1
|
Dadashpour M, Kalavi S, Gorgzadeh A, Nosrati R, Firouzi Amandi A, Mohammadikhah M, Rezai Seghin Sara M, Alizadeh E. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of cell adhesion and long-term proliferation of stem cells cultured on silibinin co-embedded PLGA/Collagen electrospun composite nanofibers. Exp Cell Res 2024; 435:113926. [PMID: 38228225 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The present research aims to evaluate the efficacy of Silibinin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Sil@MSNs) immobilized into polylactic-co-glycolic acid/Collagen (PLGA/Col) nanofibers on the in vitro proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and cellular senescence. Here, the fabricated electrospun PLGA/Col composite scaffolds were coated with Sil@MSNs and their physicochemical properties were examined by FTIR, FE-SEM, and TGA. The growth, viability and proliferation of ASCs were investigated using various biological assays including PicoGreen, MTT, and RT-PCR after 21 days. The proliferation and adhesion of ASCs were supported by the biological and mechanical characteristics of the Sil@MSNs PLGA/Col composite scaffolds, according to FE- SEM. PicoGreen and cytotoxicity analysis showed an increase in the rate of proliferation and metabolic activity of hADSCs after 14 and 21 days, confirming the initial and controlled release of Sil from nanofibers. Gene expression analysis further confirmed the increased expression of stemness markers as well as hTERT and telomerase in ASCs seeded on Sil@MSNs PLGA/Col nanofibers compared to the control group. Ultimately, the findings of the present study introduced Sil@MSNs PLGA/Col composite scaffolds as an efficient platform for long-term proliferation of ASCs in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Dadashpour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Shaylan Kalavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirsasan Gorgzadeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Rahim Nosrati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran
| | | | - Meysam Mohammadikhah
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Effat Alizadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Misra SK, Pandey H, Patil S, Virmani T, Virmani R, Kumar G, Alhalmi A, Noman OM, Alshahrani SS, Mothana RA. Graphene Scaffolds: A Striking Approach to Combat Dermatophytosis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2305. [PMID: 37630890 PMCID: PMC10458241 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Exclusive physicochemical and biological properties of carbon allotrope graphene have attracted the peer attention of researchers for the synthesis and development of newer topical remedies including films, scaffolds, microspheres, and hydrogels. Here, graphene nanoplatelets (GN) were embedded into a different ratio of polymeric ERL100/ERS100 solution and fabricated in the form of a scaffold through the electrospinning process. FTIR spectra displayed characteristic similar peaks present both in GN and GN-loaded scaffold owing to the compatibility of GN and polymeric mixture. XRD curve revealed a distinct GN peak at nearly 26° whereas from DSC/TGA thermal stability was observed between polymers and graphene nanoplatelets. FESEM images showed ultrathin architecture of GN-loaded scaffold in a range of 280 ± 90 nm. The fabricated scaffold exhibited hydrophilicity (contact angle 48.8 ± 2.8°) and desirable swelling index (646% in skin pH media) which were desired criteria for the scaffold for topical application. In vitro, antifungal activity was conducted through the broth microdilution method against different virulent dermatophytes i.e., Microsporum gypseum, M. canis, M. fulvum, and Trychophyton rubrum. For in vivo evaluation, T. rubrum inoculum was applied on the dorsal surface of each group of Swiss albino mice, and the degree and intensity of mycelial growth or erythema on skin surfaces was visually investigated. The study depicted complete signs of cure after 14 days of application of G3-loaded scaffold on the infected dorsal site. Hence graphene-loaded scaffold represented a possible alternative for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by dermatophytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kiran Misra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of pharmacy, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Center for Teacher Education, Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath, Varanasi 221007, India;
| | - Sandip Patil
- E-Spin NanoTech Private Ltd., SIDBI Innovation & Incubation Center, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India;
| | - Tarun Virmani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Modern Vidya Niketan University, Palwal 121105, India; (R.V.); (G.K.)
| | - Reshu Virmani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Modern Vidya Niketan University, Palwal 121105, India; (R.V.); (G.K.)
| | - Girish Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Modern Vidya Niketan University, Palwal 121105, India; (R.V.); (G.K.)
| | - Abdulsalam Alhalmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Omar M. Noman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Saad S. Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.A.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.A.); (R.A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guerreiro SFC, Ferreira CAM, Valente JFA, Patrício TMF, Alves NMF, Dias JR. Electrospun-Based Membranes as a Key Tool to Prevent Respiratory Infections. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3787. [PMID: 36145931 PMCID: PMC9504510 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electrospun meshes has been proposed as highly efficient protective equipment to prevent respiratory infections. Those infections can result from the activity of micro-organisms and other small dust particles, such as those resulting from air pollution, that impair the respiratory tract, induce cellular damage and compromise breathing capacity. Therefore, electrospun meshes can contribute to promoting air-breathing quality and controlling the spread of such epidemic-disrupting agents due to their intrinsic characteristics, namely, low pore size, and high porosity and surface area. In this review, the mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of several stressors of the respiratory system are covered as well as the strategies adopted to inhibit their action. The main goal is to discuss the performance of antimicrobial electrospun nanofibers by comparing the results already reported in the literature. Further, the main aspects of the certification of filtering systems are highlighted, and the expected technology developments in the industry are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara F. C. Guerreiro
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2030-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Medical Physics Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO-Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina A. M. Ferreira
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2030-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA), Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2050-641 Peniche, Portugal
| | - Joana F. A. Valente
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2030-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
| | - Tatiana M. F. Patrício
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2030-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. F. Alves
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2030-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
| | - Juliana R. Dias
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2030-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Influence of substrate temperature parameter on electrospinning process: example of application to the formation of gelatin fibers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe substrate temperature was investigated to broaden the applicability of controlling the morphology of polymeric fibers produced during the electrospinning process. A laboratory electrospinning setup was designed using a substrate heated in a temperature range of 25 °C to 100 °C. A gelatin polymer was used as an example to obtain beads-free gelatin fibers by fixing the main electrospinning parameters. Based on XRD, FTIR, and DSC techniques, the electrospun gelatin fibers did not show any change in their chemical composition up to 100 °C. Heating the substrate at 50 °C may be the best selection factor to obtain gelatin fibers; the fiber diameters experienced a significant decrease from 680 ± 140 nm to 420 ± 120 nm with increasing substrate temperature from 25 to 50 °C, respectively. They showed stability of the diameter at 380 ± 130 nm and 390 ± 130 nm when increasing substrate temperatures from 75 to 100 °C, respectively, with a significant variation in their diameter distribution. Therefore, this ability to control the electrospinning process using a heated substrate makes it promising for fabricating electrospun beads-free fibers of biopolymers such as gelatin for tissue engineering and drug delivery carriers.
Collapse
|
5
|
Electrospun Structural Hybrids of Acyclovir-Polyacrylonitrile at Acyclovir for Modifying Drug Release. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244286. [PMID: 34960834 PMCID: PMC8708694 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In traditional pharmaceutics, drug–crystalline nanoparticles and drug–polymer composites are frequently explored for their ability to modify drug release profiles. In this study, a novel sort of hybrid with a coating of acyclovir crystalline nanoparticles on acyclovir-polyacrylonitrile composites was fabricated using modified, coaxial electrospinning processes. The developed acyclovir-polyacrylonitrile at the acyclovir nanohybrids was loaded with various amounts of acyclovir, which could be realized simply by adjusting the sheath fluid flow rates. Compared with the electrospun composite nanofibers from a single-fluid blending process, the nanohybrids showed advantages of modifying the acyclovir release profiles in the following aspects: (1) the initial release amount was more accurately and intentionally controlled; (2) the later sustained release was nearer to a zero-order kinetic process; and (3) the release amounts at different stages could be easily allocated by the sheath fluid flow rate. X-ray diffraction results verified that the acyclovir nanoparticles were in a crystalline state, and Fourier-transform infrared spectra verified that the drug acyclovir and the polymer polyacrylonitrile had a good compatibility. The protocols reported here could pave the way for developing new types of functional nanostructures.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abbas M, Alqahtani MS, Almohiy HM, Alqahtani FF, Alhifzi R, Jambi LK. The Potential Contribution of Biopolymeric Particles in Lung Tissue Regeneration of COVID-19 Patients. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4011. [PMID: 34833310 PMCID: PMC8623030 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is a vital organ that houses the alveoli, which is where gas exchange takes place. The COVID-19 illness attacks lung cells directly, creating significant inflammation and resulting in their inability to function. To return to the nature of their job, it may be essential to rejuvenate the afflicted lung cells. This is difficult because lung cells need a long time to rebuild and resume their function. Biopolymeric particles are the most effective means to transfer developing treatments to airway epithelial cells and then regenerate infected lung cells, which is one of the most significant symptoms connected with COVID-19. Delivering biocompatible and degradable natural biological materials, chemotherapeutic drugs, vaccines, proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, and diagnostic agents are all examples of these molecules' usage. Furthermore, they are created by using several structural components, which allows them to effectively connect with these cells. We highlight their most recent uses in lung tissue regeneration in this review. These particles are classified into three groups: biopolymeric nanoparticles, biopolymeric stem cell materials, and biopolymeric scaffolds. The techniques and processes for regenerating lung tissue will be thoroughly explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Computers and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (H.M.A.); (R.A.)
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Hussain M. Almohiy
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (H.M.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Fawaz F. Alqahtani
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Roaa Alhifzi
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (H.M.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Layal K. Jambi
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Q, Jia H, Ouyang W, Mu Y, Wu Z. Fabrication of Antimicrobial Multilayered Nanofibrous Scaffolds-Loaded Drug via Electrospinning for Biomedical Application. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:755777. [PMID: 34746107 PMCID: PMC8565619 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.755777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanofibers prepared by biobased materials are widely used in the field of biomedicine, owing to outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradable characters, and excellent mechanical behavior. Herein, we fabricated multilayered nanofibrous scaffolds in order to improve the performance of drug delivery. The composite layer-by-layer scaffolds were incorporated by hydrophobic poly(l-lactic acid) (PLA): polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers via multilayer electrospinning. Morphological and structural characteristics of the developed scaffolds measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed smooth and uniform fibers ranging in nanometer scale. The differences in contact angles and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) between single-layered PVA nanofibers and multilayered scaffolds verified the existence of PLA: PCL surface. In vitro biodegradable and drug release analysis depicted multilayered scaffolds had good biodegradability and potential for medical application. Due to the model drug incorporation, scaffolds exhibited good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the zone of inhibition test. These results revealed that the multilayered scaffolds were proved to be desirable antibacterial materials for biomedical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hengmin Jia
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wenchong Ouyang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Mu
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengwei Wu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Karabulut FNH, Höfler G, Ashok Chand N, Beckermann GW. Electrospun Nanofibre Filtration Media to Protect against Biological or Nonbiological Airborne Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3257. [PMID: 34641073 PMCID: PMC8511993 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospun nanofibres can outperform their melt-blown counterparts in many applications, especially air filtration. The different filtration mechanisms of nanofibres are particularly important when it comes to the air filtration of viruses (such as COVID-19) and bacteria. In this work, we present an electrospun nanofibre filter media, FilterLayrTM by NanoLayr Ltd., containing poly(methyl methacrylate)/ethylene vinyl alcohol nanofibres. The outstanding uniformity of the nanofibres was indicated by the good correlation between pressure drop (ΔP) and areal weight with R2 values in the range of 0.82 to 0.98 across various test air velocities. By adjusting the nanofibre areal weight (basis weight), the nanofibre filter media was shown to meet the particle filtration efficiency and breathability requirements of the following internationally accepted facemask and respirator standards: N95 respirator facemask performance in accordance with NIOSH 42CFR84 (filtration efficiency of up to 98.10% at a pressure drop of 226 Pa and 290 Pa at 85 L·min-1 and 120 L·min-1, respectively), Level 2 surgical facemask performance in accordance with ASTM F2299 (filtration efficiency of up to 99.97% at 100 nm particle size and a pressure drop of 44 Pa at 8 L·min-1), and Level 2 filtration efficiency and Level 1 breathability for barrier face coverings in accordance with ASTM F3502 (filtration efficiency of up to 99.68% and a pressure drop of 133 Pa at 60 L·min-1), with Level 2 breathability being achievable at lower nanofibre areal weights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice N. H. Karabulut
- NanoLayr Ltd., 59 Mahunga Drive, Mangere Bridge, Auckland 2022, New Zealand; (N.A.C.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Günther Höfler
- NanoLayr Ltd., 59 Mahunga Drive, Mangere Bridge, Auckland 2022, New Zealand; (N.A.C.); (G.W.B.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abbas WA, Shaheen BS, Ghanem LG, Badawy IM, Abodouh MM, Abdou SM, Zada S, Allam NK. Cost-Effective Face Mask Filter Based on Hybrid Composite Nanofibrous Layers with High Filtration Efficiency. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:7492-7502. [PMID: 34101479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the main protective measures against COVID-19's spread is the use of face masks. It is therefore of the utmost importance for face masks to be high functioning in terms of their filtration ability and comfort. Notwithstanding the prevalence of the commercial polypropylene face masks, its effectiveness is under contention, leaving vast room for improvement. During the pandemic, the use of at least one mask per day for each individual results in a massive number of masks that need to be safely disposed of. Fabricating biodegradable filters of high efficiency not only can protect individuals and save the environment but also can be sewed on reusable/washable cloth masks to reduce expenses. Wearing surgical masks for long periods of time, especially in hot regions, causes discomfort by irritating sensitive facial skin and warmed inhaled air. Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of novel electrospun composites layers as face mask filters for protection against pathogens and tiny particulates. The combinatorial filter layers are made by integrating TiO2 nanotubes as fillers into chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) polymeric electrospun nanofibers as the outer layer. The other two filler-free layers, chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) and silk/poly(vinyl alcohol) as the middle and inner composite layers, respectively, were used for controlled protection, contamination prevention, and comfort for prolonged usage. The ASTM standards evaluation tests were adopted to evaluate the efficacy of the assembled filter, revealing high filtration efficiency compared to that of commercial surgical masks. The TiO2/Cs/PVA outer layer significantly reduced Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by 44.8% compared to the control, revealing the dual effect of TiO2 and chitosan toward the infectious bacterial colonies. Additionally, molecular dynamics calculations were used to assess the mechanical properties of the filter layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A Abbas
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Basamat S Shaheen
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Loujain G Ghanem
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Badawy
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abodouh
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shrouk M Abdou
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Suher Zada
- Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Nageh K Allam
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|