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Eker F, Duman H, Akdaşçi E, Bolat E, Sarıtaş S, Karav S, Witkowska AM. A Comprehensive Review of Nanoparticles: From Classification to Application and Toxicity. Molecules 2024; 29:3482. [PMID: 39124888 PMCID: PMC11314082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are structures that possess unique properties with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Their small size, up to 100 nm, and potential for surface modifications have enabled their use in a wide range of applications. Various factors influence the properties and applications of NPs, including the synthesis method and physical attributes such as size and shape. Additionally, the materials used in the synthesis of NPs are primary determinants of their application. Based on the chosen material, NPs are generally classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and carbon-based. These categories include a variety of materials, such as proteins, polymers, metal ions, lipids and derivatives, magnetic minerals, and so on. Each material possesses unique attributes that influence the activity and application of the NPs. Consequently, certain NPs are typically used in particular areas because they possess higher efficiency along with tenable toxicity. Therefore, the classification and the base material in the NP synthesis hold significant importance in both NP research and application. In this paper, we discuss these classifications, exemplify most of the major materials, and categorize them according to their preferred area of application. This review provides an overall review of the materials, including their application, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Eker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Emir Akdaşçi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Ecem Bolat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sümeyye Sarıtaş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Anna Maria Witkowska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
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Kassem AT, Ali MMS, Sami NM. Predictive modeling of pH on the transport of Co(II) Ions from aqueous solutions through supported ceramic polymer membrane. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14778. [PMID: 38926406 PMCID: PMC11208598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Optimal pH is essential for efficient cobalt extraction from polymeric membrane systems, with D2EHPA used as an extractant for Co(II) at pH < 7, achieving 47% efficiency. The pH of piperazine as a stripping agent increases to a concentration of 0.48 M, and the extraction efficiency of Co(II) > 80%. Depending on the functional group of (C4H10N2), the optimal pH for separation was 9.8. The study revealed that pKa value was calculated to predict the ideal pH, and its value was 9.73, which is nearly to the pH, since the pH of the strip concentration and the properties of the membrane affect the extraction of cobalt at 30 °C. The partition ratio indicates the high distribution of the extract in supported ceramic polymer membrane (SCPM). The ceramic component provides mechanical strength and rigidity to the overall membrane structure, allowing it to withstand high pressures and temperatures during operation Study various factors such as the effect of pH on the ionization of the extract; effect of pH on band ionization; effect of pH on the temperature in the extract, effect of pH on the solute, effect of the band at different pH ranges and a comparison was made between the predictive model and experimental data that was proven through mathematical modeling using the MATLAB program.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Kassem
- Hot Laboratories and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 13759, Egypt
| | - M M S Ali
- Hot Laboratories and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 13759, Egypt
| | - N M Sami
- Hot Laboratories and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 13759, Egypt.
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Wu C, Zheng J, Han L. Adsorption Performance of Heavy Metal Ions under Multifactorial Conditions by Synthesized Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050531. [PMID: 37233592 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of hybridized charged membrane materials containing carboxyl and silyl groups were prepared via the epoxy ring-opening reaction and sol-gel methods using 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (WD-60) and polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000) as raw materials and DMF as a solvent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal gravimetric analyzer/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) analysis showed that the heat resistance of the polymerized materials could reach over 300 °C after hybridization. A comparison of the results of heavy metal lead and copper ions' adsorption tests on the materials at different times, temperatures, pHs, and concentrations showed that the hybridized membrane materials have good adsorption effects on heavy metals and better adsorption effects on lead ions. The maximum capacity obtained from optimized conditions for Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions were 0.331 and 5.012 mmol/g. The experiments proved that this material is indeed a new environmentally friendly, energy-saving, high-efficiency material. Moreover, their adsorptions for Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions will be evaluated as a model for the separation and recovery of heavy metal ions from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wu
- Shanghai Civil Aviation College, 1 Longhua West Road, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Jiuhan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Limei Han
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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José MH, Canejo JP, Godinho MH. Oil/Water Mixtures and Emulsions Separation Methods-An Overview. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2503. [PMID: 36984381 PMCID: PMC10053512 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catastrophic oil spill accidents, oily industrial wastewater, and other types of uncontrolled release of oils into the environment are major global issues since they threaten marine ecosystems and lead to a big economic impact. It can also affect the public health of communities near the polluted area. This review addresses the different types of oil collecting methods. The focus of this work will be on the different approaches to materials and technologies for oil/water separation, with a special focus on water/oil emulsion separation. Emulsified oil/water mixtures are extremely stable dispersions being, therefore, more difficult to separate as the size of the droplets in the emulsion decreases. Oil-absorbent materials, such as sponges, foams, nanoparticles, and aerogels, can be adjusted to have both hydrophobic and oleophilic wettability while displaying a porous structure. This can be advantageous for targeting oil spills in large-scale environmental and catastrophic sets since these materials can easily absorb oil. Oil adsorbent materials, for example, meshes, textiles, membranes, and clays, involve the capture of the oily material to the surface of the adsorbent material, additionally attracting more attention than other technologies by being low-cost and easy to manufacture.
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Zaffora A, Giordano E, Volanti VM, Iannucci L, Grassini S, Gatto I, Santamaria M. Effect of TiO 2 and Al 2O 3 Addition on the Performance of Chitosan/Phosphotungstic Composite Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:210. [PMID: 36837712 PMCID: PMC9964683 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Composite chitosan/phosphotungstic acid (CS/PTA) with the addition of TiO2 and Al2O3 particles were synthesized to be used as proton exchange membranes in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The influence of fillers was assessed through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, liquid uptake, ion exchange capacity and methanol permeability measurements. The addition of TiO2 particles into proton exchange membranes led to an increase in crystallinity and a decrease in liquid uptake and methanol permeability with respect to pristine CS/PTA membranes, whilst the effect of the introduction of Al2O3 particles on the characteristics of membranes is almost the opposite. Membranes were successfully tested as proton conductors in a single module DMFC of 1 cm2 as active area, operating at 50 °C fed with 2 M methanol aqueous solution at the anode and oxygen at the cathode. Highest performance was reached by using a membrane with TiO2 (5 wt.%) particles, i.e., a power density of 40 mW cm-2, almost doubling the performance reached by using pristine CS/PTA membrane (i.e., 24 mW cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zaffora
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Maria Volanti
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Leonardo Iannucci
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Grassini
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Irene Gatto
- Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano”(ITAE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy
| | - Monica Santamaria
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Long M, Jiang Y, Yang C, Xu Z, Zhang R, Yuan J, Zhang S, Zhang M, Wu H, Jiang Z. In-situ assembly of polyelectrolyte via surface segregation of titanium oxide for antifouling membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Effects of carbon nanotubes on structure, performance and properties of polymer nanocomposite membranes for water/wastewater treatment applications: a comprehensive review. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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AlSawaftah N, Abuwatfa W, Darwish N, Husseini GA. A Review on Membrane Biofouling: Prediction, Characterization, and Mitigation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12121271. [PMID: 36557178 PMCID: PMC9787789 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is an increasing problem on every continent, which instigated the search for novel ways to provide clean water suitable for human use; one such way is desalination. Desalination refers to the process of purifying salts and contaminants to produce water suitable for domestic and industrial applications. Due to the high costs and energy consumption associated with some desalination techniques, membrane-based technologies have emerged as a promising alternative water treatment, due to their high energy efficiency, operational simplicity, and lower cost. However, membrane fouling is a major challenge to membrane-based separation as it has detrimental effects on the membrane's performance and integrity. Based on the type of accumulated foulants, fouling can be classified into particulate, organic, inorganic, and biofouling. Biofouling is considered the most problematic among the four fouling categories. Therefore, proper characterization and prediction of biofouling are essential for creating efficient control and mitigation strategies to minimize the damage associated with biofouling. Moreover, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in predicting membrane fouling has garnered a great deal of attention due to its adaptive capability and prediction accuracy. This paper presents an overview of the membrane biofouling mechanisms, characterization techniques, and predictive methods with a focus on AI-based techniques, and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour AlSawaftah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waad Abuwatfa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naif Darwish
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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Ravichandran SR, Venkatachalam CD, Sengottian M, Sekar S, Subramaniam Ramasamy BS, Narayanan M, Gopalakrishnan AV, Kandasamy S, Raja R. A review on fabrication, characterization of membrane and the influence of various parameters on contaminant separation process. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135629. [PMID: 35810863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In most developing countries, the availability of drinking water is a major problem. This creates the need for treatment of wastewater, reusability of water, etc. The membrane technology has its place in the market for treating such water. This review compares polymeric membrane fabrication techniques, characteristics, and factors responsible for effective membrane separation for different materials. Although extensive knowledge is available on membrane fabrication, fabricating a membrane is still more challenging, which is more prone to antifouling properties. The competency in different fabrication methods like phase inversion, interfacial polymerization, stretching, track etching and electrospinning are elucidated in the current study. Further, the challenges and adaptability of different application fabrication methods are studied. Important surface parameters like surface wettability, roughness, surface tension, pore size, surface charge, surface functional group and pure water flux are analyzed for different polymeric membranes. In addition, the properties responsible for fouling the membrane are also covered in detail. Flow direction and velocity are the main factors that characterize a membrane's antifouling nature. Antifouling separation can still be achieved by characterizing feed properties such as pH, temperature, diffusivity, ion concentration, and surface content. Understanding fouling properties is a key to progress in membrane technology to develop an effective membrane separation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mothil Sengottian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sarath Sekar
- Department of Food Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
- Division of Research and Innovation, Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Rathinam Raja
- Research and Development Wing, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (SBMCH), Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chromepet, Chennai, 600 044, India
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Adsorption Properties of Modified ATP-RGO Composite Aerogel for Removal of Malachite Green and Methyl Orange from Unitary and Binary Aqueous Solutions. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5455330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the modified attapulgite-reduced graphene oxide composite aerogel (ATP-RGO CA) was prepared by sol-gel method using modified attapulgite as silica source. The removal of the cationic dye malachite green (MG) and azo dye methyl orange (MO) onto ATP-RGO CA from unitary and binary systems was investigated. Morphology and microstructure studies of ATP-RGO CA were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and specific surface area and porosity analysis. Experiments were carried out as a function of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature in unitary and binary systems. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and dye desorption were studied in unitary and binary dye systems. The adsorption kinetics was modeled using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetics equations. The equilibrium adsorption data of MG and MO dyes on ATP-RGO CA were analyzed. Thermodynamic parameters of dye adsorption were obtained. In addition, the regeneration of ATP-RGO CA was studied using dye desorption in unitary and binary dye systems. The adsorption kinetics of the dyes followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The results indicate that the Langmuir model provides the best correlation of the experimental data. The thermodynamic studies showed that the dye adsorption onto ATP-RGO CA was a spontaneous and endothermic reaction. High desorption of MG and MO showed the regeneration of ATP-RGO CA. It can be concluded that ATP-RGO CA is suitable as an adsorbent material to remove MG and MO dyes from unitary and binary systems.
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Salami BA, Oyehan TA, Gambo Y, Badmus SO, Tanimu G, Adamu S, Lateef SA, Saleh TA. Technological trends in nanosilica synthesis and utilization in advanced treatment of water and wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:42560-42600. [PMID: 35380322 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water and wastewater treatment applications stand to benefit immensely from the design and development of new materials based on silica nanoparticles and their derivatives. Nanosilica possesses unique properties, including low toxicity, chemical inertness, and excellent biocompatibility, and can be developed from a variety of sustainable precursor materials. Herein, we provide an account of the recent advances in the synthesis and utilization of nanosilica for wastewater treatment. This review covers key physicochemical aspects of several nanosilica materials and a variety of nanotechnology-enabled wastewater treatment techniques such as adsorption, separation membranes, and antimicrobial applications. It also discusses the prospective design and tuning options for nanosilica production, such as size control, morphological tuning, and surface functionalization. Informative discussions on nanosilica production from agricultural wastes have been offered, with a focus on the synthesis methodologies and pretreatment requirements for biomass precursors. The characterization of the different physicochemical features of nanosilica materials using critical surface analysis methods is discussed. Bio-hybrid nanosilica materials have also been highlighted to emphasize the critical relevance of environmental sustainability in wastewater treatment. To guarantee the thoroughness of the review, insights into nanosilica regeneration and reuse are provided. Overall, it is envisaged that this work's insights and views will inspire unique and efficient nanosilica material design and development with robust properties for water and wastewater treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde Abiodun Salami
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tajudeen Adeyinka Oyehan
- Geosciences Department, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Gambo
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suaibu O Badmus
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gazali Tanimu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sagir Adamu
- Chemical Engineering Department and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saheed A Lateef
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Tawfik A Saleh
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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Kishore Chand AA, Bajer B, Schneider ES, Mantel T, Ernst M, Filiz V, Glass S. Modification of Polyacrylonitrile Ultrafiltration Membranes to Enhance the Adsorption of Cations and Anions. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060580. [PMID: 35736284 PMCID: PMC9228498 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ion adsorbing ultrafiltration membranes provide an interesting possibility to remove toxic ions from water. Furthermore, it is also possible to recover valuable elements. In this work, we demonstrate two easy strategies to modify polyacrylonitrile membranes with anion and cation adsorbing groups. The membranes were modified to have positively charged amine groups or negatively charged carboxyl groups. The success of the reactions was confirmed using IR spectroscopy and zeta-potential measurements. The membranes carrying negatively charged groups provided a negative zeta-potential and had an isoelectric point at pH 3.6, while the membranes carrying positively charged groups had a positive zeta-potential in the analyzed pH range. Since only the surface of the polymer was modified, the pore size and permeance of the membranes were not drastically affected. The membranes prepared by both modification strategies had a pure water permeance higher than 1000 L/(m2 h bar) and a water contact angle of 44.3 and 57.2°, respectively. Therefore, the membranes can be operated at low pressures with reasonable flux. Additionally, SEM images showed that the membranes were still open-pored. Adsorption tests using a positively and a negatively charged dye as well as a toxic cation and an anion were performed to analyze the adsorption behavior. Both membranes were able to adsorb the oppositely charged dyes as well as the copper and chromate ions. Therefore, these membranes are good candidates to purify water streams containing hazardous ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Arvind Kishore Chand
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.A.K.C.); (B.B.); (E.S.S.); (V.F.)
- Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply (B-11), Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3E, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; (T.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Barbara Bajer
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.A.K.C.); (B.B.); (E.S.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Erik S. Schneider
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.A.K.C.); (B.B.); (E.S.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Tomi Mantel
- Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply (B-11), Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3E, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; (T.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Mathias Ernst
- Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply (B-11), Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3E, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; (T.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Volkan Filiz
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.A.K.C.); (B.B.); (E.S.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Sarah Glass
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.A.K.C.); (B.B.); (E.S.S.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Hackett C, Abolhassani M, Greenlee LF, Thompson AK. Ultrafiltration Membranes Functionalized with Copper Oxide and Zwitterions for Fouling Resistance. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:544. [PMID: 35629870 PMCID: PMC9145826 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric membrane fouling is a long-standing challenge for water filtration. Metal/metal oxide nanoparticle functionalization of the membrane surface can impart anti-fouling properties through the reactivity of the metal species and the generation of radical species. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are effective at reducing organic fouling when used in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide, but leaching of copper ions from the membrane has been observed, which can hinder the longevity of the CuO NP activity at the membrane surface. Zwitterions can reduce organic fouling and stabilize NP attachment, suggesting a potential opportunity to combine the two functionalizations. Here, we coated polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes with polydopamine (PDA) and attached the zwitterionic compound, thiolated 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC-SH), and CuO NPs. Functionalized membranes resulted in a higher flux recovery ratio (0.694) than the unfunctionalized PES control (0.599). Copper retention was high (>96%) for functionalized membranes. The results indicate that CuO NPs and MPC-SH can reduce organic fouling with only limited copper leaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cannon Hackett
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (C.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Mojtaba Abolhassani
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (C.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Lauren F. Greenlee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Audie K. Thompson
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (C.H.); (M.A.)
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Lakshmy KS, Lal D, Nair A, Babu A, Das H, Govind N, Dmitrenko M, Kuzminova A, Korniak A, Penkova A, Tharayil A, Thomas S. Pervaporation as a Successful Tool in the Treatment of Industrial Liquid Mixtures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081604. [PMID: 35458354 PMCID: PMC9029804 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pervaporation is one of the most active topics in membrane research, and it has time and again proven to be an essential component for chemical separation. It has been employed in the removal of impurities from raw materials, separation of products and by-products after reaction, and separation of pollutants from water. Given the global problem of water pollution, this approach is efficient in removing hazardous substances from water bodies. Conventional processes are based on thermodynamic equilibria involving a phase transition such as distillation and liquid-liquid extraction. These techniques have a relatively low efficacy and nowadays they are not recommended because it is not sustainable in terms of energy consumption and/or waste generation. Pervaporation emerged in the 1980s and is now becoming a popular membrane separation technology because of its intrinsic features such as low energy requirements, cheap separation costs, and good quality product output. The focus of this review is on current developments in pervaporation, mass transport in membranes, material selection, fabrication and characterization techniques, and applications of various membranes in the separation of chemicals from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadavil Subhash Lakshmy
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India; (K.S.L.); (D.L.); (A.N.); (A.B.); (H.D.); (N.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Devika Lal
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India; (K.S.L.); (D.L.); (A.N.); (A.B.); (H.D.); (N.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Anandu Nair
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India; (K.S.L.); (D.L.); (A.N.); (A.B.); (H.D.); (N.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Allan Babu
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India; (K.S.L.); (D.L.); (A.N.); (A.B.); (H.D.); (N.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Haritha Das
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India; (K.S.L.); (D.L.); (A.N.); (A.B.); (H.D.); (N.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Neethu Govind
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India; (K.S.L.); (D.L.); (A.N.); (A.B.); (H.D.); (N.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Mariia Dmitrenko
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.D.); (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kuzminova
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.D.); (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Korniak
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.D.); (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Anastasia Penkova
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.D.); (A.K.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Abhimanyu Tharayil
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India; (K.S.L.); (D.L.); (A.N.); (A.B.); (H.D.); (N.G.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India; (K.S.L.); (D.L.); (A.N.); (A.B.); (H.D.); (N.G.); (S.T.)
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Preparation of Nano-TiO 2-Modified PVDF Membranes with Enhanced Antifouling Behaviors via Phase Inversion: Implications of Nanoparticle Dispersion Status in Casting Solutions. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040386. [PMID: 35448357 PMCID: PMC9025110 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been applied in membrane antifouling performance modification for years. However, the influence of TiO2 nanoparticle dispersion status during the blending process on membrane properties and the inner mechanism has seldom been focused on. Herein, we investigated the influence of the various dispersing statuses of TiO2 nanoparticles on membrane properties and antifouling performance by exploring various blending processes without changing the original recipe. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was employed as a pore-forming agent during the membrane preparation process, and also as a pre-dispersing agent for the TiO2 nanoparticles via the steric hindrance effect. Compared to the original preparation process of the PVDF/TiO2 composite membrane, the pre-dispersing of TiO2 via PEG ensured a modified membrane with uniform surface pores and structures on cross-sectional morphologies, larger porosity and water permeability, and more negative zeta potential. The contact angle was decreased by 6.0%, implying better hydrophilicity. The improved antifouling performance was corroborated by the increasing free energy of cohesion and adhesion, the interaction energy barrier (0.43 KT) between the membrane surfaces and approaching foulants assessed by classic XDLVO theory and the low flux decline in the filtration experiment. A kinetics mechanism analysis of the casting solutions, which found a low TSI value (<1.0), substantiated that the pre-dispersion of TiO2 with PEG contributed to the high stability and ultimately favorable antifouling behaviors. This study provides an optimized approach to the preparation of excellent nano-TiO2/polymeric composite membranes applied in the municipal sewage treatment field.
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Abstract
Oil and gas production wells generate large volumes of water mixed with hydrocarbons (dispersed and dissolved), salts (ions), and solids. This ‘produced water’ (PW) is a waste stream that must be disposed of appropriately. The presence of toxic hydrocarbons and ions in PW makes it unsuitable for surface discharge or disposal in groundwater resources. Thus, PW is often injected into deep geological formations as a disposal method. However, the supply of global water sources is diminishing, and the demand for water in industrial, domestic, and agricultural use in water-stressed regions makes PW a potentially attractive resource. PW also contains valuable elements like lithium and rare earth elements, which are increasing in global demand. This review article provides an overview of constituents present in PW, current technologies available to remove and recover valuable elements, and a case study highlighting the costs and economic benefits of recovering these valuable elements. PW contains a promising source of valuable elements. Developing technologies, such as ceramic membranes with selective sorption chemistry could make elemental recovery economically feasible and turn PW from a waste stream into a multi-faceted resource.
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Wang S, Liu Y, Yang A, Zhu Q, Sun H, Sun P, Yao B, Zang Y, Du X, Dong L. Xanthate-Modified Magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2-Based Polyvinyl Alcohol/Chitosan Composite Material for Efficient Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061107. [PMID: 35335438 PMCID: PMC8951190 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan has several shortcomings that limit its practical application for the adsorption of heavy metals: mechanical instability, a challenging separation and recovery process, and low equilibrium capacity. This study describes the synthesis of a magnetic xanthate-modified polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan composite (XMPC) for the efficient removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The XMPC was synthesized from polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan, and magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles. The XMPC was characterized, and its adsorption performance in removing heavy metal ions was studied under different experimental conditions. The adsorption kinetics fit a pseudo-second-order kinetic model well. This showed that the adsorption of heavy metal ions by the XMPC is a chemical adsorption and is affected by intra-particle diffusion. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The XMPC reached adsorption equilibrium at 303 K after approximately 120 min, and the removal rate of Cd(II) ions was 307 mg/g. The composite material can be reused many times and is easily magnetically separated from the solution. This makes the XMPC a promising candidate for widespread application in sewage treatment systems for the removal of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifan Wang
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.); (A.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.S.); (B.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.); (A.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.S.); (B.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Aiwen Yang
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.); (A.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.S.); (B.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Qi Zhu
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.); (A.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.S.); (B.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Hua Sun
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.); (A.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.S.); (B.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Po Sun
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243032, China;
| | - Bing Yao
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.); (A.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.S.); (B.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Yunxiao Zang
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.); (A.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.S.); (B.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xihua Du
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.); (A.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.S.); (B.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Liming Dong
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.); (A.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.S.); (B.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Effects of Chemical Cleaning on the Ageing of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Membranes Fouled with Organic and Inorganic Matter. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12030280. [PMID: 35323755 PMCID: PMC8954782 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the effects of cleaning with sodium hydroxide and citric acid solutions as cleaning reagents on the changes in the properties of two hollow-fiber PVDF microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes fouled with organic and inorganic matter were investigated. Accelerated membrane ageing was induced by use of high concentrations of tannic acid and iron oxide (Fe2O3) particles in the feed water; these conditions were kept with different membrane soaking times to observe temporal effects. It was found that tannic acid molecules adsorb onto the membrane surface that results in changes in surface characteristics, particularly surface functional groups that are responsible for enhancing membrane’s hydrophilicity. Experimental results demonstrate that NaOH had a stronger effect on the tensile strength and surface chemistry of the fouled MF and UF membranes than citric acid. Prediction of lifetime by an exponential (decay) model confirmed that the UF membrane cleaned with NaOH would be aged within about 1.8 years and the MF membrane after about 5 years, at cleaning every 15 days, downtime 2 h per cleaning, when a 10% tensile strength decrease against the original membrane is allowed.
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Green Nanotechnology: Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis and Application. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040673. [PMID: 35215000 PMCID: PMC8878231 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The key pathways for synthesizing nanoparticles are physical and chemical, usually expensive and possibly hazardous to the environment. In the recent past, the evaluation of green chemistry or biological techniques for synthesizing metal nanoparticles from plant extracts has drawn the attention of many researchers. The literature on the green production of nanoparticles using various metals (i.e., gold, silver, zinc, titanium and palladium) and plant extracts is discussed in this study. The generalized mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis involves reduction, stabilization, nucleation, aggregation and capping, followed by characterization. During biosynthesis, major difficulties often faced in maintaining the structure, size and yield of particles can be solved by monitoring the development parameters such as temperature, pH and reaction period. To establish a widely accepted approach, researchers must first explore the actual process underlying the plant-assisted synthesis of a metal nanoparticle and its action on others. The green synthesis of NPs is gaining attention owing to its facilitation of the development of alternative, sustainable, safer, less toxic and environment-friendly approaches. Thus, green nanotechnology using plant extract opens up new possibilities for the synthesis of novel nanoparticles with the desirable characteristics required for developing biosensors, biomedicine, cosmetics and nano-biotechnology, and in electrochemical, catalytic, antibacterial, electronics, sensing and other applications.
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Reinforced Epoxy Composites Modified with Functionalized Graphene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020338. [PMID: 35054744 PMCID: PMC8778462 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of using graphene oxide as a modifying additive for polymer fiber-reinforced composites based on epoxy resin and basalt roving has been studied. The content of graphene oxide in the system has been experimentally selected, which has the best effect on the physico-mechanical properties of the obtained polymer composite material. The efficiency of the modification of the graphene oxide surface with APTES finishing additives and aminoacetic acid, which provides chemical interaction at the polymer matrix–filler interface, has been considered. The influence of graphene oxide and functionalizing additives on the polymer curing process was investigated using the thermometric method and differential scanning calorimetry.
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