1
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Jung I, Shin EJ, Lee S. Study on CNT/TPU cube under the 3D printing conditions of infill patterns and density. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17728. [PMID: 37853073 PMCID: PMC10584865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, to develop soft pressure sensor applicable to wearable robots using stretchable polymers and conductive fillers, 3.25 wt% carbon nanotubes/thermoplastic polyurethane filament with shore 94 A were manufactured. Three infill densities (20%, 50%, and 80%) and patterns (zigzag (ZG), triangle (TR), honeycomb (HN)) were applied to print cubes via fused filament fabrication 3D printing. Most suitable infill conditions were confirmed based on the slicing images, morphologies, compressive properties, electrical properties, and electrical heating properties. For each infill pattern, ZG and TR divided the layers into lines and figures, and the layers were stacked by rotation. For HN, the same layers were stacked in a hexagonal pattern. Consequently, TR divided layer in various directions, showed the strongest compressive properties with toughness 1.99 J for of infill density 80%. Especially, the HN became tougher with increased infill density. Also, the HN laminated with the same layer showed excellent electrical properties, with results greater than 14.7 mA. The electrical heating properties confirmed that ZG and HN had the high layer density, which exhibited excellent heating characteristics. Therefore, it was confirmed that performance varies depending on the 3D printing direction, and it was confirmed that HN is suitable for manufacturing soft sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imjoo Jung
- Department of Fashion and Textiles, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Shin
- Department of Organic Materials and Polymer Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Fashion and Textiles, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Fashion Design, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Kantaros A, Soulis E, Petrescu FIT, Ganetsos T. Advanced Composite Materials Utilized in FDM/FFF 3D Printing Manufacturing Processes: The Case of Filled Filaments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6210. [PMID: 37763488 PMCID: PMC10532629 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of additive manufacturing technologies has brought about a significant transformation in several industries. Among these technologies, Fused Deposition Modeling/Fused Filament Fabrication (FDM/FFF) 3D printing has gained prominence as a rapid prototyping and small-scale production technique. The potential of FDM/FFF for applications that require improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties has been restricted due to the limited range of materials that are suitable for this process. This study explores the integration of various reinforcements, including carbon fibers, glass fibers, and nanoparticles, into the polymer matrix of FDM/FFF filaments. The utilization of advanced materials for reinforcing the filaments has led to the enhancement in mechanical strength, stiffness, and toughness of the 3D-printed parts in comparison to their pure polymer counterparts. Furthermore, the incorporation of fillers facilitates improved thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and flame retardancy, thereby broadening the scope of potential applications for FDM/FFF 3D-printed components. Additionally, the article underscores the difficulties linked with the utilization of filled filaments in FDM/FFF 3D printing, including but not limited to filament extrusion stability, nozzle clogging, and interfacial adhesion between the reinforcement and matrix. Ultimately, a variety of pragmatic implementations are showcased, wherein filled filaments have exhibited noteworthy benefits in comparison to standard FDM/FFF raw materials. The aforementioned applications encompass a wide range of industries, such as aerospace, automotive, medical, electronics, and tooling. The article explores the possibility of future progress and the incorporation of innovative reinforcement materials. It presents a plan for the ongoing growth and application of advanced composite materials in FDM/FFF 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antreas Kantaros
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Soulis
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| | - Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu
- Theory of Mechanisms and Robots Department, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, Bucharest Polytechnic University, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Theodore Ganetsos
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
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3
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Hatt LP, Wirth S, Ristaniemi A, Ciric DJ, Thompson K, Eglin D, Stoddart MJ, Armiento AR. Micro-porous PLGA/ β-TCP/TPU scaffolds prepared by solvent-based 3D printing for bone tissue engineering purposes. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad084. [PMID: 37936893 PMCID: PMC10627288 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3D printing process of fused deposition modelling is an attractive fabrication approach to create tissue-engineered bone substitutes to regenerate large mandibular bone defects, but often lacks desired surface porosity for enhanced protein adsorption and cell adhesion. Solvent-based printing leads to the spontaneous formation of micropores on the scaffold's surface upon solvent removal, without the need for further post processing. Our aim is to create and characterize porous scaffolds using a new formulation composed of mechanically stable poly(lactic-co-glycol acid) and osteoconductive β-tricalcium phosphate with and without the addition of elastic thermoplastic polyurethane prepared by solvent-based 3D-printing technique. Large-scale regenerative scaffolds can be 3D-printed with adequate fidelity and show porosity at multiple levels analysed via micro-computer tomography, scanning electron microscopy and N2 sorption. Superior mechanical properties compared to a commercially available calcium phosphate ink are demonstrated in compression and screw pull out tests. Biological assessments including cell activity assay and live-dead staining prove the scaffold's cytocompatibility. Osteoconductive properties are demonstrated by performing an osteogenic differentiation assay with primary human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. We propose a versatile fabrication process to create porous 3D-printed scaffolds with adequate mechanical stability and osteoconductivity, both important characteristics for segmental mandibular bone reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan P Hatt
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Wirth
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel J Ciric
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Keith Thompson
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
- UCB Pharma, SL1 3WE Slough, UK
| | - David Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059, 42023 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Martin J Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
- Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angela R Armiento
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
- UCB Pharma, SL1 3WE Slough, UK
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4
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Desai SM, Sonawane RY, More AP. Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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5
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Innes J, Shriky B, Nocita D, Thompson G, Coates P, Whiteside B, Kelly A, Hebda M. Development of thermoplastic vulcanizates based on polypropylene/ethylene propylene diene monomer for prototyping by Fused Filament Fabrication. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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6
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Petousis M, Vidakis N, Mountakis N, Karapidakis E, Moutsopoulou A. Functionality Versus Sustainability for PLA in MEX 3D Printing: The Impact of Generic Process Control Factors on Flexural Response and Energy Efficiency. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051232. [PMID: 36904469 PMCID: PMC10007265 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Process sustainability vs. mechanical strength is a strong market-driven claim in Material Extrusion (MEX) Additive Manufacturing (AM). Especially for the most popular polymer, Polylactic Acid (PLA), the concurrent achievement of these opposing goals may become a puzzle, especially since MEX 3D-printing offers a variety of process parameters. Herein, multi-objective optimization of material deployment, 3D printing flexural response, and energy consumption in MEX AM with PLA is introduced. To evaluate the impact of the most important generic and device-independent control parameters on these responses, the Robust Design theory was employed. Raster Deposition Angle (RDA), Layer Thickness (LT), Infill Density (ID), Nozzle Temperature (NT), Bed Temperature (BT), and Printing Speed (PS) were selected to compile a five-level orthogonal array. A total of 25 experimental runs with five specimen replicas each accumulated 135 experiments. Analysis of variances and reduced quadratic regression models (RQRM) were used to decompose the impact of each parameter on the responses. The ID, RDA, and LT were ranked first in impact on printing time, material weight, flexural strength, and energy consumption, respectively. The RQRM predictive models were experimentally validated and hold significant technological merit, for the proper adjustment of process control parameters per the MEX 3D-printing case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-281-037-9227
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Karapidakis
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
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7
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Mountakis N, Moutsopoulou A, Karapidakis E. Energy Consumption vs. Tensile Strength of Poly[methyl methacrylate] in Material Extrusion 3D Printing: The Impact of Six Control Settings. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:845. [PMID: 36850131 PMCID: PMC9966017 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy efficiency of material extrusion additive manufacturing has a significant impact on the economics and environmental footprint of the process. Control parameters that ensure 3D-printed functional products of premium quality and mechanical strength are an established market-driven requirement. To accomplish multiple objectives is challenging, especially for multi-purpose industrial polymers, such as the Poly[methyl methacrylate]. The current paper explores the contribution of six generic control factors (infill density, raster deposition angle, nozzle temperature, print speed, layer thickness, and bed temperature) to the energy performance of Poly[methyl methacrylate] over its mechanical performance. A five-level L25 Taguchi orthogonal array was composed, with five replicas, involving 135 experiments. The 3D printing time and the electrical consumption were documented with the stopwatch approach. The tensile strength, modulus, and toughness were experimentally obtained. The raster deposition angle and the printing speed were the first and second most influential control parameters on tensile strength. Layer thickness and printing speed were the corresponding ones for the energy consumption. Quadratic regression model equations for each response metric over the six control parameters were compiled and validated. Thus, the best compromise between energy efficiency and mechanical strength is achievable, and a tool creates significant value for engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Karapidakis
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
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8
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Großmann L, Kieckhöfer M, Weitschies W, Krause J. 4D prints of flexible dosage forms using thermoplastic polyurethane with hybrid shape memory effect. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 181:227-238. [PMID: 36423878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethanes are versatile materials due to their flexible and elastic properties. In research, medicine, and pharmacy, they are used in dosage forms, implants or as components of medical devices. To gain a deeper understanding of the influences on unfolding or expanding dosage forms, in this publication, 3D printing was used to produce differently shaped and foldable objects from various technical thermoplastic polyurethane filaments. The shape memory behaviour of the dosage forms was exploited to fold and package them in water-soluble hard gelatin capsules. The unfolding time and dimensional recovery of the 3D printed dosage forms were investigated as a function of material properties and shape. As an example, for the use of flexible dosage forms, 3D models have been designed so that their unfolded size is suitable for possible gastric retention. Depending on the shape and material, different unfolding behaviours could be shown. Over a storage period of 60 days, a time related stress on the 4D printed objects was evaluated, which possibly affects the unfolding process. The results of this work aim to be used to evaluate the behaviour of 3D printed unfolding and expanding dosage forms and how they may be suitable for the development of innovative sustained drug delivery concepts or medicinal devices. The basic principle of a hybrid shape memory effect used here could possibly be applied to other drug delivery strategies besides gastric retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Großmann
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Kieckhöfer
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Julius Krause
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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9
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Wu S, Zeng T, Liu Z, Ma G, Xiong Z, Zuo L, Zhou Z. 3D Printing Technology for Smart Clothing: A Topic Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15207391. [PMID: 36295455 PMCID: PMC9609778 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clothing is considered to be an important element of human social activities. With the increasing maturity of 3D printing technology, functional 3D printing technology can realize the perfect combination of clothing and electronic devices while helping smart clothing to achieve specific functions. Furthermore, the application of functional 3D printing technology in clothing not only provides people with the most comfortable and convenient wearing experience, but also completely subverts consumers' perception of traditional clothing. This paper introduced the progress of the application of 3D printing from the aspect of traditional clothing and smart clothing through two mature 3D printing technologies normally used in the field of clothing, and summarized the challenges and prospects of 3D printing technology in the field of smart clothing. Finally, according to the analysis of the gap between 3D-printed clothing and traditionally made clothing due to the material limitations, this paper predicted that the rise in intelligent materials will provide a new prospect for the development of 3D-printed clothing. This paper will provide some references for the application research of 3D printing in the field of smart clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Wu
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Taotao Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Guozhi Ma
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhengyu Xiong
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Lin Zuo
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zeyan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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10
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Chen X, Lee S. Physical Property of 3D-Printed N-Pointed Star-Shaped Outsole Prepared by FDM 3D Printer Using the Lightweight TPU. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153189. [PMID: 35956702 PMCID: PMC9371032 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation has shown the feasibility of modulation in physical properties for multiple outsole designs with 3-, 4-, and 6-pointed star-shaped patterns and various thicknesses for 5, 7.5, and 10 mm, which were fabricated with a FDM 3D printer using lightweight TPU filament, where the physical and foot pressure distribution properties were evaluated to confirm the best quality and comfort outsole. Through varying the structural pattern designs in combination with optimal 3D-printing parameters, the physical properties of the TPU LW-3, 4, and 6-PS outsoles were confirmed with enhanced properties along with increased thicknesses. In this study, the morphology images revealed a lower foaming state, a better-fused interlayer, and fewer microvoids in the TPU LW-3, 4, and 6-PS outsole, as the thickness developed, indicating enhanced density and rigidity. The best physical property was confirmed at LW 3-PS-10 with 0.706 specific gravity, 68.3 g weight, 0.232 static coefficient and 0.199 dynamic coefficient, 236% NSB abrasion, 127 DIN abrasion, 30% ball drop and 28% pendulum resilience, verifying the most high-quality, safe, and durable prototype. Regarding comfort, the 3-PS-10 also was regarded as comfortable concerning the wearable parts by virtue of its excellent physical properties, as well as its having the largest pressure area and the lower pressure force; meanwhile, the 4PS and 6PS also exhibited similar conditions for different thicknesses. Since not much distinct difference in pressure distribution compared to others was exhibited, it is suggested to explore optimization solutions to update the comfort of the footwear in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokui Chen
- Department Fashion and Textiles, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department Fashion and Textiles, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Department of Fashion Design, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-200-7329
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11
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Design of Customized TPU Lattice Structures for Additive Manufacturing: Influence on the Functional Properties in Elastic Products. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244341. [PMID: 34960892 PMCID: PMC8705238 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on evaluating and establishing the relationship of the influence of geometrical and manufacturing parameters in stiffness of additively manufactured TPU lattice structures. The contribution of this work resides in the creation of a methodology that focuses on characterizing the behavior of elastic lattice structures. Likewise, resides in the possibility of using the statistical treatment of results as a guide to find favorable possibilities within the range of parameters studied and to predict the behavior of the structures. In order to characterize their behavior, different types of specimens were designed and tested by finite element simulation of a compression process using Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) tools. The tests showed that the stiffness depends on the topology of the cells of the lattice structure. For structures with different cell topologies, it has been possible to obtain an increase in the reaction force against compression from 24.7 N to 397 N for the same manufacturing conditions. It was shown that other parameters with a defined influence on the stiffness of the structure were the temperature and the unit size of the cells, all due to the development of fusion mechanisms and the variation in the volume of material used, respectively.
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12
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León-Calero M, Reyburn Valés SC, Marcos-Fernández Á, Rodríguez-Hernandez J. 3D Printing of Thermoplastic Elastomers: Role of the Chemical Composition and Printing Parameters in the Production of Parts with Controlled Energy Absorption and Damping Capacity. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203551. [PMID: 34685310 PMCID: PMC8540301 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technology that enables one to manufacture complex structures reducing both time and manufacturing cost. Among the materials commonly used for AM, thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) are of high interest due to their energy absorption capacity, energy efficiency, cushion factor or damping capacity. Previous investigations have exclusively focused on the optimization of the printing parameters of commercial TPE filaments and the structures to analyse the mechanical properties of the 3D printed parts. In the present paper, the chemical, thermal and mechanical properties for a wide range of commercial thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) filaments were investigated. For this purpose, TGA, DSC, 1H-NMR and filament tensile strength experiments were carried out in order to determine the materials characteristics. In addition, compression tests have been carried out to tailor the mechanical properties depending on the 3D printing parameters such as: infill density (10, 20, 50, 80 and 100%) and infill pattern (gyroid, honeycomb and grid). The compression tests were also employed to calculate the specific energy absorption (SEA) and specific damping capacity (SDC) of the materials in order to establish the role of the chemical composition and the geometrical characteristics (infill density and type of infill pattern) on the final properties of the printed part. As a result, optimal SEA and SDC performances were obtained for a honeycomb pattern at a 50% of infill density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina León-Calero
- Adática Engineering, Av. Leonardo Da Vinci, 8, Oficina 216, 28906 Getafe, Spain;
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Ángel Marcos-Fernández
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Interdisciplinary Platform for “Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy” (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-F.); (J.R.-H.); Tel.: +34-912587560 (J.R.-H.)
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Hernandez
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Interdisciplinary Platform for “Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy” (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-F.); (J.R.-H.); Tel.: +34-912587560 (J.R.-H.)
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13
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Beloshenko V, Beygelzimer Y, Chishko V, Savchenko B, Sova N, Verbylo D, Voznyak A, Vozniak I. Mechanical Properties of Flexible TPU-Based 3D Printed Lattice Structures: Role of Lattice Cut Direction and Architecture. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2986. [PMID: 34503026 PMCID: PMC8433625 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the mechanical behavior of lattice materials based on flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with honeycomb and gyroid architecture fabricated by 3D printing. Tensile, compression, and three-point bending tests were chosen as mechanical testing methods. The honeycomb architecture was found to provide higher values of rigidity (by 30%), strength (by 25%), plasticity (by 18%), and energy absorption (by 42%) of the flexible TPU lattice compared to the gyroid architecture. The strain recovery is better in the case of gyroid architecture (residual strain of 46% vs. 31%). TPUs with honeycomb architecture are characterized by anisotropy of mechanical properties in tensile and three-point bending tests. The obtained results are explained by the peculiarities of the lattice structure at meso- and macroscopic level and by the role of the pore space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Beloshenko
- Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering Named after O.O. Galkin, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Nauki, 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.); (Y.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Yan Beygelzimer
- Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering Named after O.O. Galkin, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Nauki, 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.); (Y.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Vyacheslav Chishko
- Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering Named after O.O. Galkin, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Nauki, 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.); (Y.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Bogdan Savchenko
- Department of Applied Ecology, Technology of Polymers and Chemical Fibers, Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Nemirovicha Danchenko Str., 2, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine; (B.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Nadiya Sova
- Department of Applied Ecology, Technology of Polymers and Chemical Fibers, Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Nemirovicha Danchenko Str., 2, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine; (B.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Dmytro Verbylo
- Institute for Problems in Materials Science I.M. Frantsevich, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Krzhizhanovsky Str., 3, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Andrei Voznyak
- Department of General Technical, Disciplines and Vocational Training, Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University, Gagarin Av. 54, 50086 Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine;
| | - Iurii Vozniak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza Str., 112, 90363 Lodz, Poland
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