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Zhu Y, Yang TX, Li H, Zhao QS, Zhao B. Synergism of jet milling and deep eutectic solvent pretreatment on grapevine lignin fractionation and enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132144. [PMID: 38729476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we investigated the synergistic effects of jet milling (JM) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment on the fractionation of grapevine lignin and the consequent enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis. Grapevine, a substantial byproduct of the wine industry, was subjected to JM pretreatment to produce finely powdered particles (median diameter D50 = 98.90), which were then further treated with acidic ChCl-LA and alkaline K2CO3-EG DESs. The results revealed that the combined JM + ChCl-LA pretreatment significantly increased the cellulose preservation under optimal conditions (110 °C, 4 h, and 20 % water content), achieving removal rates of 74.18 % xylan and 66.05 % lignin, respectively. The pretreatment temperature and inhibitor production were reduced, resulting in a remarkable threefold increase in glucose yield compared to untreated samples. Moreover, the structural analysis of the pretreated lignin indicated an enrichment of phenolic units, leading to enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial activities, particularly in the JM pretreated samples. These findings underscore the promising potential of the synergistic JM and DES pretreatment in facilitating the efficient utilization of grapevine lignocellulosic biomass for sustainable biorefinery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian-Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Biomedicine, Beijing City University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Hang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Zhang D, Liu J, Xu H, Liu H, He YC. Improving saccharification efficiency of corn stover through ferric chloride-deep eutectic solvent pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 399:130579. [PMID: 38479628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
An effective deep eutectic solvent (DES) and Iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) combination pretreatment system was developed to improve the removal efficiency of lignin and hemicellulose from corn stover (CS) and enhance its saccharification. N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine (NE) was selected as the hydrogen-bond-donor for preparing ChCl-based DES (ChCl:NE), and a mixture of ChCl:NE (60 wt%) and FeCl3 (0.5 wt%) was utilized for combination pretreatment of CS at 110 ℃ for 50 min. FeCl3/ChCl:NE effectively removed lignin (87.0 %) and xylan (55.9 %) and the enzymatic hydrolysis activity of FeCl3/ChCl:NE-treated CS was 5.5 times that of CS. The reducing sugar yield of pretreated CS was 98.6 %. FeCl3/ChCl:NE significantly disrupted the crystal structure of cellulose in CS and improved the removal of lignin and hemicellulose, enhancing the conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose into monomeric sugars. Overall, this combination of FeCl3 and DES pretreatment methods has high application potential for the biological refining of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Zhang
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Haixu Xu
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Hanxiao Liu
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Yu-Cai He
- School of Pharmacy, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
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3
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Zhu Y, Li H, Zhao QS, Zhao B. Effect of DES lignin incorporation on physicochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of carboxymethyl cellulose-based films. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130294. [PMID: 38382790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein, three pretreated grapevine lignins were incorporated into carboxymethyl cellulose films. The effects of traditional NaOH pretreated lignin and DES (ChCl-LA, ChCl-LA & K2CO3-EG) pretreated lignin on film properties were compared. Modern analytical techniques were employed to systematically characterize the pretreated lignin and the different CMC-lignin films. The results showed that DES lignin was of high purity, low molecular weight, and homogeneous structure. It outperformed traditional NaOH lignin in terms of compatibility with CMC, enabling it to perform its bioactivity and physicochemical functions in films. This feature effectively enhanced the hydrophobicity, UV shielding ability, water vapor barrier, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and biological activity of CMC-DES lignin film. NMR (2D HSQC) showed that the excellent antioxidant and antibacterial capabilities of CMC-DES lignin film are due to the retention of butyl (S) and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units in DES lignin, resulting in its rich phenolic hydroxyl content. The detailed structural elucidation of DES lignin's chemical interactions with CMC provided valuable insights into the advantageous properties observed in the films, presenting innovative solutions for applications in the food packaging and preservation industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qing-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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4
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Ramos-Martín M, Ríos-Lombardía N, González-Sabín J, García-Garrido SE, Concellón C, Presa Soto A, Del Amo V, García-Álvarez J. Fe III -Based Eutectic Mixtures as Multi-task and Reusable Reaction Media for Efficient and Selective Conversion of Alkynes into Carbonyl Compounds. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301736. [PMID: 37439586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, simple and general protocol for the selective hydration of terminal alkynes into the corresponding methyl ketones has been developed by using a cheap, easy-to-synthesise and sustainable FeIII -based eutectic mixture [FeCl3 ⋅ 6H2 O/Gly (3 : 1)] as both promoter and solvent for the hydration reaction, working: i) under mild (45 °C) and bench-type reaction conditions (air); and ii) in the absence of ligands, co-catalysts, co-solvents or toxic, non-abundant and expensive noble transition metals (Au, Ru, Pd). When the final methyl ketones are solid/insoluble in the eutectic mixture, the hydration reaction takes place in 30 min, and the obtained methyl ketones can be isolated by simply decanting the liquid FeIII -DES, allowing the direct isolation of the desired ketones without VOC solvents. By using this straightforward and simple isolation protocol, we have been able to recycle the FeIII -based eutectic mixture system up to eight consecutive times. Furthermore, the FeIII -eutectic mixture is able to promote the selective and efficient formal oxidation of internal alkynes into 1,2-diketones, with the possibility of recycling this system up to three consecutive times. Preliminary investigations into a possible mechanism for the oxidation of the internal alkynes seem to indicate that it proceeds through the formation of the corresponding methyl ketones and α-chloroketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ramos-Martín
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
| | - Nicolas Ríos-Lombardía
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
- Entrechem SL, Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier González-Sabín
- Entrechem SL, Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sergio E García-Garrido
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
| | - Carmen Concellón
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
| | - Vicente Del Amo
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
| | - Joaquín García-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
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Zhu Y, Qi BK, Lv HN, Gao Y, Zha SH, An RY, Zhao QS, Zhao B. Preparation of DES lignin-chitosan aerogel and its adsorption performance for dyes, catechin and epicatechin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125761. [PMID: 37429341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, DES lignin was obtained by pretreatment of grapevine with a deep eutectic solvent (ChCl-LA). A novel chitosan-DES lignin composite aerogel material (CS-LIG aerogel) was prepared to adsorb methylene blue (MB), Congo red (CR), catechin (C), and epicatechin (EC). The CS-LIG aerogel was systematically characterized by modern technological instruments. It was demonstrated that the DES lignin was successfully incorporated and had an important effect on the morphological structure and adsorption of dyes and natural products in the aerogel. The adsorption kinetic models for both adsorbed CR and MB are pseudo-second-order models. Adsorption isotherms followed Langmuir for the adsorption of CR and Freundlich for the adsorption of MB. The π-π interaction and hydrogen bonding of DES lignin aromatic groups in CS-LIG aerogels were responsible for the adsorption of C and EC with 86.42 % and 90.85 % removal rates, respectively. This study opens a new avenue for the high-value utilization of DES lignin and the preparation of chitosan-based composites for the adsorption of dyes and purification of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ben-Kun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Ning Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Zha
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Health Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rong-Yan An
- StateFarm of Ningxia Liquor Industry Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Del-Castillo-Llamosas A, Rodríguez-Rebelo F, Rodríguez-Martínez B, Mallo-Fraga A, Del-Río PG, Gullón B. Valorization of Avocado Seed Wastes for Antioxidant Phenolics and Carbohydrates Recovery Using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1156. [PMID: 37371886 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avocado seeds represent the chief waste produced in avocado processing, leading not only to environmental problems regarding its elimination but to a loss of economic profitability. In fact, avocado seeds are known as interesting sources of bioactive compounds and carbohydrates, so their utilization may reduce the negative effect produced during the industrial manufacture of avocado-related products. In this sense, deep eutectic solvents (DES) are a novel greener alternative than organic solvents to extract bioactive polyphenols and carbohydrates. The study was based on a Box-Behnken experimental design to study the effect of three factors, temperature (40, 50, 60 °C), time (60, 120, 180 min) and water content (10, 30, 50% v/v) on the responses of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant capacity (measured as ABTS and FRAP) and xylose content in the extract. The DES Choline chloride:glycerol (1:1) was used as solvent on avocado seed. Under optimal conditions, TPC: 19.71 mg GAE/g, TFC: 33.41 mg RE/g, ABTS: 20.91 mg TE/g, FRAP: 15.59 mg TE/g and xylose: 5.47 g/L were obtained. The tentative identification of eight phenolic compounds was assayed via HPLC-ESI. The carbohydrate content of the solid residue was also evaluated, and that solid was subjected to two different processing (delignification with DES and microwave-assisted autohydrolysis) to increase the glucan susceptibility to enzymes, and was also assayed reaching almost quantitative glucose yields. These results, added to the non-toxic, eco-friendly, and economic nature of DES, demonstrate that these solvents are an efficient alternative to organic solvents to recover phenolics and carbohydrates from food wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Rebelo
- Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | | | - Adrián Mallo-Fraga
- Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Pablo G Del-Río
- Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Stokes Laboratories, School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Beatriz Gullón
- Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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Zhu Y, Yang TX, Qi BK, Li H, Zhao QS, Zhao B. Acidic and alkaline deep eutectic solvents (DESs) pretreatment of grapevine: Component analysis, characterization, lignin structural analysis, and antioxidant properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123977. [PMID: 36906200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been extensively applied to pretreat lignocellulose; however, comparative research on acidic and alkaline DES pretreatment is relatively lacking. Herein, pretreatment of grapevine agricultural by-products with seven DESs were compared in terms of removal of lignin and hemicellulose and component analysis of the pretreated residues. Among the tested DESs, both acidic choline chloride-lactic (CHCl-LA), and alkaline potassium carbonate-ethylene glycol (K2CO3-EG) were effective in delignification. Thereafter, the CHCl-LA and K2CO3-EG extracted lignin was compared by analyzing their physicochemical structure changes and antioxidant properties. The results showed that the thermal stability, molecular weight, and phenol hydroxyl percentage of CHCl-LA lignin were inferior to K2CO3-EG lignin. It was found that the high antioxidant activity of K2CO3-EG lignin was mainly attributed to the abundant phenol hydroxyl, guaiacyl (G), and para-hydroxy-phenyl (H). By comparing acidic and alkaline DES pretreatments and their lignin nuances in biorefining, novel insights are derived for the scheduling and selection of DES for lignocellulosic pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian-Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Department of Biomedicine, Beijing City University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Ben-Kun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Yiin CL, Yap KL, Ku AZE, Chin BLF, Lock SSM, Cheah KW, Loy ACM, Chan YH. Recent advances in green solvents for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment: Potential of choline chloride (ChCl) based solvents. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 333:125195. [PMID: 33932810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biomass wastes exhibit a great potential to be used as a source of non-depleting renewable energy and synthesis of value-added products. The key to the valorization of excess lignocellulosic biomass wastes in the world lies on the pretreatment process to recalcitrant barrier of the lignocellulosic material for the access to useful substrates. A wide range of pretreatment techniques are available and advances in this field is continuously happening, in search for cheap, effective, and environmentally friendly methods. This review starts with an introduction to conventional approaches and green solvents for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Subsequently, the mechanism of actions along with the advantages and disadvantages of pretreatment techniques were reviewed. The roles of choline chloride (ChCl) in green solvents and their potential applications were also comprehensively reviewed. The collection of ideas in this review serve as an insight for future works or interest on biomass-to-energy conversion using green solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Loong Yiin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Kok Liang Yap
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Andrian Zi En Ku
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Bridgid Lai Fui Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sarawak Campus, Curtin University Malaysia, Miri 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Serene Sow Mun Lock
- CO(2) Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Malaysia.
| | - Kin Wai Cheah
- Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Yi Herng Chan
- PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. (PRSB), Lot 3288 & 3289, Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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