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Yamashita N, Yamaoka K, Ikura R, Yoshida D, Park J, Kato N, Kamei M, Ogura K, Igarashi M, Nakagawa H, Takashima Y. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of organic-inorganic hybrid elastomers by introducing movable and reversible crosslinks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:9074-9081. [PMID: 37987102 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic materials have been widely utilized in various fields as multifunctional materials. Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS), a typical inorganic polymer, has industrially appealing functions, such as transparency, biocompatibility, and gas permeability; however, it has poor mechanical properties. We incorporated organic-inorganic hybrid elastomers (PDMS-γCD-AAl⊃P(EA-HEMA) (x)) with movable crosslinks, and we utilized hydrogen bonds as reversible crosslinks. The organic polymer poly ethyl acrylate-r-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (P(EA-HEMA)) penetrated the cavity of triacetylated γ-cyclodextrin (γCD), which was introduced into the side chains of PDMS, and it compounded with PDMS at the nanoscale. Structural studies involving visual and X-ray scattering measurements revealed that movable crosslinks improved the compatibility levels of PDMS and acrylate copolymers. However, macroscopic phase separation occurred when the number of reversible crosslinks increased. Furthermore, studies on the mobility levels of acrylate copolymers and movable crosslinks indicated that the relaxation behaviour of PDMS-γCD-AAl⊃P(EA-HEMA) (x) changed with changing numbers of reversible crosslinks. Introducing reversible crosslinks improved the Young's modulus and toughness values. The movable and reversible crosslinks between the organic and inorganic polymers contributed to the high elongation properties. The design of PDMS-γCD-AAl⊃P(EA-HEMA) (x) incorporated cooperatively movable and reversible crosslinks to achieve high compatibility of immiscible polymers and to control the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamashita
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Kenji Yamaoka
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ikura
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Daichi Yoshida
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Junsu Park
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Nobu Kato
- Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd, Silicone-Electronics Materials Research Center, 1-10, Hitomi, Matsuida-machi, Annaka-Shi, Gunma 379-0224, Japan
| | - Masanao Kamei
- Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd, Silicone-Electronics Materials Research Center, 1-10, Hitomi, Matsuida-machi, Annaka-Shi, Gunma 379-0224, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ogura
- Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd, Silicone-Electronics Materials Research Center, 1-10, Hitomi, Matsuida-machi, Annaka-Shi, Gunma 379-0224, Japan
| | - Minoru Igarashi
- Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd, Silicone-Electronics Materials Research Center, 1-10, Hitomi, Matsuida-machi, Annaka-Shi, Gunma 379-0224, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakagawa
- Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd, 4-1 Marunouchi, 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Smejda-Krzewicka A, Rybiński P, Żukowski W, Bradło D, Wencel K, Berkowicz-Płatek G. Cross-Linking Characteristics, Morphology, Dynamics, and Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polychloroprene/Polybutadiene/Nano-Zinc (CR/BR/nZn) Compositions with Reduced Fire Hazard. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5804. [PMID: 37687499 PMCID: PMC10489150 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The properties of unconventional blends of crystallizable and thermo-cross-linkable polychloroprene (CR) with polybutadiene (BR) were investigated in this study. The compositions were prepared using the method of reactive processing and cross-linking in the presence of nano-sized zinc (nZn). The purpose of the research was to assess the efficacy of nano-zinc as a curing agent of polychloroprene and polybutadiene (CR/BR) composites and to obtain rubber goods characterized by increased flame resistance. The blends were filled with nano-silica (aerosil) and fillers of natural origin (chalcedonite or silitin). The cross-linking process was characterized by determining the kinetics curves, the equilibrium swelling, and the Mooney-Rivlin elasticity constants. The morphology of the vulcanizate surface was specified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dynamic and mechanical properties, flammability, and toxicity of gaseous substances involved in thermal decomposition were determined. Mass changes and thermal effects were studied using simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). It was confirmed that nano-zinc is an efficient curing agent for the polychloroprene and polybutadiene compositions, with a satisfactory degree of cross-linking (αc = 0.10, CRI = 4.11 min-1), good mechanical strength (TSb = 5 MPa), satisfactory tear resistance (Ts = 2.9 N/mm), and very high flame resistance (OI = 30%, HRRmax = 283 kW/m2). Filled products could be used as non-combustible materials, confirming the low fire hazard (1/tflashover = 3.5-6.4 kW/m2∙s). The most effective filler of the tested composites was nano-sized silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Smejda-Krzewicka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, Żeromskiego Street 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
| | - Witold Żukowski
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Street 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (W.Ż.); (D.B.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Dariusz Bradło
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Street 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (W.Ż.); (D.B.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Kinga Wencel
- Department of Thermal Processes, Air Protection and Waste Utilization, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Street 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Gabriela Berkowicz-Płatek
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Street 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (W.Ż.); (D.B.); (G.B.-P.)
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Smejda-Krzewicka A, Mrozowski K, Strzelec K. Interelastomer Reactions Occurring during the Cross-Linking of Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene (HNBR) and Chloroprene (CR) Rubbers Blends in the Presence of Silver(I) Oxide (Ag 2O) and Mechanical Properties of Cured Products. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4573. [PMID: 37444887 PMCID: PMC10342298 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to examine the possibility of producing new blends of hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene and chloroprene rubbers (HNBR/CR) unconventionally cross-linked with silver(I) oxide (Ag2O), and to investigate the physicomechanical properties of the obtained materials. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that HNBR/CR composites were effectively cured with Ag2O, which led to interelastomer reactions, and the degree of binding of HNBR with CR was in the range of 14-59%. The rheometric and equilibrium swelling studies revealed that the cross-linking progress depended on the weight proportion of both elastomers, and the degree of cross-linking was greater with more content of chloroprene rubber in the tested blends. Interelastomer reactions occurring between HNBR and CR improved the homogeneity and miscibility of the tested compositions, which was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The tensile strength and hardness of the obtained HNBR/CR/Ag2O vulcanizates proportionally increased with the content of CR, while the tear strength showed an inverse relationship. The obtained new, unconventional materials were characterized by significant resistance to thermo-oxidative factors, which was confirmed by the high aging factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Smejda-Krzewicka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (K.S.)
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The Use of Copper Oxides as Cross-Linking Substances for Chloroprene Rubber and Study of the Vulcanizates Properties. Part II. The Effect of Filler Type on the Properties of CR Products. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216528. [PMID: 34772052 PMCID: PMC8585425 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The properties of rubber materials are dependent on the characteristics of the elastomer matrix, the filler type, the cross-linking agent, the number of ingredients, and their interactions. In the previous article, we showed that chloroprene rubber can be efficiently cross-linked with copper(I) oxide or copper(II) oxide. During the processing of rubber compounds, the incorporation of a filler and a curing substance are two substantial parameters, such as the homogeneity of mixing and cross-linking that significantly affect the properties of the vulcanizates. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the curing characteristics, mechanical and dynamical properties, morphology, and flammability of the composites containing chloroprene rubber cross-linked with Cu2O or CuO and filled with different fillers (silica, carbon black, montmorillonite, kaolin, chalk). It was found that the type of filler and curing agent had a significant impact on the degree of cross-linking of the chloroprene rubber and the properties of its vulcanizates. The degree and speed of the cross-linking of filled CR were higher when the CR was cured with copper(II) oxide. Among the fillers used, the presence of carbon black or silica ensured the highest degree of CR cross-linking and the most useful properties. The flammability tests indicated that all produced vulcanizates were characterized by a high oxygen index, which allows them to be classified as non-flammable materials.
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