1
|
Niu X, Zhu H, Mhatre S, Bi R, Ye Y, Rojas OJ. Betulin Enables Multifunctional Cellulose-Based Insulative Foams with Low Environmental Impacts. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39051973 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The significance of synthetic foams as insulative materials stems from their mechanical and water resistance as well as their cost-effectiveness. Broadly, the design of building envelopes should also consider fire and mold resistance and the impacts on the environment (end of life and compostability). This study addresses these issues considering the ever-increasing demand for sustainable sources to develop highly porous insulative materials. We introduce a versatile strategy based on wet-foam laying of cellulosic fibers that leads to hierarchical structures whose performance is tailored by the surface incorporation of betulin (BT), a bioactive molecule extracted from tree bark, combined with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) after installation of urethane linkages. As such, we introduce an eco-friendly alternative to traditional polyurethane foams with competitive mechanical and thermal insulation performance. The modification of the fiber foams at low BT loading simultaneously endows superhydrophobicity (water contact angle >150°), fire retardancy (self-extinguish within 10 s), microbial resistance, and durability (no degradation in soil conditions after 3 months). BT plays a critical role as an antimicrobial and hydrophobic agent that synergizes with PDMS to achieve fire resistance. The life cycle assessment of the BT-modified foams reveals a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emission and human toxicity compared with rigid polyurethane foams by 96 and 92%, respectively. Overall, the valorization of the bark-derived BT is demonstrated by considering the scalability and cost-effectiveness of solid foams designed to substitute petroleum-derived counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Niu
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hui Zhu
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sameer Mhatre
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ran Bi
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yuhang Ye
- Material Science Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Wood Science and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou H, Lu Y, Liang M, Jin Q, Yang Y, Tang Q, Diao S, Cheng Y, Liu K, Li J, Zhang G. A cationic, durable, P/N-containing starch-based flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129543. [PMID: 38246451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A cationic, durable flame retardant for cotton fabrics, 6-(2-(dimethoxy phosphoryl)-2-(trimethyl ammonium)) methoxy-2-methoxy-polysaccharide ammonium phosphate (DTPAP), was synthesized. Its structure was verified by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. According to the FTIR spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), DTPAP formed P(=O)-O-C bonds with cellulose molecules and firmly grafted to cotton fabrics, giving the fabric a high durability. DTPAP-25-treated fabrics passed the vertical flame test (VFT), and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 43.9 %. After 50 laundering cycles (LCs), the DTPAP-25-treated fabrics had an LOI of 29.9 %, passed the VFT, and retained their flame retardancy. EDS data showed that, compared with engrafted cationic ammonium phosphate flame retardants, the DTPAP-treated fabrics contained fewer metal ions. Cone calorimetry data showed that DTPAP-25-treated fabrics did not display concentrated heat release. The results suggested that DTPAP exhibited a condensed-phase flame retardant mechanism, and the introduction of cations into the ammonium phosphate flame retardant reduced ion exchange, which improved the durability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yonghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Mengxiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shuo Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kunling Liu
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jinhao Li
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Liu J, Pan X, Zhao M, Zhang J. Rapid Preparation of Flame-Retardant Coatings Using Polyurethane Emulsion Mixed with Inorganic Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030754. [PMID: 36772055 PMCID: PMC9919632 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional aqueous flame-retardant coating faces the problem of slow solvent evaporation rate in the preparation process. It is an urgent problem to ensure that the function of the membrane is not destroyed while accelerating the solvent volatilization. Herein, we fabricated films on the metal substrate surface by a totally novel method: demulsification-induced fast solidification to rapidly obtain the flame-retardant coating. The environmentally friendly flame retardants aluminum hydroxide and red phosphorus were mixed with the commercial water-based polyurethane 906 emulsion to explore the optimal mixing ratio, where the adhesion of the flame-retardant reached the Grade 3 standard, the sample remained intact after the 100 cm drop hammer test and the limiting oxygen index value reached 30.4%. In addition, compared with the traditional process, this method, with the advantages of rapidly drying, environmentally friendly, uniformly prepared coatings on the surface of any shape substrates, as well as accurate and controllable coating thickness, can be widely applied in the flame-retardant field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaokai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jinfang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xu Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Synergistic Flame Retardant Properties of Polyoxymethylene with Surface Modified Intumescent Flame Retardant and Calcium Carbonate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030537. [PMID: 36771838 PMCID: PMC9920611 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was successfully modified by a titanate coupling agent which was compounded with benzoxazine (BOZ) and melamine (ME) to become a new type of intumescent flame retardant (Ti-IFR). Ti-IFR and CaCO3 as synergists were utilized to modify polyoxymethylene (POM), and the flame-retardant properties and mechanism of the composites were analyzed by vertical combustion (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI), TG-IR, and cone calorimeter (Cone), etc. The results show that Ti-IFR can enhance the gas phase flame retardant effect, while CaCO3 further strengthens the barrier effect in the condensed phase. When they were used together, they can exert their performance, respectively, at the same time showing excellent synergistic effect. The FR-POM composite with 29% Ti-IFR and 1% CaCO3 can pass the UL-94 V0 level. The LOI reaches 58.2%, the average heat release (Av HRR) is reduced by 81.1% and the total heat release (THR) is decreased by 35.3%.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee SH, Lee SG, Lee JS, Ma BC. Understanding the Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant on Improving the Fire Safety of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224904. [PMID: 36433031 PMCID: PMC9696838 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of multiple inorganic fillers have emerged as viable synergistic agents for boosting the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polymer materials. However, few studies on the effect of multiple inorganic fillers on the flame retardant behavior of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foam have been carried out. In this paper, a flame retardant combination of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and traditional flame retardants ammonium polyphosphate (APP), pentaerythritol (PER), melamine cyanurate (MC), calcium carbonate (CC), and expandable graphite (EG) was incorporated into RPU foam to investigate the synergistic effects of the combination of multiple IFR materials on the thermal stability and fire resistance of RPU foam. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that 8 parts per hundred polyols by weight (php) filler concentrations were compatible with RPU foam and yielded an increased amount of char residue compared to the rest of the RPU samples. The flame retardancy of multiple fillers on intumescent flame retardant RPU foam was also investigated using cone calorimeter (CCTs) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, which showed that RPU/IFR1 (APP/PER/MC/EG/CC/ATH) had the best flame retardant performance, with a low peak heat release rate (PHRR) of 82.12 kW/m2, total heat release rate (THR) of 15.15 MJ/m2, and high LOI value of 36%. Furthermore, char residue analysis revealed that the use of multiple fillers contributed to the generation of more intact and homogeneous char after combustion, which led to reduced decomposition of the RPU foam and hindered heat transfer between the gas and condensed phases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Understanding the Influence of Gypsum upon a Hybrid Flame Retardant Coating on Expanded Polystyrene Beads. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173570. [PMID: 36080646 PMCID: PMC9460870 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A low-cost and effective flame retarding expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam was prepared herein by using a hybrid flame retardant (HFR) system, and the influence of gypsum was studied. The surface morphology and flame retardant properties of the synthesized flame retardant EPS were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cone calorimetry testing (CCT). The SEM micrographs revealed the uniform coating of the gypsum-based HFR on the EPS microspheres. The CCT and thermal conductivity study demonstrated that the incorporation of gypsum greatly decreases the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the flame retarding EPS samples with acceptable thermal insulation performance. The EPS/HFR with a uniform coating and the optimum amount of gypsum provides excellent flame retardant performance, with a THR of 8 MJ/m2, a PHRR of 53.1 kW/m2, and a fire growth rate (FIGRA) of 1682.95 W/m2s. However, an excessive amount of gypsum weakens the flame retardant performance. The CCT results demonstrate that a moderate gypsum content in the EPS/HFR sample provides appropriate flame retarding properties to meet the fire safety standards.
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang Z, Song D, Zhang Y, Yin Y, Hu X, Gao Y, Yang Y, Tian Y. Characterization and Performance Testing of an Intumescent Nanoinhibitor for Inhibiting Coal Spontaneous Combustion. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17202-17214. [PMID: 35647455 PMCID: PMC9134418 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Considering disadvantages such as the low thermal stability and environmental pollution of existing gel inhibitors, a green and stable intumescent nanoinhibitor (INI) was prepared and tested. First, polyacrylamide (PAM), nano-silica, and intumescent flame retardant (IFR) were selected as raw materials. The INI was prepared by nanoparticle modification and cross-linking polymerization. Then, the structure and physical properties of INI were tested by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and rheological experiments. Meanwhile, the inhibition performance of INI was studied through thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) analysis. The results suggest that the nanomodification improved the dispersibility of INI particles. The addition of modified nano-silica (MNS) and IFR enhances the strength of the reticular structure, thereby improving the transport convenience and covering ability of the INI gel. At high temperatures, IFR can generate a porous foamed carbon layer that further coats the coal. After INI inhibition treatment, the characteristic temperature and activation energy of coal were significantly improved, and the production of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide decreased. Hence, irrespective of physical properties, physical inhibition performance, or chemical inhibition performance, INI performed well. Research results can provide valuable references for the preparation and performance study of a coal spontaneous combustion inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhian Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines
(University of Science and Technology Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Key
Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control (Shandong University
of Science and Technology), Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
- State
Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control (Henan
Polytechnic University), Jiaozuo 454000, China
- Research
Institute of Macro-Safety Science, University
of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Donghong Song
- State
Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines
(University of Science and Technology Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines
(University of Science and Technology Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yichao Yin
- State
Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines
(University of Science and Technology Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangming Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control (Shandong University
of Science and Technology), Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Yukun Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines
(University of Science and Technology Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yifu Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines
(University of Science and Technology Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ye Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines
(University of Science and Technology Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
An Effective Expanded Graphite Coating on Polystyrene Bead for Improving Flame Retardancy. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216729. [PMID: 34772254 PMCID: PMC8587118 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although foamed plastic insulation is widely used in construction in the Korean market, it is vulnerable to fire. To improve the flame retardancy, the method of flame-retardant coating with the EG in water-soluble state on the surface of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads has been widely used. However, polystyrene beads coated with a water-soluble flame retardant easily separate the coated flame retardant in manufacturing. In this study is devised a flame-retardant coating and two steps of coating process for adhering the flame-retardant coating film evenly to the surface of the polystyrene bead without exfoliation. It was analyzed whether a flame-retardant EPS (FR-EPS) with excellent flame retardancy could be manufactured using polystyrene beads coated in this way. Ten FR-EPS samples satisfied the HF-1 and V-0 levels in horizontal and vertical burning tests, respectively. The THR of eight FR-EPS samples for ten minutes did not exceed 8 MJ∙m−2 and the maximum HRR did not exceed 200 kW∙m−2 for more than ten consecutive seconds. FR-EPS passed the building material standard of semi-nonflammability in Korean regulations, in contrast to commercial EPS, which have not passed the semi-nonflammability standard. It was also analyzed how effective the designed coating is in this study, comparing it with composites that were planned to improve the flame resistance of polystyrene, as reported in the literature. Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) values of FR-EPS proved the “excellent” level and had higher values compared with other polystyrene composites. These results demonstrated that the coated EPS containing a water-soluble flame retardant manufactured from EG and two steps of application with the coating solution achieved fire safety standard regulations.
Collapse
|