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Han Lyn F, Ismail-Fitry MR, Noranizan MA, Tan TB, Nur Hanani ZA. Recent advances in extruded polylactic acid-based composites for food packaging: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131340. [PMID: 38574927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
This review article provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in polylactic acid (PLA) extrusion, emphasizing its applications in food packaging. PLA has witnessed a significant rise in demand, particularly within the food packaging sector. A notable increase in research publications has been observed in recent years, exploring the extrusion of PLA and PLA-based composite films. In comparison to conventional techniques such as solvent casting, extrusion offers advantages in scalability and environmental sustainability, especially for industrial-scale production. The benefits of this method include faster drying times, enhanced flexibility, consistent film thickness, and less structural defects. Extensive research has focused on the effect of various PLA blends on film properties, including flexibility, elongation, and barrier properties against water vapour and gases. Furthermore, the incorporation of compounds such as antioxidants, antimicrobials, and natural pigments has enabled the development of active and intelligent PLA-based packaging. This article summarizes the types of additives employed to enhance the physicochemical properties of extruded PLA and film performance. Additionally, this article explores the diverse applications of extruded PLA in active and intelligent packaging for various food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Han Lyn
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - M R Ismail-Fitry
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - M A Noranizan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tai Boon Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Z A Nur Hanani
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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2
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Nguyen NM, Kakarla AB, Nukala SG, Kong C, Baji A, Kong I. Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of a Hydroxyapatite Polymer Nanocomposite for Use in Fused Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3980. [PMID: 37836029 PMCID: PMC10575009 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in the use of bioceramics for biomedical purposes. Bioceramics, specifically those made of calcium phosphate, are commonly used in dental and orthopaedic applications. In this context, hydroxyapatite (HA) is considered a viable option for hard tissue engineering applications given its compositional similarity to bioapatite. However, owing to their poor mechanobiology and biodegradability, traditional HA-based composites have limited utilisation possibilities in bone, cartilage and dental applications. Therefore, the efficiency of nano HA (nHA) has been explored to address these limitations. nHA has shown excellent remineralising effects on initial enamel lesions and is widely used as an additive for improving existing dental materials. Furthermore, three-dimensional printing (3DP) or fused deposition modelling that can be used for creating dental and hard tissue scaffolds tailored to each patient's specific anatomy has attracted considerable interest. However, the materials used for producing hard tissue with 3DP are still limited. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop a hybrid polymer nanocomposite composed of nHA, nanoclay (NC) and polylactic acid (PLA) that was suitable for 3DP. The nHA polymer nanocomposites were extruded into filaments and their physiochemical properties were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of nHA and NC to the PLA matrix significantly increased the water absorption and contact angle. In addition, the hardness increased from 1.04 to 1.25 times with the incorporation of nHA. In sum, the nHA-NC-reinforced PLA could be used as 3DP filaments to generate bone and dental scaffolds, and further studies are needed on the biocompatibility of this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Mai Nguyen
- Advanced Polymer and Composite Materials Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Akesh Babu Kakarla
- Advanced Polymer and Composite Materials Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Satya Guha Nukala
- Advanced Polymer and Composite Materials Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Cin Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Avinash Baji
- Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Ing Kong
- Advanced Polymer and Composite Materials Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
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Kozłowska M, Lipińska M, Okraska M, Pietrasik J. Polypropylene Color Masterbatches Containing Layered Double Hydroxide Modified with Quinacridone and Phthalocyanine Pigments-Rheological, Thermal and Application Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6243. [PMID: 37763521 PMCID: PMC10532881 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylene color masterbatches containing modified layered double hydroxides, LDHs, were created. The simple, industry-acceptable method of LDH surface modification with quinacridone and phthalocyanine pigments using the pulverization method in ball mills was applied. It was reported that the modification parameters such as time and rotational speed affected the tendency to create the aggregates for modified fillers. TGA analysis of the modified LDH showed that modification with phthalocyanine pigment shifted the temperature at which 5%, T5%, and 10% of mass loss, T10%, occurred compared with that for unmodified LDH. The viscoelastic properties of prepared masterbatches were investigated. The incorporation of the modified fillers instead of neat pigments led to an increase in the loss shear modulus, G″, indicating a stronger influence on the dissipation of energy by the melted masterbatch. The similar values of tan, δ, were determined for melted masterbatches containing phthalocyanine pigment and green modified LDH filler. The incorporation of both LDHs modified by phthalocyanine and quinacridone pigment fillers slightly increased the zero-shear viscosity, η0, compared with that of the masterbatches based on the neat pigments. The Cole-Cole plots and the analysis of the Maxwell and continuous relaxation models showed that modified colored LDH fillers facilitated the relaxation of the melted masterbatch, and shorter relaxation times were observed. The phthalocyanine-modified LDH filler improved the thermal stability of the masterbatches. Additionally, the impact of pigments and modified, colored LDH on the crystallization of polypropylene was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Lipińska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (M.O.); (J.P.)
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Sharudin RW, Md Azmi NS, Hanizan A, Akhbar S, Ahmad Z, Ohshima M. Dynamic Molecular Simulation of Polyethylene/Organoclay Nanocomposites for Their Physical Properties and Foam Morphology. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3122. [PMID: 37109958 PMCID: PMC10146239 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene materials are of great interest to be used in many applications due to their many advantageous characteristics. It is light, highly chemical resistant, easy to process, low in cost and has good mechanical properties. Polyethylene is widely used as a cable-insulating material. However, research is still needed to further improve its insulation quality and properties. In this study, an experimental and alternative approach through a dynamic modeling method was conducted. The main objective was to investigate the effect of modified organoclay concentration on the properties of polyethylene/organoclay nanocomposites by observing their characterization and optical and mechanical properties. The thermogram curve reveals that 2 wt% organoclay used has the highest crystallinity (46.7%) while the highest amount of organoclay used produced the lowest crystallinity (31.2%). The presence of cracks was also observed mostly in the nanocomposite with higher content of organoclay, usually where 2.0 wt% and above of organoclay was used. Morphological observation from simulation results supports the experimental work. Only small pores were observed to form in lower concentrations, and as the concentration was increased to 2.0 wt% and above, the pores present became larger in size. Increasing the concentration of organoclay up to 2.0 wt% reduced the interfacial tension while increasing the concentration above 2.0 wt% did not bring any changes to the interfacial tension value. Different formulations produced different behavior of nanocomposite. Hence the control of the formulation was important to control the final result of the products for appropriate application in different sectors of industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahida Wati Sharudin
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Salwani Md Azmi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anuaruddin Hanizan
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suffiyana Akhbar
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zakiah Ahmad
- School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Adrar S, Ajji A. Effect of different type of organomontmorillonites on oxygen permeability of
PLA
‐based nanocomposites blown films. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salima Adrar
- CREPEC, Département de Génie Chimique Polytechnique Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- CREPEC, Département de Génie Chimique Polytechnique Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
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Giannakas AE, Salmas CE, Leontiou A, Moschovas D, Baikousi M, Kollia E, Tsigkou V, Karakassides A, Avgeropoulos A, Proestos C. Performance of Thyme Oil@Na-Montmorillonite and Thyme Oil@Organo-Modified Montmorillonite Nanostructures on the Development of Melt-Extruded Poly-L-lactic Acid Antioxidant Active Packaging Films. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041231. [PMID: 35209022 PMCID: PMC8875974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, the use of natural biodegradable materials in the production processes is more and more adopted by industry to achieve cyclic economy targets and to improve environmental and human health indexes. Active packaging is the latest trend for food preservation. In this work, nanostructures were prepared by incorporation of thyme oil with natural natrium-montmorillonite and organo-montmorillonite with two different techniques, direct impregnation and the green evaporation–adsorption process. Such nanostructures were mixed with poly-L-lactic-acid for the first time via an extrusion molding process to develop a new packaging film. Comparisons of morphological, mechanical, and other basic properties for food packaging were carried out via XRD, FTIR, TG, SEM/EDS, oxygen and water vapor permeation, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activity for the first time. Results showed that poly-L-lactic-acid could be modified with clays and essential oils to produce improved active packaging films. The final product exhibits food odor prevention characteristics and shelf-life extension capabilities, and it could be used for active packaging. The films based on OrgMt clay seems to be more promising, while the thyme oil addition improves their behavior as active packaging. The PLLA/3%TO@OrgMt and PLLA/5%TO@OrgMt films were qualified between the tested samples as the most promising materials for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris E. Giannakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.E.G.); (C.E.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Constantinos E. Salmas
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.G.); (C.E.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Areti Leontiou
- Laboratory of Food Technology, Department of Business Administration of Agricultural and Food Enterprises, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Moschovas
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Maria Baikousi
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Eleni Kollia
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Vasiliki Tsigkou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Anastasios Karakassides
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (V.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.G.); (C.E.S.); (C.P.)
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Oliver-Ortega H, Vandemoortele V, Bala A, Julian F, Méndez JA, Espinach FX. Nanoclay Effect into the Biodegradation and Processability of Poly(lactic acid) Nanocomposites for Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2741. [PMID: 34451280 PMCID: PMC8399732 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising expectations in the design of new materials for food packaging is focused on the development of biodegradable systems with improved barrier character. In this sense PLA reinforced with nanoclay is a potential alternative to the use of conventional oil-derivative polymers due to the synergetic effect of the biodegradable character of PLA and the barrier-induced effect derived from the dispersion of nanoparticles. In this work, composite materials based on PLA and reinforced with bentonite nanoparticles (up to 4% w/w) (NC) have been prepared to produce films with improved barrier character against water vapor transportation. Additionally, the biodegradable character of the composites depending on the crystallinity of the polymer and percentage of NC have been evaluated in the presence of an enzymatic active medium (proteinase K). Finally, a study of the capacity to film production of the composites has been performed to determine the viability of the proposals. The dispersion of the nanoparticles induced a tortuous pathway of water vapor crossing, reducing this diffusion by more than 22%. Moreover, the nanoclays materials were in all the cases acceptable for food packing in terms of migration. A migration lower than 1 mg/m2 was obtained in all the materials. Nonetheless, the presence of the nanoclays in decreased biodegradable capacity was observed. The time was enlarged to more than 15 days for the maximum content (4% w/w). On the other hand, the incorporation of NC does not avoid the processability of the material to obtain film-shaped processed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Oliver-Ortega
- Group LEPAMAP-PRODIS, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, c. M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain; (F.J.); (J.A.M.); (F.X.E.)
| | | | - Alba Bala
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Passeig Pujades 1, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fernando Julian
- Group LEPAMAP-PRODIS, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, c. M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain; (F.J.); (J.A.M.); (F.X.E.)
| | - José Alberto Méndez
- Group LEPAMAP-PRODIS, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, c. M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain; (F.J.); (J.A.M.); (F.X.E.)
| | - Francesc Xavier Espinach
- Group LEPAMAP-PRODIS, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, c. M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain; (F.J.); (J.A.M.); (F.X.E.)
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Pereira DGM, Vieira JM, Vicente AA, Cruz RMS. Development and Characterization of Pectin Films with Salicornia ramosissima: Biodegradation in Soil and Seawater. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162632. [PMID: 34451172 PMCID: PMC8398948 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin films were developed by incorporating a halophyte plant Salicornia ramosissima (dry powder from stem parts) to modify the film’s properties. The films’ physicomechanical properties, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and microstructure, as well as their biodegradation capacity in soil and seawater, were evaluated. The inclusion of S. ramosissima significantly increased the thickness (0.25 ± 0.01 mm; control 0.18 ± 0.01 mm), color parameters a* (4.96 ± 0.30; control 3.29 ± 0.16) and b* (28.62 ± 0.51; control 12.74 ± 0.75), water vapor permeability (1.62 × 10−9 ± 1.09 × 10−10 (g/m·s·Pa); control 1.24 × 10−9 ± 6.58 × 10−11 (g/m·s·Pa)), water solubility (50.50 ± 5.00%; control 11.56 ± 5.56%), and elongation at break (5.89 ± 0.29%; control 3.91 ± 0.62%). On the other hand, L* (48.84 ± 1.60), tensile strength (0.13 ± 0.02 MPa), and Young’s modulus (0.01 ± 0 MPa) presented lower values compared with the control (L* 81.20 ± 1.60; 4.19 ± 0.82 MPa; 0.93 ± 0.12 MPa), while the moisture content varied between 30% and 45%, for the film with S. ramosissima and the control film, respectively. The addition of S. ramosissima led to opaque films with relatively heterogeneous microstructures. The films showed also good biodegradation capacity—after 21 days in soil (around 90%), and after 30 days in seawater (fully fragmented). These results show that pectin films with S. ramosissima may have great potential to be used in the future as an eco-friendly food packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G. M. Pereira
- Department of Food Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Campus da Penha, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Jorge M. Vieira
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.M.V.); (A.A.V.)
| | - António A. Vicente
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.M.V.); (A.A.V.)
| | - Rui M. S. Cruz
- Department of Food Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Campus da Penha, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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