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Chen Q, Sun Q, Yan J, Cui Y, Yang L, Yang X, Wu Z. Development and Recent Progress of Hoses for Cryogenic Liquid Transportation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:905. [PMID: 38611163 PMCID: PMC11013078 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the application of cryogenic hoses in the field of cryogenic media has become a hot topic, especially in the industry of offshore liquefied natural gas and aerospace field. However, the structure of cryogenic hoses is complex, and reasonable structural properties are required due to the harsh working conditions. There is still plenty of scope for further development to improve the performance in all aspects. In this paper, the current development status of cryogenic hoses for liquefied natural gas (LNG) transportation is reviewed first, including the types, manufacturers, structural forms, performance, and key technical challenges. And then, the recent progress and prospect of cryogenic hoses for cryogenic liquid transportation (such as LNG and liquid oxygen) are summarized, including structure design, low-temperature resistant polymers, liquid oxygen compatible polymers, and leakage monitoring technologies. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research development and application of cryogenic hoses. Moreover, future research directions have been proposed to facilitate its practical applications in aerospace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Technology in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing Special Engineering Design and Research Institute, Beijing 100028, China; (Q.C.); (Q.S.); (L.Y.); (X.Y.)
| | - Qingguo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Technology in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing Special Engineering Design and Research Institute, Beijing 100028, China; (Q.C.); (Q.S.); (L.Y.); (X.Y.)
| | - Jia Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yunguang Cui
- School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Lufeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Technology in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing Special Engineering Design and Research Institute, Beijing 100028, China; (Q.C.); (Q.S.); (L.Y.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Technology in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing Special Engineering Design and Research Institute, Beijing 100028, China; (Q.C.); (Q.S.); (L.Y.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zhanjun Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Zotti A, Zuppolini S, Borriello A, Vinti V, Trinchillo L, Zarrelli M. The Effect of Carbon-Based Nanofillers on Cryogenic Temperature Mechanical Properties of CFRPs. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:638. [PMID: 38475321 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the effects of carbon-based nanofillers (0.5 wt%), i.e., graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), on the cryogenic temperature (77 K) mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) were investigated. The study utilized an ex situ conditioning method for cryogenic tests. The nanofillers were mixed with the epoxy matrix by a solvent-free fluidized bed mixing technique (FBM), while unidirectional carbon fibers were impregnated with the resulting nanocomposites to manufacture CFRP samples. Optical microscopy was employed to analyze the dispersion of the carbon-based fillers within the matrix, revealing a homogeneous distribution in nanocomposites containing GNPs and CNFs. Fracture toughness tests confirmed the homogeneity of the GNP-loaded systems, showing an improvement in the stress intensity factor (KC) by 13.2% and 14.7% compared to the unmodified matrix at RT (25 °C) and 77 K, respectively; moreover, flexural tests demonstrated a general increase in flexural strength with the presence of carbon-based nanofillers at both temperature levels (RT and 77 K). Additionally, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) tests were performed and analyzed using the same ex situ conditioning method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldobenedetto Zotti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Simona Zuppolini
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Anna Borriello
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Valeria Vinti
- Avio S.p.A., Via Leonida Bissolati, 76, 00187 Roma, RM, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Zarrelli
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
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Krzak A, Nowak AJ, Heljak M, Antonowicz J, Garg T, Sumption M. Mechanical and Thermal Analysis of Duroplastic Matrix Composites over a Range of Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:606. [PMID: 38475290 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
It is commonly acknowledged that polymer composites in service are often subjected to not only intricate mechanical loads but also harsh environmental conditions. The mechanical and thermal properties of five particular composites are explored here. The composites are composed of laminates of glass cloth type "E" sheet infilled with a duroplastic matrix. This is a thermoset polymer-epoxy resin with different molecular weights. The composites were fabricated by IZOERG company, which is based in Poland. The final articles were 1.5 mm thick by 60 cm long and 30 cm wide, with the glass layers arranged parallel to the thickness. Young's modulus and tensile strength were measured at room temperature. Using the thermal analysis of dynamic mechanical properties (DMTA), the values of the storage modulus and the loss modulus were determined, and the damping factor was used to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg). It was revealed that the nature of changes in the storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping factor of composite materials depends on the type of epoxy resin used. Thermal expansion is a crucial parameter when choosing a material for application in cryogenic conditions. Thanks to the TMA method, thermal expansion coefficients for composite materials were determined. The results show that the highest value of the coefficient of thermal expansion leads the laminate EP_4_2 based on brominated epoxy resin cured with novolac P. Duroplastic composites were characterized at cryogenic temperatures, and the results are interesting for developing cryogenic applications, including electric motors, generators, magnets, and other devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krzak
- Scientific and Didactic Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Materials Technologies, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka J Nowak
- Scientific and Didactic Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Materials Technologies, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marcin Heljak
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Antonowicz
- Semiconductors Division, Faculty of Physic, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tushar Garg
- Center for Superconducting and Magnetic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael Sumption
- Center for Superconducting and Magnetic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Krzak A, Al-Maqdasi Z, Nowak AJ, Joffe R. Effect of Thermomechanical Loading at Low Temperatures on Damage Development in Glass Fiber Epoxy Laminates. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:16. [PMID: 38203870 PMCID: PMC10779879 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Due to the high interest in the use of glass/epoxy laminates in aerospace applications, aviation, and as cryogenic tanks, it is crucial to understand the behavior of composites under challenging environmental conditions. Polymer composites are exposed to low temperatures, including cryogenic temperatures, which can lead to the initiation of microdamage. This paper investigates damage initiation/accumulation and its influence on the properties of cross-ply woven glass fiber epoxy composites at low temperatures compared to room temperature conditions. To evaluate the influence of a low-temperature environment on the mechanical performance of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite (GFRP) laminates, three types of test campaigns were carried out: quasi-static tensile tests and stepwise increasing loading/unloading cyclic tensile tests at room temperature and in a low-temperature environment (-50 °C). We demonstrated that the initial stiffness of the laminates increased at low temperatures. On the other hand, there were no observed changes in the type or mechanism of developed damage in the two test conditions. However, the reduction in stiffness due to the accumulated damage was more significant for the laminates tested at low temperatures (~17% vs. ~11%). Exceptions were noted in a few formulations where the extent of damage at low temperatures was insignificant (<1%) compared to that at room temperature. Since some of the studied laminates exhibited a relatively minor decrease in stiffness (~2-3%), we can also conclude that the formulation of matrix material plays an important role in delaying the initiation and formation of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krzak
- Scientific and Didactic Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Material Technologies, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Zainab Al-Maqdasi
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden; (Z.A.-M.); (R.J.)
| | - Agnieszka J. Nowak
- Scientific and Didactic Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Material Technologies, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Roberts Joffe
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden; (Z.A.-M.); (R.J.)
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Chen M, Ren M, Shi Y, Liu X, Wei H. State-of-the-art polyetheretherketone three-dimensional printing and multifunctional modification for dental implants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1271629. [PMID: 37929192 PMCID: PMC10621213 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1271629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic polymer with an elastic modulus close to that of the jawbone. PEEK has the potential to become a new dental implant material for special patients due to its radiolucency, chemical stability, color similarity to teeth, and low allergy rate. However, the aromatic main chain and lack of surface charge and chemical functional groups make PEEK hydrophobic and biologically inert, which hinders subsequent protein adsorption and osteoblast adhesion and differentiation. This will be detrimental to the deposition and mineralization of apatite on the surface of PEEK and limit its clinical application. Researchers have explored different modification methods to effectively improve the biomechanical, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, angiogenic, antioxidative, osteogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic, and soft tissue adhesion properties. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in material property advantages, three-dimensional printing synthesis, and functional modification of PEEK in the fields of implant dentistry and provides solutions for existing difficulties. We confirm the broad prospects of PEEK as a dental implant material to promote the clinical conversion of PEEK-based dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Chen
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mei Ren
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingqi Shi
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- Hospital of Stomatogy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongtao Wei
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Cui Y, Yan J, Li J, Chen D, Wang Z, Yin W, Wu Z. Cryogenic Mechanical Properties and Stability of Polymer Films for Liquid Oxygen Hoses. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3423. [PMID: 37631479 PMCID: PMC10457865 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To select the appropriate polymer thin films for liquid oxygen composite hoses, the liquid oxygen compatibility and the cryogenic mechanical properties of four fluoropolymer films (PCTFE, ETFE, FEP and PFA) and two non-fluoropolymer films (PET and PI) before and after immersion in liquid oxygen for an extended time were investigated. The results indicated that the four fluoropolymers were compatible with liquid oxygen before and after immersion for 60 days, and the two non-fluoropolymers were not compatible with liquid oxygen. In addition, the cryogenic mechanical properties of these polymer films underwent changes with the immersion time, and the changes in the non-fluoropolymer films were more pronounced. The cryogenic mechanical properties of the two non-fluoropolymer films were always superior to those of the four fluoropolymer films during the immersion. Further analysis indicated that the fundamental reason for these changes in the cryogenic mechanical properties was the variation in the crystalline phase structure caused by the ultra-low temperature, which was not related to the strong oxidizing properties of the liquid oxygen. Analytical results can provide useful guidance on how to select the appropriate material combination to obtain a reasonable liquid oxygen composite hose structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunguang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Juanzi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Duo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenxuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhanjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Mendes-Felipe C, Isusi I, Gómez-Jiménez-Aberasturi O, Prieto-Fernandez S, Ruiz-Rubio L, Sangermano M, Vilas-Vilela JL. One-Step Method for Direct Acrylation of Vegetable Oils: A Biobased Material for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3136. [PMID: 37514528 PMCID: PMC10384493 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The substitution of fossil resources by alternatives derived from biomass is a reality that is taking on a growing relevance in the chemical and energy industries. In this sense, fats, oils, and their derived products have become indispensable inputs due to their broad functional attributes, stable price and sustainable character. Acrylated vegetable oils are considered to be very versatile materials for very broad applications (such as in adhesives, coatings or inks) since, in the presence of photoinitiators, they can be polymerized by means of UV-initiated free radical polymerizations. The usual process for the synthesis of acrylate vegetable oils consists in reacting epoxidized oils derivatives with acrylic acid. Here, the influence of different catalysts on the activity and selectivity of the process of acrylation of epoxidized soybean oil is studied. In addition, a novel one-step method for direct acrylation of vegetable oils is also explored. This new approach advantageously uses the original vegetable resource and eliminates intermediate reactions, thus being more environmentally efficient. This study offers a simple and low-cost option for synthesizing a biomass-derived monomer and studies the potential for the 3D printing of complex structures via digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing of the thus-obtained novel sustainable formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Mendes-Felipe
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Igor Isusi
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LABQUIMAC), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Olga Gómez-Jiménez-Aberasturi
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Álava, Leonardo Da Vinci 11, 01510 Minano, Spain
| | - Soraya Prieto-Fernandez
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Álava, Leonardo Da Vinci 11, 01510 Minano, Spain
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LABQUIMAC), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LABQUIMAC), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Nataj ZE, Xu Y, Wright D, Brown JO, Garg J, Chen X, Kargar F, Balandin AA. Cryogenic characteristics of graphene composites-evolution from thermal conductors to thermal insulators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3190. [PMID: 37268627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cryogenic semiconductor electronics and superconducting quantum computing requires composite materials that can provide both thermal conduction and thermal insulation. We demonstrated that at cryogenic temperatures, the thermal conductivity of graphene composites can be both higher and lower than that of the reference pristine epoxy, depending on the graphene filler loading and temperature. There exists a well-defined cross-over temperature-above it, the thermal conductivity of composites increases with the addition of graphene; below it, the thermal conductivity decreases with the addition of graphene. The counter-intuitive trend was explained by the specificity of heat conduction at low temperatures: graphene fillers can serve as, both, the scattering centers for phonons in the matrix material and as the conduits of heat. We offer a physical model that explains the experimental trends by the increasing effect of the thermal boundary resistance at cryogenic temperatures and the anomalous thermal percolation threshold, which becomes temperature dependent. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using graphene composites for, both, removing the heat and thermally insulating components at cryogenic temperatures-a capability important for quantum computing and cryogenically cooled conventional electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ebrahim Nataj
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Youming Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Dylan Wright
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jonas O Brown
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jivtesh Garg
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Fariborz Kargar
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Alexander A Balandin
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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J A, Reby Roy KE, M S K, A J KN. Enhancement of fracture toughness and reduced brittle characteristics of modified CFRP composites by incorporating synergism effect between PC/ABS blend with DGEBA resin systems. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2084414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aravind J
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, India
| | - K E Reby Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, India
| | - Kasthoori M S
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, India
| | - Kasthoori Nath A J
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, India
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Wang J, Zhang C, Deng Y, Zhang P. A Review of Research on the Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4586. [PMID: 36365580 PMCID: PMC9654075 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of the main factors affecting the properties of polyurethane foams, and there are large differences in the mechanical properties of polyurethane foams at different temperatures. To understand the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of polyurethane foams and to provide a theoretical basis for the application of polyurethane foams in extreme environments, this paper systematically describes the research on the effect of mold temperature, raw material temperature, and environmental temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of polyurethane foams in the formation and service stages of rigid polyurethane foams by domestic and foreign scholars, and summarizes the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of polyurethane foams and the mechanism of action. A review of the literature shows that the effect of different temperatures on the mechanical properties of polyurethane foams can be summarized. The literature review shows that there are certain changes in the foaming process, pore structure, and mechanical properties of polyurethane foams at different temperatures, and the increase in temperature generally leads to the increase in pore size, decrease in density, and decrease in mechanical properties of polyurethane foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Yellow River Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhang
- Yellow River Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yellow River Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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11
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Zhou Z, Han X, Gao W, Li Y, Yu W, Yang S, Zhang J, Wang J, Shi R, Zhou Y, Zhao J. Fabrication and mechanical properties of different types of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone: A comparative study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 135:105472. [PMID: 36162163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To find alternative non-metallic materials as dental implants for clinical application, different types of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone were fabricated and investigated. METHODS Continuous carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone fabrics were fabricated with polyetheretherketone fibers and carbon fibers. Different kinds of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone were synthesized by setting specific experiment parameters of injection or hot press molding. Various mechanical tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of different carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone, pure polyetheretherketone and pure titanium. RESULTS Polyetheretherketone composites presented outstanding mechanical and thermal properties after incorporating carbon fiber. The bending and tensile strength of short carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone were close to human bone, and the bending strength of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone reached 644 MPa, even higher than that of pure titanium. CONCLUSIONS The mechanical properties of polyetheretherketone composites are more similar to bone tissue than titanium, and the stress shielding phenomenon may be inhibited. They may become promising materials as substitutions for titanium and prospective materials in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Weijia Gao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yongli Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wanqi Yu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ruining Shi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, 130021, China.
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