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Bosenbecker MW, Silva EV, Paganotto GFDR, Zanon TTM, Langone F, Rodrigues MBB, Marini J, Labidi J, Missio AL, de Oliveira AD. Effect of Different Compatibilizers on the Properties of Green Low-Density Polyethylene Composites Reinforced with Bambusa Vulgaris Bamboo Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1760. [PMID: 39000616 PMCID: PMC11243955 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-density green polyethylene (LDGPE) composites reinforced with 5 wt% of bamboo fiber and 3 wt% of a compatibilizing agent (polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride and tannin) were processed through extrusion and injection molding. Bamboo fiber, Bambusa Vulgaris, was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The molded specimens were analyzed for their thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties. The estimated concentration was chosen to provide the best mechanical strength to the material studied. FTIR analysis of the fibers revealed the presence of groups characteristic of bamboo fiber and tannin. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that both compatibilizing agents increased the matrix's degree of crystallinity. However, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that, despite the presence of compatibilizing agents, there was no significant improvement in adhesion between the bamboo fibers and LDGPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane W Bosenbecker
- Technological Development Center-CDTec, Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering-PPGCEM/UFPEL, Federal University of Pelotas-UFPel, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Vieira Silva
- Technological Development Center-CDTec, Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering-PPGCEM/UFPEL, Federal University of Pelotas-UFPel, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil
| | - Gian Francesco Dos Reis Paganotto
- Technological Development Center-CDTec, Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering-PPGCEM/UFPEL, Federal University of Pelotas-UFPel, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Thomaz Migliati Zanon
- Department of Materials Engineering-DEMa, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Langone
- Technological Development Center-CDTec, Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering-PPGCEM/UFPEL, Federal University of Pelotas-UFPel, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil
| | - Marlon Bender Bueno Rodrigues
- Technological Development Center-CDTec, Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering-PPGCEM/UFPEL, Federal University of Pelotas-UFPel, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliano Marini
- Department of Materials Engineering-DEMa, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Jalel Labidi
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Europa, 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain
| | - André Luiz Missio
- Technological Development Center-CDTec, Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering-PPGCEM/UFPEL, Federal University of Pelotas-UFPel, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Dantas de Oliveira
- Technological Development Center-CDTec, Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering-PPGCEM/UFPEL, Federal University of Pelotas-UFPel, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil
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Li X, Lei C, Wan J, Xu W, Zhou J, Shi B. A novel complex coupling agent for enhancing the compatibility between collagen fiber and natural rubber: A utilization strategy for leather wastes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130942. [PMID: 38493813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Leather shavings are generated as solid waste in the leather industry and may cause environmental pollution if not disposed judiciously. These solid wastes, primarily composed of collagen fibers (CFs), can be recycled as biomass composites. However, CFs are incompatible with natural rubber (NR) due to its hydrophilicity. Conventionally, the compatibility has been improved by utilizing silane coupling agents (SCAs) along with a large number of organic solvents, which further contribute to environmental pollution. In this study, we developed a novel complex coupling agent (CCA) to enhance the compatibility between CF and NR. The CCA was synthesized through a coordination reaction between Cr(III) and α-methacrylic acid (MAA). Cr(III) in the coupling agent coordinates with the active groups in CFs, while the unsaturated double bonds in MAA facilitate covalent crosslinking between the CCA and NR, improving compatibility. The coordination bonding between CF and NR exhibits strong interfacial interaction, endowing the composites with desirable mechanical properties. Moreover, the proposed method is an economical and green approach that can be used to synthesize CF-based composites without requiring organic solvents. Herein, a strategy promoted sustainable development in the leather industry has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chao Lei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Junyu Wan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering (Sichuan University), Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weixing Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jianfei Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Bi Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Cao M, Cui T, Yue Y, Li C, Guo X, Jia X, Wang B. Preparation and Characterization for the Thermal Stability and Mechanical Property of PLA and PLA/CF Samples Built by FFF Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5023. [PMID: 37512297 PMCID: PMC10383206 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the mechanical performances of polylactic acid (PLA) samples prepared using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique are relatively poor. Hence, the carbon fiber (CF) is used to improve the thermal stability and mechanical property of FFF-ed PLA samples in this paper. The crystalline structure, thermal stability, melt flow rate, tensile strength and fractured surface morphology of PLA and PLA/CF samples were investigated with an X-ray diffraction device, differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analyzer, melt flow rate equipment, universal tensile test machine and scanning electron microscope, respectively. Meanwhile, the reinforcement mechanism of CF on the mechanical property of PLA samples was also analyzed. XRD results revealed that the diffraction peaks intensities of PLA/CF sample were obviously lower than those of PLA sample. TGA and DSC curves illustrated that the initial thermal decomposition temperature, thermal stability and crystallinity of the PLA/CF sample improved significantly. The tensile strength of the PLA/CF sample was 91.58 MPa, which was 42.49% higher than that of the PLA sample. Moreover, SEM images showed that the fractured behavior of the PLA sample varied from brittle fracture to ductile fracture after the introduction of CF. The results concluded the CF is a feasible fiber for enhancing the performances of the PLA sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Cao
- College of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Tianqi Cui
- College of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Yuhang Yue
- College of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Chaoyu Li
- College of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Xue Guo
- College of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Xin Jia
- Procurement & Equipment Department, China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing 100007, China
| | - Baojin Wang
- College of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
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Stojšić J, Raos P, Milinović A, Damjanović D. A Study of the Flexural Properties of PA12/Clay Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030434. [PMID: 35160424 PMCID: PMC8838355 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites consist of a polymer matrix and reinforcing particles that have at least one dimension under 100 nm. The processing of nanocomposite polymers is the most important stage, determining the final properties of nanocomposites. Nanocomposites are now preferentially prepared by melt-mixing using conventional compounding processes such as twin-screw extrusion. Many processing parameters (polymer matrix type, content and type of nanofiller, barrel temperature, screw speed, number and shape of extruder screws, etc.) affect the properties of nanocomposites. This research work represents an investigation of the influence of processing parameters (amount of nanoclay filler, the screw rotation speed, and extruder barrel temperature) on the flexural properties of polyamide 12/nanoclay-reinforced nanocomposite. From the test results, it is apparent that an increase in nanoclay content from 1 to 8% significantly increases flexural strength. The obtained nanocomposite has a 19% higher flexural strength and a 56% higher flexural modulus than pure PA12. Mathematical models that show the dependence of flexural strength and flexural modulus on the processing parameters used were obtained as a result of this analysis.
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