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Li J, Sun Y, Zhang B, Qi G. Mechanical, Flame-Retardant and Dielectric Properties of Intumescent Flame Retardant/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene through a Novel Dispersed Distribution Mode. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1341. [PMID: 38794533 PMCID: PMC11125219 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of continuous glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene thermoplastic composites (GF/PP) is limited due to the inadequate flame retardancy of the polypropylene (PP) matrix. Apart from altering the composition of the flame retardants, the distribution modes of flame retardants also impact material performance. In this study, an alternative approach involving non-uniform distribution is proposed, namely, dispersed distribution, in which non-flame-retardant-content layers (NFRLs) and/or low-flame-retardant-content layers (LFRLs) are dispersed among high-flame-retardant-content layers (HFRLs). The mechanical, flame retardant and dielectric properties of GF/PP with intumescent flame retardant (IFR/GF/PP) are investigated comparatively under uniform, gradient, and dispersed distributions of the flame retardants. The results demonstrate that non-uniform distribution exhibits superior flame retardant performance compared to uniform distribution. Dispersed distribution enables IFR/GF/PP to attain enhanced mechanical properties and reduced dielectric constants while maintaining excellent flame-retardant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (J.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yiliang Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (J.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Boming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (J.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Guocheng Qi
- Department of Mechanics, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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Cherednichenko K, Kopitsyn D, Smirnov E, Nikolaev N, Fakhrullin R. Fireproof Nanocomposite Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102314. [PMID: 37242889 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
First introduced in 1954, polyurethane foams rapidly became popular because of light weight, high chemical stability, and outstanding sound and thermal insulation properties. Currently, polyurethane foam is widely applied in industrial and household products. Despite tremendous progress in the development of various formulations of versatile foams, their use is hindered due to high flammability. Fire retardant additives can be introduced into polyurethane foams to enhance their fireproof properties. Nanoscale materials employed as fire-retardant components of polyurethane foams have the potential to overcome this problem. Here, we review the recent (last 5 years) progress that has been made in polyurethane foam modification using nanomaterials to enhance its flame retardance. Different groups of nanomaterials and approaches for incorporating them into foam structures are covered. Special attention is given to the synergetic effects of nanomaterials with other flame-retardant additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Cherednichenko
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kopitsyn
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Egor Smirnov
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita Nikolaev
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml Uramı 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
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Chi J, Zhang Y, Tu F, Sun J, Zhi H, Yang J. The synergistic flame-retardant behaviors of soybean oil phosphate-based polyols and modified ammonium polyphosphate in polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Baochai L, Bakar AA, Mohamad Z. An overview of the recent advances in flame retarded poly(lactic acid). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Baochai
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
- Department of Applied Chemistry Hengshui University Hengshui China
| | - Aznizam Abu Bakar
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Zurina Mohamad
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
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Wu Y, Wu J, Mei C, Yang R, He W, Li X, Cai L, Guo M, Li J, Xia C. Thermal and flame-retardant properties of multilayered composites prepared through novel multilayering approach. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113724. [PMID: 35732201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermal and flame-retardant properties of traditional composites have limitations that are not satisfied for the various applications. Multilayered materials have great potential to improve material properties. The present paper focused on designing new multilayering approach to fabricate flame retardant multilayered materials with a very basic instrument and several simple steps. Montmorillonite nanoparticles filled maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene composites were prepared by the melt-blending method, and the multilayered composites with polypropylene alternating multilayers were fabricated by the quadruple-layering approach. The multilayer structure was characterized by the scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometer. The influence of layer structure on the thermal stability, thermal conductivity and flame-retardant properties was investigated by the comparison with the conventional composites. Multilayered composites showed enhanced flame-retardant properties with lower peak heat release rate and better char formation compared to conventional composites with the same mass fraction of montmorillonite. Multilayered composites had higher mass fraction of montmorillonite in filled layers and no fillers in other layers, which caused the unequal distribution of montmorillonite, resulting in changes of thermal and flame-retardant properties of the materials especially in the perpendicular direction to the film surface. This study demonstrates a unique multilayering approach that has potential to be used in variety applications such as food and medical packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingji Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Changtong Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Wen He
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Liping Cai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Ming Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China; DeHua TB New Decoration Materials Co., Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313200, China
| | - Changlei Xia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China; DeHua TB New Decoration Materials Co., Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313200, China.
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Liang Q, Pan Y, Lü T, Zhao H. Study on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of nanocarbon black based layer-by-layer self-assembled coating modified flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.2015776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyong Liang
- Institute of Environmental Materials and Applications, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Pan
- Institute of Environmental Materials and Applications, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ting Lü
- Institute of Environmental Materials and Applications, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongting Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Materials and Applications, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, PR China
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Chen XX, Liu JH, Kurniawan A, Li KJ, Zhou CH. Inclusion of organic species in exfoliated montmorillonite nanolayers towards hierarchical functional inorganic-organic nanostructures. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9819-9841. [PMID: 34698330 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00975c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Montmorillonite (Mt) can readily undergo spontaneous delamination or exfoliation into nanolayers by various physical and chemical processes, which allow various strategies to engineer hierarchical functional inorganic-organic nanostructures. This review aims to discuss the recent progress in the liquid-phase exfoliation of Mt into individual nanolayers and the inclusion chemistry of functional organic species, ions, or molecules into the exfoliated Mt nanolayers to produce hierarchical functional inorganic-organic nanostructures. The exfoliation methods include mechanical force, ultrasonication, and intercalation-assisted exfoliation. Techniques for quickly assessing the quality of the exfoliated Mt nanolayers are still needed. Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, template, and evaporation-induced inclusions are examined to fabricate hierarchical Mt-organic species nanocomposites with unique functionalities and properties. The nanocomposites can be produced as multilayered porous films, brick-and-mortar coatings, hydrogels with a house-of-cards structure, core-shell materials, and hollow and mesoporous spherical nanocomposites, which exhibit significant potential for adsorption, catalysis, targeted delivery and controlled drug release, highly sensitive sensors, flame retardant coatings, and thermal energy storage and release (i.e. phase change materials). Finally, the challenges and prospects for the future development of hierarchical nanocomposites of exfoliated Mt nanolayers and organic species, particularly in hierarchical supramolecular nanostructured composites, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xi Chen
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
- Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou 242804, China
| | - Jia Hui Liu
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
- Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou 242804, China
| | - Alfin Kurniawan
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Ke Jin Li
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Chun Hui Zhou
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
- Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou 242804, China
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Hejna A. Clays as Inhibitors of Polyurethane Foams' Flammability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4826. [PMID: 34500914 PMCID: PMC8432671 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes are a very important group of polymers with an extensive range of applications in different branches of industry. In the form of foams, they are mainly used in bedding, furniture, building, construction, and automotive sectors. Due to human safety reasons, these applications require an appropriate level of flame retardance, often required by various law regulations. Nevertheless, without the proper modifications, polyurethane foams are easily ignitable, highly flammable, and generate an enormous amount of smoke during combustion. Therefore, proper modifications or additives should be introduced to reduce their flammability. Except for the most popular phosphorus-, halogen-, or nitrogen-containing flame retardants, promising results were noted for the application of clays. Due to their small particle size and flake-like shape, they induce a "labyrinth effect" inside the foam, resulting in the delay of decomposition onset, reduction of smoke generation, and inhibition of heat, gas, and mass transfer. Moreover, clays can be easily modified with different organic compounds or used along with conventional flame retardants. Such an approach may often result in the synergy effect, which provides the exceptional reduction of foams' flammability. This paper summarizes the literature reports related to the applications of clays in the reduction of polyurethane foams' flammability, either by their incorporation as a nanofiller or by preparation of coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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