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Akoumeh R, Noun M, Ponnamma D, Al-Ejji M, Zadeh KM, Hawari AH, Song K, Hassan MK. A versatile route for the fabrication of micro-patterned polylactic-acid (PLA)-based membranes with tailored morphology via breath figure imprinting. Soft Matter 2024. [PMID: 38639209 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00107a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Breath figure imprinting, based on surface instabilities combined with fast polymer evaporation in a humid environment, enables the creation of micro-patterned membranes with tailored pore sizes. Despite being a simple procedure, it is still challenging to fully understand the dynamics behind the formation of hierarchical structuring. In this work, we used the breath figure technique to prepare porous PLA-based (polylactic acid) membranes with two distinctive additives, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The selection of these additives was governed by their unique properties and the potential synergistic effects; when blended with PLA, the addition of NPs leads to more uniform structures with tunable characteristics and potential multifunctionality. This article sheds light on the multifaced interactions that intricate the interplays between PLA, PVDF, and ZnO, thus governing their assembly. Through a comprehensive investigation, we scrutinize the impact of blending PVDF and different concentrations of ZnO NPs on the morphology and chemical properties of the final self-assembled PLA membranes while presenting an advanced understanding of the potential applications of PLA-self-assembly porous membranes in various industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Akoumeh
- Center for Advanced Materials Qatar University P.O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Manale Noun
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission, National Council for Scientific Research, B. P. 11-8281, Riad El Solh 1107, 2260 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Deepalekshmi Ponnamma
- Materials Science and Technology Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center for Advanced Materials Qatar University P.O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Khadija M Zadeh
- Center for Advanced Materials Qatar University P.O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Alaa H Hawari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Kenan Song
- Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia (UGA), 302 E. Campus Rd., Athens 30602, USA
- Adjunct Professor at the School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ 85212, USA
| | - Mohammad K Hassan
- Center for Advanced Materials Qatar University P.O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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2
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Hamdi FM, Altaee A, Alsaka L, Ibrar I, Al-Ejji M, Zhou J, Samal AK, Hawari AH. Iron slag/activated carbon-electrokinetic system with anolyte recycling for single and mixture heavy metals remediation. Sci Total Environ 2024:172516. [PMID: 38636874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The electrokinetic process has been proposed for in-situ soil remediation to minimize excavation work and exposure to hazardous materials. The precipitation of heavy metals in alkaline pH near the cathode is still challenging. Reactive filter media and enhancement agents have been used in electrokinetics to enhance the removal of heavy metals. This study investigated coupling industrial iron slag waste and iron slag-activated carbon reactive filter media with electrokinetic for a single and mixture of heavy metals treatment. Instead of using acid enhancement agents, the anolyte solution was recycled to neutralize the alkaline front at the cathode, reducing the operation cost and chemical use. Experiments were conducted for 2 and 3 weeks at 20 mA electric current. Copper removal increased from 3.11 % to 23 % when iron slag reactive filter media was coupled with electrokinetic. Copper removal increased to 70.14 % in the electrokinetic experiment with iron slag-activated carbon reactive filter media. The copper removal increased to 89.21 % when the anolyte solution was recycled to the cathode compartment. Copper removal reached 93.45 % when the reactive filter media-electrokinetic process with anolyte recirculation was extended to 3 weeks. The reactive filter media- an electrokinetic process with anolyte recycling was evaluated for removing copper, nickel, and zinc mixture, and results revealed 81.1 % copper removal, 89.04 % nickel removal, and 92.31 % zinc removal in a 3-week experiment. The greater nickel and zinc removal is attributed to their higher solubility than copper. The results demonstrated the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of the electrokinetic with iron slag-activated carbon reactive filter media with anolyte recirculation for soil remediation from heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris M Hamdi
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Department of Civil Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan 82822, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Altaee
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Lilyan Alsaka
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ibrar Ibrar
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center of Advanced Materials, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - John Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Akshaya K Samal
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Ramanagara, Bangalore 562 112, Karnataka, India
| | - Alaa H Hawari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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3
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Zubair M, Yasir M, Ponnamma D, Mazhar H, Sedlarik V, Hawari AH, Al-Harthi MA, Al-Ejji M. Recent advances in nanocellulose-based two-dimensional nanostructured membranes for sustainable water purification: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121775. [PMID: 38286528 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC), a one-dimensional nanomaterial, is considered a sustainable material for water and wastewater purification because of its promising hydrophilic surface and mechanical characteristics. In this regard, nanostructured membranes comprising NC and two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials emerged as advanced membranes for efficient and sustainable water purification. This article critically reviews the recent progress on NC-2D nanostructured membranes for water and wastewater treatment. The review highlights the main techniques employed to fabricate NC-2D nanostructured membranes. The physicochemical properties, including hydrophilicity, percent porosity, surface roughness, structure, and mechanical and thermal stability, are summarized. The key performance indicators such as permeability, rejection, long operation stability, antifouling, and interaction mechanisms are thoroughly discussed to evaluate the role of NC and 2D nanomaterials. Finally, summary points and future development work are highlighted to overcome the challenges for potential practical applications. This review contributes to the design and development of advanced membranes to solve growing water pollution concerns in a sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukarram Zubair
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Třída Tomáše Bati 5678, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Deepalekshmi Ponnamma
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassam Mazhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir Sedlarik
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Třída Tomáše Bati 5678, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Alaa H Hawari
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mamdouh Ahmed Al-Harthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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4
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Thippanna V, Ramanathan A, Ravichandran D, Chavali A, Sundaravadivelan B, Saji Kumar A, Patil D, Zhu Y, Buch R, Al-Ejji M, Hassan MK, R. Bick L, Sobczak MT, Song K. Coaxial Layered Fiber Spinning for Wind Turbine Blade Recycling. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2024; 12:3243-3255. [PMID: 38425833 PMCID: PMC10900510 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Plastics' long degradation time and their role in adding millions of metric tons of plastic waste to our oceans annually present an acute environmental challenge. Handling end-of-life waste from wind turbine blades (WTBs) is equally pressing. Currently, WTB waste often finds its way into landfills, emphasizing the need for recycling and sustainable solutions. Mechanical recycling of composite WTB presents an avenue for the recovery of glass fibers (GF) for repurposing as fillers or reinforcements. The resulting composite materials exhibit improved properties compared to the pure PAN polymer. Through the employment of the dry-jet wet spinning technique, we have successfully manufactured PAN/GF coaxial-layered fibers with a 0.1 wt % GF content in the middle layer. These fibers demonstrate enhanced mechanical properties and a lightweight nature. Most notably, the composite fiber demonstrates a significant 24.4% increase in strength and a 17.7% increase in modulus. These fibers hold vast potential for various industrial applications, particularly in the production of structural components (e.g., electric vehicles), contributing to enhanced performance and energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varunkumar Thippanna
- Manufacturing
Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira
A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona
State University (ASU), Mesa, Arizona 85212, United States
| | - Arunachalam Ramanathan
- Mechanical
Engineering, College of Engineering, University
of Georgia (UGA), 302 E. Campus Rd., Athens ,Georgia30602,United States
| | - Dharneedar Ravichandran
- Manufacturing
Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira
A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona
State University (ASU), Mesa, Arizona 85212, United States
| | - Abhinav Chavali
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy (SEMTE), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Barath Sundaravadivelan
- Mechanical
Engineering, The School of Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy
(SEMTE), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Abhishek Saji Kumar
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy (SEMTE), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Dhanush Patil
- Manufacturing
Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira
A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona
State University (ASU), Mesa, Arizona 85212, United States
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- Manufacturing
Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira
A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona
State University (ASU), Mesa, Arizona 85212, United States
| | - Rajesh Buch
- Rob
and Melani Walton Sustainability Solutions Service, Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center
for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. BOX 2713,Doha 2713,Qatar
| | - Mohammad K. Hassan
- Center
for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. BOX 2713,Doha 2713,Qatar
| | - Lindsay R. Bick
- Mechanical
Engineering, College of Engineering, University
of Georgia (UGA), 302 E. Campus Rd., Athens ,Georgia30602,United States
| | - Martin Taylor Sobczak
- Mechanical
Engineering, College of Engineering, University
of Georgia (UGA), 302 E. Campus Rd., Athens ,Georgia30602,United States
| | - Kenan Song
- Mechanical
Engineering, College of Engineering, University
of Georgia (UGA), 302 E. Campus Rd., Athens ,Georgia30602,United States
- School
of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools
of Engineering, Arizona State University
(ASU), Mesa, Arizona 85212, United States
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5
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Warmbier E, Altaee A, Różański J, Kazwini T, Różańska S, Ibrar I, Wagner P, Al-Ejji M, Hawari AH. Stability of Viscoelastic Solutions: BrijL4 and Sodium Cholate Mixtures with Metal Ions Across a Broad pH and Temperature Range. Langmuir 2024; 40:1707-1716. [PMID: 38180900 PMCID: PMC10810160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The impact of pH, temperature, and metal ions on the rheological and interfacial properties of aqueous mixed surfactant solutions composed of anionic NaC (sodium cholate) and nonionic BrijL4 [polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether] surfactants has been investigated. The various compound systems were analyzed, considering variations in each selected factor. The results highlight the unique characteristics of the BrijL4/NaC mixture, suggesting its potential as a viable alternative to other existing surfactants. The synergistic effect between BrijL4 and NaC significantly reduces the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and improves the wetting properties on hydrophobic surfaces, surpassing those of single-component solutions. Additionally, sodium, calcium, and magnesium ions enhance surface wetting and decrease the CMC. Besides, the BrijL4/NaC solutions exhibit viscoelastic fluid behavior at higher surfactant concentrations. These viscoelastic BrijL4/NaC solutions demonstrate stability over various pH and temperature variations, exhibiting lower flow activation and scission energy values than those of other viscoelastic surfactant solutions. Notably, the BrijL4/NaC mixture has potential applications in gel-based foliar fertilizers and drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the rheological studies examine the impact of humic acid on the rheological properties of BrijL4/NaC mixture solutions, revealing that incorporating additional humic acids can achieve stable rheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Warmbier
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Equipment, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, PL 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ali Altaee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 13 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jacek Różański
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Equipment, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, PL 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tayma Kazwini
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 13 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sylwia Różańska
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Equipment, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, PL 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ibrar Ibrar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 13 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Patrycja Wagner
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Equipment, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, PL 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center of Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha2713,Qatar
| | - Alaa H. Hawari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha2713,Qatar
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6
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Al-Ejji M, Hassan MK, Youssef K, Elmakaty F, Mehanna H, Sliem M, Irshidat M. Novel surface-treatment for bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration to reduce the heavy metals leachability for a sustainable environment. J Environ Manage 2023; 347:119105. [PMID: 37783083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional treatments can provide a modification to convert ash waste into valuable materials that can be used in various applications. This study focuses on bottom ash (BA) collected from a local incineration plant and characterizes its chemical composition before and after pretreatment by coating with polymers. The toxicity-characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was used to identify selected heavy metal leaching after treatment with vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) of different molecular weights. BA coatings were incorporated in two ratios, 0.5% and 1%, by milling to avoid heavy metal leaching. The results showed that all the coating batches had reduced concentrations of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), whereas the concentrations of chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) showed higher amounts of BAV34 (0.5%) and BAV25 (1%). The treated BA with GP demonstrated percentages of reduction of 70%, 65%, 80%, 75%, 90%, and 80% for Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cd, respectively. The milling procedure reduced the particle size of the coated ash. Hydrophobicity was observed in all coating batches compared to untreated BA. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed variations between BA and treated BA, which confirmed that PDMS caused surface modification. These features have potential significance for extending the use of coated ash as a sustainable material for construction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad K Hassan
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box, 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Khaled Youssef
- Materials Science and Technology Master Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P O Box, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Farah Elmakaty
- Materials Science and Technology Master Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P O Box, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hanin Mehanna
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mostafa Sliem
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Irshidat
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box, 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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7
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Geetha M, Sadasivuni KK, Al-Ejji M, Sivadas N, Bhattacharyya B, Musthafa FN, Alfarwati S, Promi TJ, Ahmad SA, Alabed S, Hijazi DA, Alsaedi F, Al-Shaibah FN. Design and Development of Inexpensive Paper-Based Chemosensors for Detection of Divalent Copper. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:2327-2338. [PMID: 37036631 PMCID: PMC10640528 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Simple, portable, and low-cost paper-based sensors are alternative devices that have the potential to replace high-cost sensing technologies. The compatibility of the paper base biosensors for both chemical and biochemical accentuates its feasibility for application in clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food quality monitoring. High concentration of copper in blood serum and urine is associated with diseases like liver diseases, carcinomas, acute and chronic infections, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Detection of copper concentration can give an early sign of Alzheimer disease. Apart from that genetic Wilson's disease can be detected by evaluating the concentration of copper in the urine. In view of the above advantages, a novel and the highly sensitive paper-based sensor has been designed for the selective detection of Cu2+ ions. The fast and highly sensitive chemiresistive multi-dye system sensor can detect Cu2+ ions selectively in as low as 2.23 ppm concentration. Least interference has been observed for counter ion in the detection of Cu2+. Copper chloride, nitrate, and acetate were used to validate the detection process. This assay provides a very high selectivity of Cu2+ ion over other metal cations such as Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, etc. The easy preparation and high stability of dye solutions, easy functionalization of the paper-based sensors, high selectivity over other cations, low interference of counter anion, and significantly low detection limit of 2.23 ppm make it an effective Cu2+ ion sensor for real-time application in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithra Geetha
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P. O Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P. O Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Farzana N Musthafa
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P. O Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sarya Alfarwati
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P. O Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Sumayya Ali Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P. O Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Alabed
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P. O Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dima Anwar Hijazi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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8
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Zubair M, Manzar MS, El-Qanni A, Haroon H, Alqahtani HA, Al-Ejji M, Mu'azu ND, AlGhamdi JM, Haladu SA, Al-Hashim D, Ahmed SZ. Biochar-layered double hydroxide composites for the adsorption of tetracycline from water: synthesis, process modeling, and mechanism. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:109162-109180. [PMID: 37770741 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-contaminated water is a crucial issue worldwide. Thus, in this study, the MgFeCa-layered double hydroxides were supported in date palm-derived biochar (B) using co-precipitation, hydrothermal, and co-pyrolysis methods. It closes gaps in composite design for pharmaceutical pollutant removal, advances eco-friendly adsorbents, and advances targeted water cleanup by investigating synthesis methodologies and gaining new insights into adsorption. The prepared B-MgFeCa composites were investigated for tetracycline (TC) adsorption from an aqueous solution. The B-MgFeCa composites synthesized through co-precipitation and hydrothermal methods exhibited better crystallinity, functional groups, and well-developed LDH structure within the biochar matrix. However, the co-pyrolysis method resulted in the LDH structure breakage, leading to the low crystalline composite material. The maximum adsorption of TC onto all B-MgFeCa was obtained at an acidic pH range (4-5). The B-MgFeCa composites produced via hydrothermal and co-pyrolysis methods showed higher and faster TC adsorption than the co-precipitation method. The kinetic results can be better described by Langmuir kinetic and mixed order models at low and high TC concentrations, indicating that the rate-limiting step is mainly associated with active binding sites adsorption. The Sip and Freundlich models showed better fitting with the equilibrium data. The TC removal by B-MgFeCa composites prepared via hydrothermal, the highest estimated uptake which is around 639.76 mg.g-1 according to the Sips model at ambient conditions, and co-pyrolysis was mainly dominated by physical and chemical interactions. The composite obtained via the co-precipitation method adsorbed TC through chemical bonding between surface functional groups with anionic species of TC molecule. The B-MgFeCa composite showed excellent reusability performance for up to five cycles with only a 30% decrease in TC removal efficiency. The results demonstrated that B-MgFeCa composites could be used as promising adsorbent materials for effective wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukarram Zubair
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering A13, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Main Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Saood Manzar
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering A13, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Main Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad El-Qanni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Hajira Haroon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hissah A Alqahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nuhu Dalhat Mu'azu
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering A13, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Main Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jwaher M AlGhamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsuddeen A Haladu
- Department of Basic Engineering Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Al-Hashim
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering A13, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Main Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Z Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Fonseca N, Thummalapalli SV, Jambhulkar S, Ravichandran D, Zhu Y, Patil D, Thippanna V, Ramanathan A, Xu W, Guo S, Ko H, Fagade M, Kannan AM, Nian Q, Asadi A, Miquelard-Garnier G, Dmochowska A, Hassan MK, Al-Ejji M, El-Dessouky HM, Stan F, Song K. 3D Printing-Enabled Design and Manufacturing Strategies for Batteries: A Review. Small 2023:e2302718. [PMID: 37501325 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have significantly impacted the daily lives, finding broad applications in various industries such as consumer electronics, electric vehicles, medical devices, aerospace, and power tools. However, they still face issues (i.e., safety due to dendrite propagation, manufacturing cost, random porosities, and basic & planar geometries) that hinder their widespread applications as the demand for LIBs rapidly increases in all sectors due to their high energy and power density values compared to other batteries. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising technique for creating precise and programmable structures in energy storage devices. This review first summarizes light, filament, powder, and jetting-based 3D printing methods with the status on current trends and limitations for each AM technology. The paper also delves into 3D printing-enabled electrodes (both anodes and cathodes) and solid-state electrolytes for LIBs, emphasizing the current state-of-the-art materials, manufacturing methods, and properties/performance. Additionally, the current challenges in the AM for electrochemical energy storage (EES) applications, including limited materials, low processing precision, codesign/comanufacturing concepts for complete battery printing, machine learning (ML)/artificial intelligence (AI) for processing optimization and data analysis, environmental risks, and the potential of 4D printing in advanced battery applications, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Fonseca
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Sri Vaishnavi Thummalapalli
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Sayli Jambhulkar
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Dharneedar Ravichandran
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Dhanush Patil
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Varunkumar Thippanna
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Arunachalam Ramanathan
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Weiheng Xu
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Shenghan Guo
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Hyunwoong Ko
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Mofe Fagade
- Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering for Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Arunchala M Kannan
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Qiong Nian
- School of Engineering for Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Amir Asadi
- Department of Engineering Technology and Industrial Distribution (ETID), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guillaume Miquelard-Garnier
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l'Hopital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Anna Dmochowska
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l'Hopital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Mohammad K Hassan
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan M El-Dessouky
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Galala University, Galala City, 43511, Egypt
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Felicia Stan
- Center of Excellence Polymer Processing & Faculty of Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati, 800008, Romania
| | - Kenan Song
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, 302 E. Campus Rd, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States
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10
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Khan MA, Stojanović GM, Hassan R, Anand TJS, Al-Ejji M, Hasan A. Role of Graphene Oxide in Bacterial Cellulose-Gelatin Hydrogels for Wound Dressing Applications. ACS Omega 2023; 8:15909-15919. [PMID: 37179612 PMCID: PMC10173314 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymer-based hydrogels have several advantages, including robust mechanical tunability, high biocompatibility, and excellent optical properties. These hydrogels can be ideal wound dressing materials and advantageous to repair and regenerate skin wounds. In this work, we prepared composite hydrogels by blending gelatin and graphene oxide-functionalized bacterial cellulose (GO-f-BC) with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The hydrogels were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and water contact angle analyses to explore functional groups and their interactions, surface morphology, and wetting behavior, respectively. The swelling, biodegradation, and water retention were tested to respond to the biofluid. Maximum swelling was exhibited by GBG-1 (0.01 mg GO amount) in all media (aqueous = 1902.83%, PBS = 1546.63%, and electrolyte = 1367.32%). All hydrogels were hemocompatible, as their hemolysis was less than 0.5%, and blood coagulation time decreased as the hydrogel concentration and GO amount increased under in vitro standard conditions. These hydrogels exhibited unusual antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The cell viability and proliferation were increased with an increased GO amount, and maximum values were found for GBG-4 (0.04 mg GO amount) against fibroblast (3T3) cell lines. The mature and well-adhered cell morphology of 3T3 cells was found for all hydrogel samples. Based on all findings, these hydrogels would be a potential wound dressing skin material for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad
Umar Aslam Khan
- Biomedical
Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Goran M. Stojanović
- Faculty
of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovi’ca 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Rozita Hassan
- Orthodontic
Unit, School of Dental Science, Universiti
Sains Malaysia, Kubang
Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - T. Joseph Sahaya Anand
- Sustainable
and Responsive Manufacturing Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing
Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 76100, Malacca, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center for
Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical
Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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11
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Eid K, Sliem MH, Al-Ejji M, Abdullah AM, Harfouche M, Varma RS. Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nitride-Crumpled Nanosheet-Embedded Copper Single Atoms: An Efficient Catalyst for Carbon Monoxide Oxidation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:40749-40760. [PMID: 36037411 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of metal single-site embedded porous graphitic carbon nitride (P-g-C3N4) nanostructures exploiting maximum atom utilization is warranted to enhance the thermal CO oxidation (COOx) reaction. Herein, a facile, green, one-pot, and template-free approach is developed to fabricate the hierarchical porous P-g-C3N4-crumpled ultrathin nanosheets atomically doped with copper single atoms (Cu-P-g-C3N4). Mechanistically, the quick protonation of melamine and pyridine under acidic conditions induces deamination to form melem, which is polycondensed under heating. The interconnected pores, high surface area (240 m2g-1), and maximized exposed isolated Cu atomic active sites (1.8 wt %) coordinated with nitrogen atom P-g-C3N4 are the salient features of Cu- P-g-C3N4 that endowed complete conversion to CO2 at 184 °C. In contrast, P-g-C3N4 only converted 3.8% of CO even at 350 °C, implying the electronic effect of Cu single atoms. The abundant Cu-nitrogen moieties can drastically weaken the binding affinity of the CO-oxidation (COOx) intermediates and products, thus accelerating the reaction kinetics at a low temperature. This study may promote the fabrication of P-g-C3N4 doped with various single atoms for the oxidation of CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Eid
- Gas Processing Center, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Mostafa H Sliem
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | | | - Messaoud Harfouche
- SESAME Synchrotron, King Hussein Bin Talal St / Box 7, Allan 19252, Jordan
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
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12
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Gomez-Gonzalez MA, Koronfel MA, Goode AE, Al-Ejji M, Voulvoulis N, Parker JE, Quinn PD, Scott TB, Xie F, Yallop ML, Porter AE, Ryan MP. Spatially Resolved Dissolution and Speciation Changes of ZnO Nanorods during Short-Term in Situ Incubation in a Simulated Wastewater Environment. ACS Nano 2019; 13:11049-11061. [PMID: 31525960 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide engineered nanomaterials (ZnO ENMs) are used in a variety of applications worldwide due to their optoelectronic and antibacterial properties with potential contaminant risk to the environment following their disposal. One of the main potential pathways for ZnO nanomaterials to reach the environment is via urban wastewater treatment plants. So far there is no technique that can provide spatiotemporal nanoscale information about the rates and mechanisms by which the individual nanoparticles transform. Fundamental knowledge of how the surface chemistry of individual particles change, and the heterogeneity of transformations within the system, will reveal the critical physicochemical properties determining environmental damage and deactivation. We applied a methodology based on spatially resolved in situ X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), allowing observation of real-time dissolution and morphological and chemical evolution of synthetic template-grown ZnO nanorods (∼725 nm length, ∼140 nm diameter). Core-shell ZnO-ZnS nanostructures were formed rapidly within 1 h, and significant amounts of ZnS species were generated, with a corresponding depletion of ZnO after 3 h. Diffuse nanoparticles of ZnS, Zn3(PO4)2, and Zn adsorbed to Fe-oxyhydroxides were also imaged in some nonsterically impeded regions after 3 h. The formation of diffuse nanoparticles was affected by ongoing ZnO dissolution (quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and the humic acid content in the simulated sludge. Complementary ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed a significant decrease in the ZnO contribution over time. Application of time-resolved XFM enables predictions about the rates at which ZnO nanomaterials transform during their first stages of the wastewater treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Gomez-Gonzalez
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed A Koronfel
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Angela Erin Goode
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos Voulvoulis
- Centre for Environmental Policy , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Julia E Parker
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Diamond Light Source, Ltd. , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Quinn
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Diamond Light Source, Ltd. , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Bligh Scott
- Interface Analyses Centre , University of Bristol , Bristol BS2 8BS , United Kingdom
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Marian L Yallop
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TQ , United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Mary P Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
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13
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Ellis T, Chiappi M, García-Trenco A, Al-Ejji M, Sarkar S, Georgiou TK, Shaffer MSP, Tetley TD, Schwander S, Ryan MP, Porter AE. Multimetallic Microparticles Increase the Potency of Rifampicin against Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Nano 2018; 12:5228-5240. [PMID: 29767993 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M.tb) has the extraordinary ability to adapt to the administration of antibiotics through the development of resistance mechanisms. By rapidly exporting drugs from within the cytosol, these pathogenic bacteria diminish antibiotic potency and drive the presentation of drug-tolerant tuberculosis (TB). The membrane integrity of M.tb is pivotal in retaining these drug-resistant traits. Silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are established antimicrobial agents that effectively compromise membrane stability, giving rise to increased bacterial permeability to antibiotics. In this work, biodegradable multimetallic microparticles (MMPs), containing Ag NPs and ZnO NPs, were developed for use in pulmonary delivery of antituberculous drugs to the endosomal system of M.tb-infected macrophages. Efficient uptake of MMPs by M.tb-infected THP1 cells was demonstrated using an in vitro macrophage infection model, with direct interaction between MMPs and M.tb visualized with the use of electron FIB-SEM tomography. The release of Ag NPs and ZnO NPs within the macrophage endosomal system increased the potency of the model antibiotic rifampicin by as much as 76%, realized through an increase in membrane disorder of intracellular M.tb. MMPs were effective at independently driving membrane destruction of extracellular bacilli located at the exterior face of THP1 macrophages. This MMP system presents as an effective drug delivery vehicle that could be used for the transport of antituberculous drugs such as rifampicin to infected alveolar macrophages, while increasing drug potency. By increasing M.tb membrane permeability, such a system may prove effectual in improving treatment of drug-susceptible TB in addition to M.tb strains considered drug-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Ellis
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Michele Chiappi
- National Heart & Lung Institute , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Andrés García-Trenco
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Srijata Sarkar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Rutgers School of Public Health , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Theoni K Georgiou
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- National Heart & Lung Institute , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Rutgers School of Public Health , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
- Office for Global Public Health Affairs , Rutgers School of Public Health , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Mary P Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
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