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Habib S, Talhami M, Hassanein A, Mahdi E, Al-Ejji M, Hassan MK, Altaee A, Das P, Hawari AH. Advances in functionalization and conjugation mechanisms of dendrimers with iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:13331-13372. [PMID: 38967017 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01376j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are crucial in various areas due to their unique magnetic properties. However, their practical use is often limited by instability and aggregation in aqueous solutions. This review explores the advanced technique of dendrimer functionalization to enhance MNP stability and expand their application potential. Dendrimers, with their symmetric and highly branched structure, effectively stabilize MNPs and provide tailored functional sites for specific applications. We summarize key synthetic modifications, focusing on the impacts of dendrimer size, surface chemistry, and the balance of chemical (e.g., coordination, anchoring) and physical (e.g., electrostatic, hydrophobic) interactions on nanocomposite properties. Current challenges such as dendrimer toxicity, control over dendrimer distribution on MNPs, and the need for biocompatibility are discussed, alongside potential solutions involving advanced characterization techniques. This review highlights significant opportunities in environmental, biomedical, and water treatment applications, stressing the necessity for ongoing research to fully leverage dendrimer-functionalized MNPs. Insights offered here aim to guide further development and application of these promising nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Habib
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mohammed Talhami
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Amani Hassanein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Elsadig Mahdi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad K Hassan
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Altaee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Probir Das
- Algal Technologies Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alaa H Hawari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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2
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Safari F, Bardania H, Dehshahri A, Hallaj-Nezhadi S, Asfaram A, Mohammadi V, Baneshi M, Bahramianpour S, Akrami N, Khalvati B, Mirzaei A. Targeted delivery of interleukin-12 plasmid into HepG2 cells through folic acid conjugated graphene oxide nanocarrier. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3473. [PMID: 38757348 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Successful gene therapy relies on carriers to transfer genetic materials with high efficiency and low toxicity in a targeted manner. To enhance targeted cell binding and uptake, we developed and synthesized a new gene delivery vector based on graphene oxide (GO) modified by branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) and folic acid (FA). The GO-PEI-FA nanocarriers exhibit lower toxicity compared to unmodified PEI, as well as having the potential to efficiently condense and protect pDNA. Interestingly, increasing the polymer content in the polyplex formulation improved plasmid transfer ability. Substituting graphene oxide for PEI at an N/P ratio of 10 in the HepG2 and THP1 cell lines improved hIL-12 expression by up to approximately eightfold compared to simple PEI, which is twice as high as GO-PEI-FA in Hek293 at the same N/P ratio. Therefore, the GO-PEI-FA described in this study may serve as a targeting nanocarrier for the delivery of the hIL-12 plasmid into cells overexpressing folic acid receptors, such as those found in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Safari
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Hassan Bardania
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi
- Pharmaceutical and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Asfaram
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Vahid Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Marzieh Baneshi
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sima Bahramianpour
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Negar Akrami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Bahman Khalvati
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ali Mirzaei
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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Zolotova MO, Znoyko SL, Orlov AV, Nikitin PI, Sinolits AV. Efficient Chlorostannate Modification of Magnetite Nanoparticles for Their Biofunctionalization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:349. [PMID: 38255517 PMCID: PMC10820483 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) are highly favored materials for a wide range of applications, from smart composite materials and biosensors to targeted drug delivery. These multifunctional applications typically require the biofunctional coating of MNPs that involves various conjugation techniques to form stable MNP-biomolecule complexes. In this study, a cost-effective method is developed for the chlorostannate modification of MNP surfaces that provides efficient one-step conjugation with biomolecules. The proposed method was validated using MNPs obtained via an optimized co-precipitation technique that included the use of degassed water, argon atmosphere, and the pre-filtering of FeCl2 and FeCl3 solutions followed by MNP surface modification using stannous chloride. The resulting chlorostannated nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized, and their efficiency was compared with both carboxylate-modified and unmodified MNPs. The biorecognition performance of MNPs was verified via magnetic immunochromatography. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to folic acid served as model biomolecules conjugated with the MNP to produce nanobioconjugates, while folic acid-gelatin conjugates were immobilized on the test lines of immunochromatography lateral flow test strips. The specific trapping of the obtained nanobioconjugates via antibody-antigen interactions was registered via the highly sensitive magnetic particle quantification technique. The developed chlorostannate modification of MNPs is a versatile, rapid, and convenient tool for creating multifunctional nanobioconjugates with applications that span in vitro diagnostics, magnetic separation, and potential in vivo uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria O. Zolotova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.V.O.)
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey L. Znoyko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.V.O.)
| | - Alexey V. Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.V.O.)
| | - Petr I. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.V.O.)
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V. Sinolits
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.V.O.)
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Str. 19, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Almeida AF, Miranda MS, Vinhas A, Rodrigues MT, Gomes ME. Contactless Resolution of Inflammatory Signals in Tailored Macrophage-Based Cell Therapeutics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37527508 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanotechnology-based microRNA (miR) therapeutic platforms have shown great promise for immunotherapy and tissue regeneration, despite the unmet challenge of achieving efficient and safe delivery of miRs. The transport of miRs offers precision and regulatory value for a myriad of biological processes and pathways, including the control of macrophage (Mφ) functions and, consequently, the inflammatory cascades Mφ are involved in. Thus, enforcement of Mφ can boost the regenerative process and provide new solutions for diverse chronic pathologies. In this study, we sought to develop a magnetically guided transporter to deliver an miR-155 antagonist to M1-primed Mφ. Furthermore, we determined its modulatory effect in reprogramming Mφ from inflammatory to pro-regenerative phenotypes, with the aim of tissue healing and regenerative medicine approaches. This strategy combines contactless and high-precision control of Mφ, anticipating new functional miR carriers for targeted strategies controlled by extracorporeal action. The magnetoplexes SPION@PEI-miR were efficiently delivered into Mφ without compromising cell viability and successfully induced miR-mediated gene silencing by enhancing the expression of anti-inflammatory markers (IL4 and IL10) and the production of M2φ-related markers (CD206 and IL4). Given its multimodal features, SPION@PEI-miR represents a simple, safe, and nonviral theranostic platform that enables imaging, tracking, and miR delivery with modulatory effects on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Almeida
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Margarida S Miranda
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Adriana Vinhas
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Márcia T Rodrigues
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4710-057, Portugal
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Mamun A, Sabantina L. Electrospun Magnetic Nanofiber Mats for Magnetic Hyperthermia in Cancer Treatment Applications-Technology, Mechanism, and Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081902. [PMID: 37112049 PMCID: PMC10143376 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of cancer patients is rapidly increasing worldwide. Among the leading causes of human death, cancer can be regarded as one of the major threats to humans. Although many new cancer treatment procedures such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical methods are nowadays being developed and used for testing purposes, results show limited efficiency and high toxicity, even if they have the potential to damage cancer cells in the process. In contrast, magnetic hyperthermia is a field that originated from the use of magnetic nanomaterials, which, due to their magnetic properties and other characteristics, are used in many clinical trials as one of the solutions for cancer treatment. Magnetic nanomaterials can increase the temperature of nanoparticles located in tumor tissue by applying an alternating magnetic field. A very simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method is the fabrication of various types of functional nanostructures by adding magnetic additives to the spinning solution in the electrospinning process, which can overcome the limitations of this challenging treatment process. Here, we review recently developed electrospun magnetic nanofiber mats and magnetic nanomaterials that support magnetic hyperthermia therapy, targeted drug delivery, diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and techniques for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Mamun
- Junior Research Group "Nanomaterials", Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lilia Sabantina
- Faculty of Clothing Technology and Garment Engineering, HTW-Berlin University of Applied Sciences, 12459 Berlin, Germany
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Hu H, Liu X, Hong J, Ye N, Xiao C, Wang J, Li Z, Xu D. Mesoporous polydopamine-based multifunctional nanoparticles for enhanced cancer phototherapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 612:246-260. [PMID: 34995863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer phototherapy has attracted increasing attention for its effectiveness, relatively low side effect, and noninvasiveness. The combination of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to exhibit promising prospects in cancer treatment. However, the tumor hypoxia, high level of intracellular glutathione (GSH), and insufficient photosensitizer uptake significantly limit the PDT efficacy. In this work, we combine oxygen supply, GSH depletion, and tumor targeting in one nanoplatform, folate-decorated mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (FA-MPPD) co-loaded with new indocyanine green (IR-820) and perfluorooctane (PFO) (IR-820/PFO@FA-MPPD), to overcome the PDT resistance for enhanced cancer PDT/PTT. IR-820/PFO@FA-MPPD exhibit efficient singlet oxygen generation and photothermal effect under 808 nm laser irradiation, GSH-promoted IR-820 release, and efficient cellular uptake, resulting in high intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level under 808 nm laser irradiation and strong photocytotoxicity in vitro. Following intratumoral injection, IR-820/PFO@FA-MPPD can relieve tumor hypoxia sustainably by PFO-mediated oxygen transport and deplete intracellular GSH by the Michael addition reaction, which boost the PDT effect and lead to the most potent antitumor effect upon 808 nm laser irradiation. The multifunctional IR-820/PFO@FA-MPPD developed in this work offer a relatively simple and effective strategy to potentiate PDT for efficient cancer phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Ningbing Ye
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Defeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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7
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SI-ATRP Decoration of Magnetic Nanoparticles with PHEMA and Post-Polymerization Modification with Folic Acid for Tumor Cells' Specific Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010155. [PMID: 35008582 PMCID: PMC8745432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted nanocarriers could reach new levels of drug delivery, bringing new tools for personalized medicine. It is known that cancer cells overexpress folate receptors on the cell surface compared to healthy cells, which could be used to create new nanocarriers with specific targeting moiety. In addition, magnetic nanoparticles can be guided under the influence of an external magnetic field in different areas of the body, allowing their precise localization. The main purpose of this paper was to decorate the surface of magnetic nanoparticles with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) by surface-initiated atomic transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) followed by covalent bonding of folic acid to side groups of the polymer to create a high specificity magnetic nanocarrier with increased internalization capacity in tumor cells. The biocompatibility of the nanocarriers was demonstrated by testing them on the NHDF cell line and folate-dependent internalization capacity was tested on three tumor cell lines: MCF-7, HeLa and HepG2. It has also been shown that a higher concentration of folic acid covalently bound to the polymer leads to a higher internalization in tumor cells compared to healthy cells. Last but not least, magnetic resonance imaging was used to highlight the magnetic properties of the functionalized nanoparticles obtained.
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Golovin YI, Golovin DY, Vlasova KY, Veselov MM, Usvaliev AD, Kabanov AV, Klyachko NL. Non-Heating Alternating Magnetic Field Nanomechanical Stimulation of Biomolecule Structures via Magnetic Nanoparticles as the Basis for Future Low-Toxic Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2255. [PMID: 34578570 PMCID: PMC8470408 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses the theoretical, experimental and toxicological aspects of the prospective biomedical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) activated by a low frequency non-heating alternating magnetic field (AMF). In this approach, known as nano-magnetomechanical activation (NMMA), the MNPs are used as mediators that localize and apply force to such target biomolecular structures as enzyme molecules, transport vesicles, cell organelles, etc., without significant heating. It is shown that NMMA can become a biophysical platform for a family of therapy methods including the addressed delivery and controlled release of therapeutic agents from transport nanomodules, as well as selective molecular nanoscale localized drugless nanomechanical impacts. It is characterized by low system biochemical and electromagnetic toxicity. A technique of 3D scanning of the NMMA region with the size of several mm to several cm over object internals has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri I. Golovin
- Institute “Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials”, G.R. Derzhavin Tambov State University, 392000 Tambov, Russia; (Y.I.G.); (D.Y.G.)
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.Y.V.); (M.M.V.); (A.D.U.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Dmitry Yu. Golovin
- Institute “Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials”, G.R. Derzhavin Tambov State University, 392000 Tambov, Russia; (Y.I.G.); (D.Y.G.)
| | - Ksenia Yu. Vlasova
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.Y.V.); (M.M.V.); (A.D.U.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Maxim M. Veselov
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.Y.V.); (M.M.V.); (A.D.U.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Azizbek D. Usvaliev
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.Y.V.); (M.M.V.); (A.D.U.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.Y.V.); (M.M.V.); (A.D.U.); (A.V.K.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalia L. Klyachko
- Institute “Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials”, G.R. Derzhavin Tambov State University, 392000 Tambov, Russia; (Y.I.G.); (D.Y.G.)
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.Y.V.); (M.M.V.); (A.D.U.); (A.V.K.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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