constant region of IgG1 as a template. Nano-MIPs were initially immobilized on a sensing surface to assess their binding capacity via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. This strategy showed very good sensitivity, outperforming planar PNE-based imprinted films while keeping a high selectivity even in complex biological matrices such as human serum. Furthermore, we confirmed the presence of selective binding sites on nano-MIPs by flowing them, along with nano-NIPs, through a microfluidic SPR system, where they interact with the covalently immobilized analyte. This approach resulted in a good imprinting factor of 4.5. Overall, this study underscores the broad potential of these nanostructures as a viable and reusable alternative to antibodies across a variety of bioanalytical, biochemical, and immunohistochemistry analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Torrini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; Center for Colloidal and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Emiliano Fratini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; Center for Colloidal and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56125, Pisa, Italy.
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Wang M, Fa S, Zhang G, Yu J, Zhang Q. Sequentially Controlled Recognition of Different Proteins Using Programmable Protein Imprinted Nanospheres. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304957. [PMID: 37518853 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Although protein imprinted materials with multiple templates are developed to selectively separate different proteins, it is difficult to achieve the programmed adsorption and separation of different proteins using one material, because the available protein imprinted materials are constructed through irreversible crosslinking and their structures are unprogrammable and non-reconstructive. Herein, a novel nanosphere (MS@PTL-g-PNIPAM) is designed, which not only is temperature and pH responsive but also can dynamically reversibly crosslink/de-crosslink under ultraviolet light of different wavelengths. With the help of the dynamically reversible photo-crosslinking, the nanospheres can be repeatedly programmed into protein imprinted nanospheres toward different target proteins. Moreover, the prepared imprinted nanospheres can easily achieve the controlled rebinding and release of target proteins, benefiting from the introduced temperature- and pH-responsive moieties. As a consequence, this study realizes the specific separation of different target proteins from protein mixture and the real bovine blood sequentially by programming one material. It is resource saving, time saving, recyclable, and it will provide convenience for protein imprinted materials to use in the blood purification, drug delivery, and virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Shixin Fa
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Guoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jiate Yu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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Benghouzi P, Louadj L, Pagani A, Garnier M, Fresnais J, Gonzato C, Sabbah M, Griffete N. Synthesis of Fluorescent, Small, Stable and Non-Toxic Epitope-Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles in Water. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051112. [PMID: 36904354 PMCID: PMC10007256 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are really interesting for nanomedicine. To be suitable for such application, they need to be small, stable in aqueous media and sometimes fluorescent for bioimaging. We report herein, the facile synthesis of fluorescent, small (below 200 nm), water-soluble and water-stable MIP capable of specific and selective recognition of their target epitope (small part of a protein). To synthesize these materials, we used dithiocarbamate-based photoiniferter polymerization in water. The use of a rhodamine-based monomer makes the resulting polymers fluorescent. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is used to determine the affinity as well as the selectivity of the MIP for its imprinted epitope, according to the significant differences observed when comparing the binding enthalpy of the original epitope with that of other peptides. The toxicity of the nanoparticles is also tested in two breast cancer cell lines to show the possible use of these particle for future in vivo applications. The materials demonstrated a high specificity and selectivity for the imprinted epitope, with a Kd value comparable with the affinity values of antibodies. The synthesized MIP are not toxic, which makes them suitable for nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Benghouzi
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lila Louadj
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Saint-Antoine Research Center (CRSA) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Aurélia Pagani
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Saint-Antoine Research Center (CRSA) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Maylis Garnier
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Saint-Antoine Research Center (CRSA) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Fresnais
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Gonzato
- Laboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering UMR 7025, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, 60203 Compiègne, France
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- Saint-Antoine Research Center (CRSA) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Nébéwia Griffete
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Cáceres C, del Pilar Garcia Morgado M, Bozo FC, Piletsky S, Moczko E. Rapid Selective Detection and Quantification of β-Blockers Used in Doping Based on Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles (NanoMIPs). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:5420. [PMID: 36559787 PMCID: PMC9787605 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human performance enhancing drugs (PEDs), frequently used in sport competitions, are strictly prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Biological samples collected from athletes and regular patients are continuously tested regarding the identification and/or quantification of the banned substances. Current work is focused on the application of a new analytical method, molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (nanoMIPs), to detect and determine concentrations of certain prohibited drugs, such as β-blockers, in water and human urine samples. These medications are used in the treatment of cardiovascular conditions, negative effects of adrenaline (helping to relief stress), and hypertension (slowing down the pulse and softening the arteries). They can also significantly increase muscle relaxation and improve heart efficiency. The new method of the detection and quantification of β-blockers is based on synthesis, characterization, and implementation of nanoMIPs (so-called plastic antibodies). It offers numerous advantages over the traditional methods, including high binding capacity, affinity, and selectivity for target molecules. Additionally, the whole process is less complicated, cheaper, and better controlled. The size and shape of the nanoMIPs is evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The affinity and selectivity of the nanoparticles are investigated by competitive pseudo enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pseudo-ELISA) similar to common immunoassays employing natural antibodies. To provide reliable results towards either doping detection or therapeutic monitoring using the minimal invasive method, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these drugs is performed in water and human urine samples. It is demonstrated that the assay can detect β-blockers in water within the linear range 1 nmol·L-1-1 mmol·L-1 for atenolol with the detection limit 50.6 ng mL-1, and the linear range 1 mmol·L-1-10 mmol·L-1 for labetalol with the detection limit of 90.5 ng·mL-1. In human urine samples, the linear range is recorded in the concentration range 0.1 mmol·L-1-10 nmol·L-1 for atenolol and 1 mmol·L-1-10 nmol·L-1 for labetalol with a detection limit of 61.0 ng·mL-1 for atenolol and 99.4 ng·mL-1 for labetalol.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Cáceres
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar 2562307, Chile
| | - Macarena del Pilar Garcia Morgado
- Laboratorio de Procesos Fotónicos y Electroquímicos, Departamento de Ciencias y Geografia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Subida Carvallo 270, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso 2340000, Chile
| | - Freddy Celis Bozo
- Laboratorio de Procesos Fotónicos y Electroquímicos, Departamento de Ciencias y Geografia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Subida Carvallo 270, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso 2340000, Chile
| | - Sergey Piletsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Ewa Moczko
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar 2562307, Chile
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Chiarello M, Anfossi L, Cavalera S, Di Nardo F, Serra T, Sordello F, Baggiani C. Rabbit IgG-imprinted nanoMIPs by solid phase synthesis: the effect of cross-linkers on their affinity and selectivity. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:6724-6731. [PMID: 35343553 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00245k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid phase synthesis (SPS) of molecularly imprinted nanopolymers (nanoMIPs) represents an innovative method to prepare nanomaterials with tailor-made molecular recognition properties towards peptides and proteins. The synthesis of nanoMIPs by SPS usually involves a pre-polymerization formulation, where the cross-linker is invariably N,N'-methylen-bis-acrylamide (BIS). To date, the effect of cross-linkers on the binding properties of nanoMIPs prepared using cross-linkers other than BIS has never been reported. In this work, in order to investigate the effect of different cross-linkers in protein-imprinted nanoMIPs prepared by SPS, alongside BIS we considered other similar cross-linkers: N,N'-ethylene dimethacrylamide (EDAM), N,O-bis-methacryloylethanolamine (NOBE), ethylene glycol dimethacrilate (EDMA) and glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA), replacing BIS with them in pre-polymerization mixtures. The synthetized nanoMIPs were homogeneous, with a polydispersity index of 0.24-0.30 and a mean diameter of 129-169 nm in water. The binding properties of the nanoMIPs were measured via equilibrium partition experiments with the template, rabbit IgG (RIgG), and the selectivity was evaluated with respect to bovine IgG (BIgG), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hen egg lysozyme (LZM). The experimental results show that all the cross-linkers, with the exception of EDMA, endowed nanoMIPs with high binding affinities for the template (BIS: 16.0 × 106 mol-1 L, EDAM: 8.8 × 106 mol-1 L, NOBE: 15.8 × 106 mol-1 L, and GDMA: 12.8 × 106 mol-1 L), medium to high imprinting factors (BIS: 12.3, EDAM: 5.5, NOBE: 7.2, and GDMA: 11.6) and good selectivity towards other proteins but markedly dependent on the structure of the cross-linker, confirming the importance of the latter in the SPS of imprinted nanopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Chiarello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Sordello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
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Mendes JP, Coelho LCC, Jorge PAS, Pereira CM. Differential Refractometric Biosensor for Reliable Human IgG Detection: Proof of Concept. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:515. [PMID: 35884318 PMCID: PMC9312733 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new sensing platform based on long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) for direct, fast, and selective detection of human immunoglobulin G (IgG; Mw = 150 KDa) was developed and characterized. The transducer's high selectivity is based on the specific interaction of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIPs) design for IgG detection. The sensing scheme is based on differential refractometric measurements, including a correction system based on a non-imprinted polymer (NIP)-coated LPFG, allowing reliable and more sensitive measurements, improving the rejection of false positives in around 30%. The molecular imprinted binding sites were performed on the surface of a LPFG with a sensitivity of about 130 nm/RIU and a FOM of 16 RIU-1. The low-cost and easy to build device was tested in a working range from 1 to 100 nmol/L, revealing a limit of detection (LOD) and a sensitivity of 0.25 nmol/L (0.037 µg/mL) and 0.057 nm.L/nmol, respectively. The sensor also successfully differentiates the target analyte from the other abundant elements that are present in the human blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P. Mendes
- Centro de Investigação em Química UP (CIQUP)—Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.P.M.); (C.M.P.)
- INESC TEC—Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ciência, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís C. C. Coelho
- INESC TEC—Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ciência, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. S. Jorge
- INESC TEC—Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ciência, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Pereira
- Centro de Investigação em Química UP (CIQUP)—Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.P.M.); (C.M.P.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Garnier M, Sabbah M, Ménager C, Griffete N. Hybrid Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: The Future of Nanomedicine? NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113091. [PMID: 34835858 PMCID: PMC8618516 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely used in nanomedicine in the last few years. However, their potential is limited by their intrinsic properties resulting, for instance, in lack of control in drug release processes or complex detection for in vivo imaging. Recent attempts in creating hybrid nanomaterials combining MIPs with inorganic nanomaterials succeeded in providing a wide range of new interesting properties suitable for nanomedicine. Through this review, we aim to illustrate how hybrid molecularly imprinted polymers may improve patient care with enhanced imaging, treatments, and a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylis Garnier
- PHysico-Chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France;
- Saint-Antoine Research Center (CRSA), INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France;
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- Saint-Antoine Research Center (CRSA), INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France;
| | - Christine Ménager
- PHysico-Chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (N.G.)
| | - Nébéwia Griffete
- PHysico-Chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (N.G.)
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