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Caramitu AR, Lungu MV, Ciobanu RC, Ion I, Marin M, Marinescu V, Pintea J, Aradoaei S, Schreiner OD. Recycled Polypropylene/Strontium Ferrite Polymer Composite Materials with Electromagnetic Shielding Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1129. [PMID: 38675050 PMCID: PMC11054054 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the obtaining and characterization of recycled polypropylene/strontium ferrite (PP/SrFe12O19) polymer composite materials with applications in the electromagnetic shielding of vehicle interiors (mainly automotive electronics-carcasses) from the electromagnetic radiation emitted mainly by exterior sources-electrical lines and supply sources-in terms of the development of the new electrical vehicles. With this aim, suitable polymer composite materials were developed using SrFe12O19 filler in two forms (powder and concentrate). The recycled PP polymer and composite materials with a PP/SrFe12O19 weight ratio of 75/25 and 70/30 were obtained in two stages, i.e., pellets by extrusion and samples for testing through a melt injection process. The characterization of the obtained materials took into account the requirements imposed by the desired applications. It consisted of determining the mechanical and dielectric properties, and microstructure analyses, along with the determination of the resistance to the action of a temperature of 70 °C, which is higher than the temperatures created during the summer inside vehicles. The performance of these materials as electromagnetic shields was assessed through functional tests consisting of the determination of magnetic permeability and the estimation of the electromagnetic shielding efficiency (SE). The obtained results confirmed the improvement of the mechanical, dielectric, and magnetic properties of the PP/SrFe12O19 composites compared to the selected PP polymers. It is also found that all the composite materials exhibited reflective shielding properties (SER from -71.5 dB to -56.7 dB), with very little absorption shielding. The most performant material was the composite made of PP/SrFe12O19 powder with a weight ratio of 70/30. The promising results recommend this composite material for potential use in automotive shielding applications against electromagnetic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ruxandra Caramitu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE—CA Bucharest, 030138 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.C.); (M.V.L.); (I.I.); (M.M.); (V.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Magdalena Valentina Lungu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE—CA Bucharest, 030138 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.C.); (M.V.L.); (I.I.); (M.M.); (V.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Romeo Cristian Ciobanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (S.A.); (O.D.S.)
| | - Ioana Ion
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE—CA Bucharest, 030138 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.C.); (M.V.L.); (I.I.); (M.M.); (V.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Mihai Marin
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE—CA Bucharest, 030138 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.C.); (M.V.L.); (I.I.); (M.M.); (V.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Virgil Marinescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE—CA Bucharest, 030138 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.C.); (M.V.L.); (I.I.); (M.M.); (V.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Jana Pintea
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE—CA Bucharest, 030138 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.C.); (M.V.L.); (I.I.); (M.M.); (V.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Sebastian Aradoaei
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (S.A.); (O.D.S.)
| | - Oliver Daniel Schreiner
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (S.A.); (O.D.S.)
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Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Džuganová M, Dosoudil R, Hudec I, Krump H. The Electrical Conductivity, EMI Absorption Shielding Performance, Curing Process, and Mechanical Properties of Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:566. [PMID: 38475251 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Three types of composites were tested for electromagnetic interference (EMI) absorption shielding effectiveness, the curing process, and their physical-mechanical properties. For the first type of composites, nickel-zinc ferrite, manganese-zinc ferrite, and both fillers in their mutual combinations were incorporated into acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber. The overall content of the filler, or fillers, was kept at 200 phr. Then, carbon black or carbon fibers were incorporated into each rubber formulation at a constant loading of-25 phr, while the content of magnetic fillers was unchanged, at -200 phr. This work focused on the understanding of correlations between the electromagnetic shielding parameters and electrical conductivity of composites in relation to their EMI absorption shielding effectiveness. The absorption shielding abilities of materials were evaluated within a frequency bandwidth from 1 MHz to 6 GHz. This study revealed good correlation among permittivity, conductivity, and EMI absorption effectiveness. Although the absorption shielding efficiency of composites filled only with ferrites seems to be the highest, the absorption maxima of those composites reached over 6 GHz. The application of carbon-based fillers resulted in the higher electrical conductivity and higher permittivity of composites, which was reflected in their lower absorption shielding performance. However, the composites filled with ferrites and carbon-based fillers absorbed electromagnetic radiation within the desired frequency range. The presence of carbon-based fillers caused improvement in the tensile behavior of composites. This study also demonstrated that the higher the ratio of nickel-zinc ferrite in combined magnetic fillers, the better the absorption shielding efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Džuganová
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Dosoudil
- Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Iľkovičova 3, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Henrich Krump
- Bizlink Technology, Trenčianska Teplá 1356, 914 01 Trenčianska Teplá, Slovakia
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Rahaman M. Superior mechanical, electrical, dielectric, and EMI shielding properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) based carbon black composites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25443-25458. [PMID: 37636513 PMCID: PMC10448605 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04187e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the mechanical, electrical, dielectric, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) based carbon black composites, namely high abrasion furnace (HAF) and conductive Printex blacks, were investigated and their effectiveness compared. The results show that Printex black filled composites exhibited superior properties in all aspects compared to HAF filled composites. The electrical percolation threshold value of Printex black filled composites was approximately 1/2 to 1/3 lower compared to HAF black filled composites based on classical theory and the Sigmoidal model. Moreover, the tensile modulus, dielectric permittivity, and EMI shielding efficiency (SE) of the Printex black filled composites were 4.6 times, in the order of 106 at 1 kHz, and 6.65 times improved compared to HAF black filled composites at their 40 phr loadings, respectively. The Printex black filled 40 phr loaded composite showed an EMI SE of 49.94 dB that is 99.999% the attenuation of EM radiation. These properties can be attributed to the high structure of Printex black, which facilitates the ease of formation of the conductive channel through the polymer matrix, higher reinforcement, higher interfacial polarization, and high absorption of radiation. These properties were compared with some published literature on carbon black filled composites and it was found that the results of the Printex black filled composites are highly competitive with the published work. The results show that these composites are highly effective for load bearing materials, supercapacitors, and EM radiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
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Caramitu AR, Ciobanu RC, Ion I, Schreiner CM, Aradoaei M, Tsakiris V, Pintea J, Marinescu V. Flexible Electromagnetic Shielding Nano-Composites Based on Silicon and NiFe 2O 4 Powders. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112447. [PMID: 37299248 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the obtaining and characterization of five experimental models of novel polymer composite materials with ferrite nano-powder are presented. The composites were obtained by mechanically mixing two components and pressing the obtained mixture on a hot plate press. The ferrite powders were obtained by an innovative economic co-precipitation route. The characterization of these composites consisted of physical and thermal properties: hydrostatic density, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and TG DSC thermal analyses, along with functional electromagnetic tests in order to demonstrate the functionality of these materials as electromagnetic shields (magnetic permeability, dielectric characteristics, and shielding effectiveness). The purpose of this work was to obtain a flexible composite material, applicable to any type of architecture for the electrical and automotive industry, necessary for protection against electromagnetic interference. The results demonstrated the efficiency of such materials at lower frequencies, but also in the microwave domain, with higher thermal stability and lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina R Caramitu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Romeo C Ciobanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Ion
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina M Schreiner
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Aradoaei
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Violeta Tsakiris
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jana Pintea
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Virgil Marinescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
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Nivedhitha DM, Jeyanthi S. Polyvinylidene fluoride—An advanced smart polymer for electromagnetic interference shielding applications—A novel review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Curing, Properties and EMI Absorption Shielding of Rubber Composites Based on Ferrites and Carbon Fibres. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040857. [PMID: 36850141 PMCID: PMC9959415 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, magnetic soft ferrites, namely manganese-zinc ferrite, nickel-zinc ferrite and combinations of both fillers, were incorporated into acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber to fabricate composite materials. The total content of ferrites was kept constant-300 phr. The second series of composites was fabricated with a similar composition. Moreover, carbon fibres were incorporated into rubber compounds in constant amount-25 phr. The work was focused on investigation of the fillers on absorption shieling performance of the composites, which was investigated within the frequency range 1-6 GHz. Then, the physical-mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated. The achieved results demonstrated that the absorption shielding efficiency of both composite types increased with increasing proportion of nickel-zinc ferrite, which suggests that nickel-zinc ferrite demonstrated better absorption shielding potential. Higher electrical conductivity and higher permittivity of composites filled with carbon fibres and ferrites resulted in their lower absorption shielding performance. Simultaneously, they absorbed electromagnetic radiation at lower frequencies. On the other hand, carbon fibres reinforced the rubber matrix, and subsequent improvement in physical-mechanical properties was recorded.
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Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Hložeková K, Dosudil R, Gořalík M, Hudec I. Experimental investigation of absorption shielding efficiency of rubber composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-023-04684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Xu L, Lu H, Dong Y, Fu Y, Ni Q. Graphene fibre film/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposites for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3804-3815. [PMID: 36133325 PMCID: PMC9470028 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00243d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials has become a trend to address the increasing electromagnetic (EM) wave pollution environment. In this paper, oriented graphene fibre film (GFF)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites with one-ply unidirectional, two-ply cross-ply, and two-ply unidirectional configurations were prepared using wet-spinning and hot-pressing techniques in a two-step process. Due to the anisotropic electrical performance of GFF, the one-ply laminate exhibits EMI shielding anisotropy that is affected by fibre orientation relative to the electric field component in EM waves. The maximum shielding difference at 8.8 GHz is up to 32.0 dB between the fibre orientation parallel to and perpendicular to the electric field component. In addition, we found that adding a layer of GFF is an intuitive method to enhance the shielding efficiency (SE) of GFF/PDMS nanocomposites by providing more interfaces to enhance absorption losses. An optimal EMI shielding performance of a two-ply unidirectional laminate is observed with an SE value of 50.6 dB, which shields 99.999% of EM waves. The shielding mechanisms are also discussed and clarified from the results of both experimental and theoretical analyses by adjusting the GFF structural parameters, such as the fibre orientation, areal density, number of plies and stacking sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310018 China
| | - Haohao Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310018 China
| | - Yubing Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310018 China
| | - Yaqin Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310018 China
| | - Qingqing Ni
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310018 China
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