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Kumar B, Adil S, Pham DH, Kim J. Environment-friendly, high-performance cellulose nanofiber-vanillin epoxy nanocomposite with excellent mechanical, thermal insulation and UV shielding properties. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25272. [PMID: 38327421 PMCID: PMC10847658 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increased demand for biobased epoxy thermosets as an alternative to petroleum-based materials in various fields, developing environment-friendly and high-performance natural fiber-biobased epoxy nanocomposites is crucial for industrial applications. Herein, an environment-friendly nanocomposite is reported by introducing cellulose nanofiber (CNF) in situ interaction with lignin-derived vanillin epoxy (VE) monomer and 4, 4´-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) hardener that serves as a multifunctional platform. The CNF-VE nanocomposite is fabricated by simply dispersing the CNF suspension to the VE and DDM hardener solution through the in-situ reaction, and its mechanical properties and thermal insulation behavior, wettability, chemical resistance, and optical properties are evaluated with the CNF weight percent variation. The well-dispersed CNF-VE nanocomposite exhibited high tensile strength (∼127.78 ± 3.99 MPa) and strain-at-break (∼16.49 ± 0.61 %), haziness (∼50 %) and UV-shielding properties. The in situ loading of CNF forms covalent crosslinking with the VE and favors improving the mechanical properties along with the homogeneous dispersion of CNF. The CNF-VE nanocomposite also shows lower thermal conductivity (0.26 Wm-1K-1) than glass. The environment-friendly and high-performance nanocomposite provides multiple platforms and can be used for building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Samia Adil
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Duc Hoa Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
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Pi Z, Deng C, Pan H, Pei K. Preliminary Results on Preparation and Performance of a Self-Emulsifying Waterborne Epoxy Curing Agent at Room Temperature. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071673. [PMID: 37050287 PMCID: PMC10097019 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG1000) and epoxy resin E20 were used to synthesize the E20/PEG1000 polymer (EP1K), which was later transformed into a self-emulsifying water-based epoxy curing agent by reacting with m-Xylylenediamine (MXDA). The effects of molecular weight, the molar ratio of the raw materials, the catalyst dosage, and the different co-solvents on the properties of the prepared curing agent were systematically explored. The infrared absorption spectra of E20, EP1K, and the water-based epoxy curing agent were compared and analyzed. The coating properties of the waterborne epoxy varnish, which was based on water-based epoxy curing agents to emulsify and cure the resin E44, were systematically tested. The results demonstrated that with a molar ratio of 1:1:4 of PEG1000, E20, and MXDA, the boron trifluoride etherate (BF3·Et2O) as catalyst accounts for 0.3% of the total mass of E20 and PEG1000, and an applicable period of 3 h for the prepared varnish, the anti-corrosion performance, and mechanical properties of the coatings were excellent.
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Borah N, Karak N. Green composites of bio-based epoxy and waste tea fiber as environmentally friendly structural materials. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2023.2177171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobomi Borah
- Advanced Polymer and Nanomaterial Laboratory (APNL), Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Niranjan Karak
- Advanced Polymer and Nanomaterial Laboratory (APNL), Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam, Tezpur, Assam, India
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Ruíz de Azúa O, Agulló N, Arbusà J, Borrós S. Improving Glass Transition Temperature and Toughness of Epoxy Adhesives by a Complex Room-Temperature Curing System by Changing the Stoichiometry. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020252. [PMID: 36679133 PMCID: PMC9864282 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glass transition temperature (Tg) of room-temperature curing epoxy adhesives is limited by the temperature used during curing. It is already known that the excess of epoxy groups can undergo a homopolymerization reaction initiated by tertiary amines at elevated temperatures, resulting in an increase in Tg. However, there is no evidence of this reaction occurring at room temperature. In the present work, the influence of formulation stoichiometry on Tg and mechanical properties was investigated. Dynamomechanical, rheological and mechanical properties of epoxy adhesives were determined by DSC, DMA, rheometer and tensile and shear strength testing. It has been probed that an excess of epoxy resin combined with a complex curing system composed of a primary amine, a polymercaptan and a tertiary amine leads to an increase in Tg up to 70 °C due to the homopolymerization reaction that takes place at room temperature. However, as the excess of epoxy resin is increased, gel time becomes slower. Regarding mechanical properties, it has been proven that an excess of epoxy resin provides a tighter and tougher material but maintains flexibility of the stoichiometric formulation, which is meant to enhance the resistance to impact-type forces, thermal shock and thermal cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oiane Ruíz de Azúa
- Grup d’Engineyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Quimic de Sarria (IQS), Universitat Ramon Lull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Agulló
- Grup d’Engineyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Quimic de Sarria (IQS), Universitat Ramon Lull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Arbusà
- Sailing Techcnologies, S.L., 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d’Engineyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Quimic de Sarria (IQS), Universitat Ramon Lull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-932672000
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Kumar B, Roy S, Agumba DO, Pham DH, Kim J. Effect of bio-based derived epoxy resin on interfacial adhesion of cellulose film and applicability towards natural jute fiber-reinforced composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1304-1313. [PMID: 36198365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a bio-based vanillin-derived epoxy (VDE) resin for bio-based natural fiber-reinforced composites. VDE monomer was synthesized, and curing agents, namely, 4,4´-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) and isophorone diamine, were used. The prepared VDE resins with various curing parameters were characterized using FTIR, NMR, tensile test, bending test and water contact angle. Further, the interfacial adhesion feasibility of VDE resins on cellulose film was studied through the single-lap shear joint examination and compared with a commercial epoxy, DGEBA. The VDE-DDM resin exhibited excellent interfacial adhesion with cellulose than VDE-IPDA and DGEBA-DDM resins. The cured VDE-DDM thermoset showed a tensile strength of 86.0 ± 6.5 MPa, thermal stability of 241.0 °C at Td5%, and an elastic modulus of 2.9 ± 0.3 GPa, which is better than the commercial epoxy resin. Besides, the developed VDE-DDM resin was used to fabricate treated-jute fiber (TJF)-reinforced composites. The bio-based VDE-DDM/TJF composite's flexural strength was higher than the commercial epoxy resin composite, DGEBA-DDM/TJF. Furthermore, the phosphorus moiety of the VDE-DDM resin endows flame retardancy to the VDE-DDM/TJF composite during combustion. Overall, the appealing properties of bio-based VDE-DDM/TJF composite render environment-friendly and high-performance structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Swarup Roy
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dickens O Agumba
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc H Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Grauzeliene S, Kastanauskas M, Talacka V, Ostrauskaite J. Photocurable Glycerol- and Vanillin-Based Resins for the Synthesis of Vitrimers. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:6103-6110. [PMID: 35991302 PMCID: PMC9379905 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, photocurable resins based on glycerol and vanillin were designed, synthesized, and applied to digital light processing three-dimensional (3D) printing and vitrimeric abilities such as shape-memory, self-healing, and recyclability have been investigated. First, photocurable resins were prepared and synthesized by combining renewable resources and photocuring as an environmentally friendly strategy for the synthesis of vitrimers. Afterward, the most suitable resin for optical 3D printing was selected by photorheometry, and the thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting polymers were tested. Furthermore, by activating dynamic transesterification reactions at elevated temperatures, the photocured polymer exhibited self-healing, recyclability, and shape-memory properties. The vitrimer with a weight ratio of 8:2 of glycerol- and vanillin-based monomers demonstrated a welding efficiency of tensile strength up to 114.12%, 75% recyclability by alcoholysis, and shape-memory properties above and below two glass transition temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigita Grauzeliene
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Marius Kastanauskas
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | | | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
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Synthesis and Performance of a Novel Cotton Linter Based Cellulose Derivatives Dispersant for Coal–Water Slurries. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061103. [PMID: 35335434 PMCID: PMC8953355 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel sulfonic-cellulose succinate half ester (S-CSHE) dispersant for coal–water slurry (CWS) was successfully synthesized using cotton linters, sulfamic acid and succinic anhydride in DMF by a one-pot synthesis. The effects of the synthetic condition of S-CSHE as a dispersant for CWS were studied. An S-CSHE with a maximum degree of substitution of 0.98 was obtained under these optimized conditions. The synthesized samples were characterized by GPC, FT-IR spectroscopy, 13C-NMR, and SEM. The molecular weight was from 2.2 × 103 to 1.2 × 104, revealed by GPC; FT-IR spectra analysis revealed characteristic absorptions of the sulfonic-cellulose succinate half ester; SEM images showed smooth cellulose structures, while the S-CSHE had a compact surface. Effects of S-CSHE on the fluidity of application as the dispersants for the CWS prepared from Chinese Zhundong coal were studied further. The CWS application performance investigations showed that S-CSHE can most effectively reduce CWS viscosity, and perform excellent dispersity and stability. When the dosage of S-CSHE was up to 0.5 wt.%, the maximum coal content of CWS may reach 70 wt.%, and the apparent viscosity of CWS was 487 mPa·s. The CWS prepared using S-CSHE (0.38 wt.%) for Zhundong coal showed the rheological characteristics of shear-thinning, and is consistent with the Herschel–Bulkley model. This work found a new route for utilizing cotton linters cellulose and enlarged the selecting range of the dispersant for CWS. It has a positive significance for efficient and clean utilization of Xinjiang Zhundong coal.
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Euring M, Ostendorf K, Rühl M, Kües U. Enzymatic Oxidation of Ca-Lignosulfonate and Kraft Lignin in Different Lignin-Laccase-Mediator-Systems and MDF Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:788622. [PMID: 35155404 PMCID: PMC8831759 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.788622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase-mediator-oxidized lignin offers replacement for conventional chemical binders to produce fiberboards. Compared to the previously reported laccase–mediator system (LMS), a lignin-laccase-mediator-system (LLMS) has an advantage in that it requires much shorter fiber-enzyme incubation time due to significantly increased redox reactions. However, the cost of regularly applying laccase on an industrial scale is currently too high. We have employed CcLcc5 from cultures of the basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea as a novel basi-laccase (a CAZy subfamily AA1_1 laccase) in medium-density fiberboard (MDF) production, in comparison to the commercial formulation Novozym 51003 with recombinantly produced asco-laccase MtL (a CAZy subfamily AA1_3 laccase-like multicopper oxidase from the ascomycete Myceliophthora thermophila). With the best-performing natural mediator 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP), unpurified CcLcc5 was almost as good as formulated Novozym 51003 in increasing the molecular weight (MW) of the technical lignins tested, the hydrophilic high-MW Ca-lignosulfonate and the hydrophobic low-MW kraft lignin (Indulin AT). Oxygen consumption rates of the two distantly related, poorly conserved enzymes (31% sequence identity) with different mediators and lignosulfonate were also comparable, but Indulin AT significantly reduced the oxidative activity of Novozym 51003 unlike CcLcc5, regardless of the mediator used, either DMP or guaiacol. Oxygen uptake by both laccases was much faster with both technical lignins with DMP than with guaiacol. In case of lignosulfonate and DMP, 20–30 min of incubation was sufficient for full oxygen consumption, which fits in well in time with the usual binder application steps in industrial MDF production processes. LLMS-bonded MDF was thus produced on a pilot-plant scale with either crude CcLcc5 or Novozym 51003 at reduced enzyme levels of 5 kU/kg absolutely dry wood fiber with lignosulfonate and mediator DMP. Boards produced with CcLcc5 were comparably good as those made with Novozym 51003. Boards reached nearly standard specifications in internal bond strength (IB) and modulus of rupture (MOR), while thickness swelling (TS) was less good based on the hydrophilic character of lignosulfonate. LLMS-bonded MDF with Indulin AT and DMP performed better in TS but showed reduced IB and MOR values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Euring
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Burckhardt-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus Euring, ; Ursula Kües,
| | - Kolja Ostendorf
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Burckhardt-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Rühl
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
- Current address, Department of Food and Feed Improvement Agents, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Gießen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kües
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus Euring, ; Ursula Kües,
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Kumar B, Agumba DO, Pham DH, Kim HC, Kim J. Recent progress in bio‐based eugenol resins: From synthetic strategies to structural properties and coating applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites Inha University Incheon South Korea
| | - Dickens O. Agumba
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites Inha University Incheon South Korea
| | - Duc H. Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites Inha University Incheon South Korea
| | - Hyun Chan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites Inha University Incheon South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites Inha University Incheon South Korea
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Huang Z, Wang Z. Synthesis of a bio‐based piperazine phytate flame retardant for epoxy resin with improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Zhengzhou Wang
- Department of Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Tongji University) Ministry of Education Shanghai China
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Tian B, Li J, Li Z, Dong W, Zhang N, Zhao H, Liu Y, Di M. Preparation of polypropylene with high melt strength by wet reaction blending of lignin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- Heilongjiang Institute of Atomic Energy Harbin PR China
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin PR China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Heilongjiang Institute of Atomic Energy Harbin PR China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Heilongjiang Institute of Atomic Energy Harbin PR China
| | - Wei Dong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine China Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Tianjin PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Institute of Atomic Energy Harbin PR China
| | - Hongtao Zhao
- Heilongjiang Institute of Atomic Energy Harbin PR China
| | - Yuguang Liu
- Heilongjiang Institute of Atomic Energy Harbin PR China
| | - Mingwei Di
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin PR China
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