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Malewska E, Kurańska M, Tenczyńska M, Prociak A. Application of Modified Seed Oils of Selected Fruits in the Synthesis of Polyurethane Thermal Insulating Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:158. [PMID: 38204012 PMCID: PMC10780111 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of alternative raw material sources in polyurethane chemistry is necessary given the limited supply of fossil fuels, their rising prices and the concern for sustainability. The production of biopolyols from edible vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, soybean oil or sunflower oil is often proposed. In order to avoid conflict with the global food economy, non-edible or waste oils are hoped to find application in chemical synthesis. The possibility of using oils from selected fruit seeds to obtain biopolyols is analyzed in this manuscript. Five biopolyols were obtained from watermelon, cherry, black currant, grape and pomegranate fruit seeds using the transesterification reaction of the oils with triethanolamine. Thermal insulating polyurethane foams were then obtained by replacing 75% of petrochemical polyol with the biopolyols in polyurethane systems. Based on an analysis of the foaming process, it was found that the incorporation of triethanolamine molecules into the biopolyols causes a catalytic effect. The use of such biopolyols allows eliminating the catalyst from a polyurethane foam formulation. The polyurethane biofoams obtained with the pomegranate-seed-based biopolyol were characterized by the highest content of closed cells (45 vol.%). The lowest content was found for the foams containing the currant-seed-based biopolyol (9%). The foams were characterized by thermal conductivity coefficients between 32 and 35 kW/m·K and densities of approximately 40 kg/m3. Good dimensional stability and compressive strength between 100 and 250 kPa make them suitable for use in construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Malewska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Kurańska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.T.); (A.P.)
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Losio S, Cifarelli A, Vignali A, Tomaselli S, Bertini F. Flexible Polyurethane Foams from Bio-Based Polyols: Prepolymer Synthesis and Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4423. [PMID: 38006146 PMCID: PMC10675359 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-polyols (BPOs), characterized by a hydroxyl number up to around 90 mg KOH/g, narrow polydispersity index and relatively low molecular mass up to 2000 g/mol, were synthetized from partially and completely epoxidized soybean and linseed oils and caprylic acid or 3-phenyl butyric acid. These BPOs were used in the presence of toluene diisocyanate to produce polyurethane (PU) foams by using a quasi-prepolymer method involving a two-step reaction. A detailed structural investigation of the prepolymers from toluene diisocyanate and both BPOs and polypropylene glycol was conducted by SEC and solution NMR. The apparent density of the foams was in the range of 40-90 kg/m3, with higher values for foams from the aromatic acid. All the foams showed an open-cell structure with uniform and regular shape and uniform size. The specific Young's moduli and compression deflection values suggest superior mechanical properties than the reference foams. The novel synthesized polyurethanes are excellent candidates to partially replace petroleum-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Losio
- Institute for Chemical Sciences and Technologies “G. Natta” National Research Council, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (A.V.); (S.T.); (F.B.)
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Tomaselli S, Bertini F, Cifarelli A, Vignali A, Ragona L, Losio S. Antibacterial Properties of Polyurethane Foams Additivated with Terpenes from a Bio-Based Polyol. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041966. [PMID: 36838954 PMCID: PMC9966847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-blown polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared by bio-polyols from epoxidized linseed oils and caprylic acid in combination with toluene diisocianate (TDI). A series of terpenes (menthol, geraniol, terpineol, and borneol), natural compounds with recognized antibacterial properties, were included in the starting formulations to confer bactericidal properties to the final material. Foams additivated with Irgasan®, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial molecule, were prepared as reference. The bactericidal activity of foams against planktonic and sessile E. coli (ATCC 11229) and S. aureus (ATCC 6538) was evaluated following a modified AATCC 100-2012 static method. Menthol-additivated foams showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, reducing Gram+ and Gram- viability by more than 60%. Foams prepared with borneol and terpineol showed selective antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. NMR analysis of foams leaking in water supported a bactericidal mechanism mediated by contact killing rather than molecule release. The results represent the proof of concept of the possibility to develop bio-based PU foams with intrinsic bactericidal properties through a simple and innovative synthetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tomaselli
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (S.L.); Tel.: +39-02-23699719 (S.T.); +39-02-23699369 (S.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simona Losio
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (S.L.); Tel.: +39-02-23699719 (S.T.); +39-02-23699369 (S.L.)
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Comprehensive Analysis of the Influence of Expanded Vermiculite on the Foaming Process and Selected Properties of Composite Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224967. [PMID: 36433094 PMCID: PMC9692458 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of research on obtaining new polyurethane (PUR) foams modified with thermally expanded vermiculite. The filler was added in amount of 3 wt.% up to 15 wt.%. The additionally applied procedure of immersion the non-organic filler in H2O2 was performed to increase the exfoliation effect of thermally treated mineral and additional oxidation the surfaces. The effect of fillers on foaming process, cell structure, thermal insulation, apparent density, compressive strength, thermal properties, and flammability are assessed. The foaming process of PUR foams modified with vermiculite was comparable for all systems, regardless of the content of the filler. A slight increase in reactivity was observed, confirmed by a faster decrease in dielectric polarization for the system with modified vermiculite by H2O2. The modification of the reference system with the vermiculite increased the content of closed cells from 76% to 91% for the foams with the highest vermiculite content. Coefficient of thermal conductivity of reference foam and foams modified with vermiculite was in the range 24-26 mW/mK. The use of vermiculite up to 15 wt.% did not influence significantly on mechanical properties and flammability, which from an economic point of view is important because it is possible to reduce the cost of materials by introducing a cheap filler without deteriorating their properties.
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Bio-Based Polymer Developments from Tall Oil Fatty Acids by Exploiting Michael Addition. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194068. [PMID: 36236017 PMCID: PMC9571392 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, previously developed acetoacetates of two tall-oil-based and two commercial polyols were used to obtain polymers by the Michael reaction. The development of polymer formulations with varying cross-link density was enabled by different bio-based monomers in combination with different acrylates—bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate. New polymer materials are based on the same polyols that are suitable for polyurethanes. The new polymers have qualities comparable to polyurethanes and are obtained without the drawbacks that come with polyurethane extractions, such as the use of hazardous isocyanates or reactions under harsh conditions in the case of non-isocyanate polyurethanes. Dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and universal strength testing equipment were used to investigate the physical and thermal characteristics of the created polymers. Polymers with a wide range of thermal and mechanical properties were obtained (glass transition temperature from 21 to 63 °C; tensile modulus (Young’s) from 8 MPa to 2710 MPa and tensile strength from 4 to 52 MPa). The synthesized polymers are thermally stable up to 300 °C. The suggested method may be used to make two-component polymer foams, coatings, resins, and composite matrices.
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Kamińska K, Barczewski M, Kurańska M, Malewska E, Polaczek K, Prociak A. The Effect of a Chemical Foaming Agent and the Isocyanate Index on the Properties of Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6087. [PMID: 36079468 PMCID: PMC9457523 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an ecological approach based on climate neutrality to the synthesis of open-cell polyurethane foams with modified used cooking rapeseed oils. Water was used as a chemical blowing agent in the amount of 20-28 wt.% in relation to the weight of the bio-polyol. The influence of water on the physical and mechanical properties of the synthesized foams was investigated. The resultant porous materials were tested for the content of closed cells, cell structure, apparent density, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and dimensional stability. It was found that the apparent density decreased in the range of 11-13 kg/m3 when the amount of the foaming agent was increased. In the next step, a foam with a water content of 22% was selected as having the most favorable physico-mechanical properties among all the foams with various water contents. The isocyanate index of the selected foam was then changed from 0.6 to 1.1 and it was observed that the compressive strength increased by an average of 10 kPa. The thermal conductivity coefficients of the final materials with different water contents and isocyanate indices were comparable and in the range of 40-43 mW/m·K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kamińska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Kurańska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Malewska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Polaczek
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
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Aydoğmuş E, Kamişli F. New commercial polyurethane synthesized with biopolyol obtained from canola oil: Optimization, characterization, and thermophysical properties. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Oliveira Almeida DE, Albuquerque AKC, Santos Silva ID, Ries A, Wellen RMR. Curing and morphology approaches of polyurethane/poly(ethylene glycol) foam upon poly(lactic acid) addition. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andreas Ries
- Multidisciplinary Center for Technological Investigations National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo University Campus San Lorenzo Paraguay
| | - Renate Maria Ramos Wellen
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering Federal University of Campina Grande Campina Grande Brazil
- Materials Engineering Department Federal University of Paraiba João Pessoa Brazil
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Yuan S, Cheng L, Tan Z. Characteristics and preparation of oil-coated fertilizers: A review. J Control Release 2022; 345:675-684. [PMID: 35339580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As the slow-release fertilizer, oil-coated fertilizer can not only slow down the nutrients loss, but also have outstanding advantages in controlling the nutrients release. Based on a large number of literature, this paper systematically investigated the composition, classification, properties and preparation of oil-coated fertilizers, summarizes the challenges faced by the oil-coated fertilizers and offers a few suggestions for the future research. Through literature research, some important conclusions were found: (1) Oil-coated fertilizers are generally composed of core fertilizers and coated oil layers, and some have active interlayers. (2) Vegetable oils has the characteristics of easy degradation, water resistance and impact resistance, and the nutrient release curves of vegetable oil coated fertilizer in soil and still water are "S" type. (3) The modified polyurethane exhibits good compatibility with urea, and can control the release of N in a long period of time, which is 30 days longer than the N release life of ordinary polyurethane-coated fertilizers. (4) Oil-coated fertilizers can reduce the loss of N by slowing down the hydrolysis rate of urea and the nitrification from NH4+ to NO3-, which reduces the N2O release by 70-80% compared to the uncoated fertilizers. Moreover, the paper also proposes a new preparation method of oil-coated material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Cheng
- Changjiang Survey, Planning, Design and Research CO., LTD, No. 1863, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430010, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongxin Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Advanced Methods for Hydroxylation of Vegetable Oils, Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Alkyl Esters. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vegetable oils and their derivatives have great potential as renewable and sustainable raw materials for the production of polyurethanes and bio-based polyols. For industry an important process is their modification. Chemical reactions that are carried out on vegetable oils and their derivatives are: transesterification, auto-oxidation, hydrogenation, epoxidation, hydroxylation, acrylation, isocyanation and others. One of the modifications are reactions performed on double bonds and/or carbonyl moieties of plants oils and their derivatives. These reactions result in products that are actively used as binders in coating materials due to their unique structural properties. In this manuscript, we describe important technological methods for the introduction of hydroxyl groups: opening of oxirane rings by nucleophilic reagents such as: water, alcohols, glycols, amino alcohols, carboxylic acids; direct hydroxylation of unsaturated bonds with carboxylic peracids in combination with hydrolysis of carboxyl groups and hydration; hydroformylation of unsaturated bonds with subsequent hydrogenation and alkoxylation; and ozonolysis of unsaturated bonds in combination with subsequent hydrogenation and alkoxylation.
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El Khezraji S, Thakur S, Raihane M, López-Manchado MA, Belachemi L, Verdejo R, Lahcini M. Use of Novel Non-Toxic Bismuth Catalyst for the Preparation of Flexible Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244460. [PMID: 34961011 PMCID: PMC8704569 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam products are one of the largest markets for polyurethane (PU) and are heavily used in many sectors. However, current PU formulations use highly toxic and environmentally unfriendly production processes. Meanwhile, the increasing environmental concerns and regulations are intensifying the research into green and non-toxic products. In this study, we synthesized flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) using different weight percentages (0.025%, 0.05% and 0.1%) of a non-toxic bismuth catalyst. The bismuth-catalyzed foams presented a well evolved cellular structure with an open cell morphology. The properties of the bismuth-catalyzed flexible PUF, such as the mechanical, morphological, kinetic and thermal behaviors, were optimized and compared with a conventional tin-catalyzed PUF. The bismuth-catalyst revealed a higher isocyanate conversion efficiency than the stannous octoate catalyst. When comparing samples with similar densities, the bismuth-catalyzed foams present better mechanical behavior than the tin-catalyzed sample with similar thermal stability. The high solubility of bismuth triflate in water, together with its high Lewis acidity, have been shown to benefit the production of PU foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said El Khezraji
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
| | - Suman Thakur
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
| | - Mustapha Raihane
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Miguel Angel López-Manchado
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
| | - Larbi Belachemi
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Raquel Verdejo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (M.L.)
| | - Mohammed Lahcini
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
- Chemical & Biochemical Sciences (CBS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (M.L.)
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Bose M, Dhaliwal G, Chandrashekhara K, Nam P. Role of additives in fabrication of soy‐based rigid polyurethane foam for structural and thermal insulation applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Bose
- Department of Chemistry Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla Missouri USA
| | - Gurjot Dhaliwal
- Intertribal Research and Resource Center United Tribes Technical College Bismarck North Dakota USA
| | - K. Chandrashekhara
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla Missouri USA
| | - Paul Nam
- Department of Chemistry Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla Missouri USA
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Morales-Cerrada R, Tavernier R, Caillol S. Fully Bio-Based Thermosetting Polyurethanes from Bio-Based Polyols and Isocyanates. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081255. [PMID: 33924399 PMCID: PMC8069015 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The trend towards the utilization of bioresources for the manufacturing of polymers has led industry players to bring to the market new monomers. In this work, we studied 3 polyisocyanates and 2 polyols with high renewable carbon contents, namely L-lysine ethyl ester diisocyanate (LDI), pentamethylene-diisocyanate (PDI) isocyanurate trimer, and hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI) allophanate as the isocyanates, as well as castor oil and polypropanediol as the polyols. These monomers are commercially available at a large scale and were used in direct formulations or used as prepolymers. Thermosetting polymers with Tg values ranging from -41 to +21 °C and thermal stabilities of up to 300 °C were obtained, and the polymerization was studied using NMR, DSC, and rheology. Cured materials were also characterized using FTIR, DMA, gel content, and swelling index determinations. These high bio-based content materials can successfully be obtained and could be used as alternatives to petro-based materials.
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