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El Nahhal IM, Almutairi HH, Salim JK, Kodeh FS, Idais RH. ZnO-NPs/AC composite antibacterial agents with N-halamine glycinate functionalized silica-mesoporous silica coating for water disinfection. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24343. [PMID: 38298671 PMCID: PMC10828659 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This work deals with the synthesis, structural characterization and applications of N-halamine glycinate functionalized silica-mesoporous silica coated ZnO-NPs/AC composite for water disinfection. Several nanocomposite materials were obtained: ZnO-NPs/AC, ZnO-NPs/AC@SiO2, ZnO-NPs/AC@SiO2@mSiO2, ZnO-NPs@SiO2@mSiO2-Gly and ZnO-NPs@SiO2@mSiO2-N-halamine-Gly. These nanocomposite materials were fully characterized via different physiochemical techniques including: FTIR, TGA, XPS, XRD, SEM, TEM and BET. XRD indicated a predominance of crystalline pattern of ZnO-NPs impregnated into activated carbon (AC) and their silica and m-mesoporous silica coating precursors. The FTIR spectra confirmed an immense combination between ZnO-NPs and AC of ZnO-NPs/AC nanocomposite as well as its interactions with coated silica precursors. SEM, TEM images illustrated that the fabricated ZnO-NPs/AC nanocomposites are well coated with silica-mesoporous silica functionalized N-halamine. The distinctive surface area has decreased from 800 m2/g for pristine AC to 772 m2/g for ZnO-NPs/AC and to 282 m2/g for ZnO-NPs/AC@SiO2 and to 139 m2/g for ZnO-NPs/AC@SiO2@mSiO2 and to 15.4 m2/g for ZnO-NPs@SiO2@mSiO2-N-Gly. All those nanocomposites showed good efficacy against all four bacterial species, with higher inhibition zones for the 2 g-positive bacteria than that of the 2 g-negative ones. The ZnO@SiO2@mSiO2-N-halamine-Gly exhibited the high zone inhibition against all tested bacteria except for E. Coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa M. El Nahhal
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Azhar University-Gaza, P O Box 1277, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Hayfa H Almutairi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science. King Faisal University, AlAhsa, PO Box 380, Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamil K Salim
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Azhar University-Gaza, P O Box 1277, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Fawzi S Kodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Azhar University-Gaza, P O Box 1277, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Rana H Idais
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Azhar University-Gaza, P O Box 1277, Gaza, Palestine
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Moradkhani G, Profili J, Robert M, Laroche G, Elkoun S, Mighri F. Surface Modification of Flax Fibers with TMCTS-Based PECVD for Improved Thermo-Mechanical Properties of PLA/Flax Fiber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:360. [PMID: 38337253 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in recent years in the use of atmospheric pressure plasma techniques for surface modification. This research focused on the beneficial effects of these processes on natural by-products, specifically those involving natural fiber-based materials. The study explored the deposition of hydrophobic organosilicon-like thin films onto flax fibres through plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), using tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCTS) as the precursor. After the successful deposition of hydrophobic organosilicon-like thin films onto the flax fibres, polylactic acid (PLA) composite materials were fabricated. This fabrication process sets the stage for an in-depth analysis of the modified materials. Subsequently, these flax fabrics were subjected to meticulous characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurements. The results demonstrated successful TMCTS deposition on the surface which led to a complete hydrophobization of the flax fibers. Mechanical tests of the PLA/flax fibre composites revealed a significant improvement in load transfer and interfacial compatibility following the surface modification of the flax fibres. This improvement was attributed to the enhanced adhesion between the modified fibres and the PLA matrix. The findings highlight the potential of TMCTS-based PECVD as a practical surface modification technique, effectively enhancing the mechanical properties of PLA/flax fibre composites. These developments open exciting possibilities for sustainable and high-performance composite materials in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghane Moradkhani
- Center for Innovation in Technological Eco-Design (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
- Quebec Center for Functional Materials, QCAM, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital St.-François d'Assise, Quebec, QC G1L 3L5, Canada
| | - Jacopo Profili
- Quebec Center for Functional Materials, QCAM, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital St.-François d'Assise, Quebec, QC G1L 3L5, Canada
| | - Mathieu Robert
- Center for Innovation in Technological Eco-Design (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
- Quebec Center for Functional Materials, QCAM, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Gaétan Laroche
- Quebec Center for Functional Materials, QCAM, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital St.-François d'Assise, Quebec, QC G1L 3L5, Canada
| | - Saïd Elkoun
- Center for Innovation in Technological Eco-Design (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
- Quebec Center for Functional Materials, QCAM, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Filatova K, Domincova Bergerova E, Kazantseva N, Masar M, Suly P, Sopik T, Cisar J, Durpekova S, Sedlarik V. Design and Fabrication of Electrospun PLA-Based Silica-Modified Composite Nanofibers with Antibacterial Properties for Perspective Wound Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3500. [PMID: 37688125 PMCID: PMC10490196 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a novel amikacin (AMI) delivery system with prolonged release based on composite electrospun nanofibers of PLA supplemented with AMI-loaded Si nanoparticles of different morphology. The resultant materials were characterized in terms of their physical properties (scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, water contact angle). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to determine the AMI content in the liquid fractions obtained from the release study. The results show that nanofibers of fumed silica exhibited an aggregated, highly porous structure, whereas nanofibers of mesoporous silica had a spherical morphology. Both silica nanoparticles had a significant effect on the hydrophilic properties of PLA nanofiber surfaces. The liquid fractions were investigated to gauge the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading efficiency (LE) of AMI, demonstrating 66% EE and 52% LE for nanofibers of fumed silica compared to nanofibers of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (52% EE and 12.7% LE). The antibacterial activity of the AMI-loaded nanofibers was determined by the Kirby-Bauer Method. These results demonstrated that the PLA-based silica nanofibers effectively enhanced the antibacterial properties against the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Filatova
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Domincova Bergerova
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kazantseva
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Masar
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Suly
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Sopik
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Cisar
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Durpekova
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Sedlarik
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
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Capuano R, Avolio R, Castaldo R, Cocca M, Dal Poggetto G, Gentile G, Errico ME. Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer/Nano-Silica Ternary Systems: Properties Evolution and Effects on Degradation Rate. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1284. [PMID: 37049377 PMCID: PMC10097254 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasticized nanocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) have been prepared by melt mixing following a two-step approach, adding two different oligomeric esters of lactic acid (OLAs) as plasticizers and fumed silica nanoparticles. The nanocomposites maintained a remarkable elongation at break in the presence of the nanoparticles, with no strong effects on modulus and strength. Measuring thermo-mechanical properties as a function of aging time revealed a progressive deterioration of properties, with the buildup of phase separation, related to the nature of the plasticizer. Materials containing hydroxyl-terminated OLA showed a higher stability of properties upon aging. On the contrary, a synergistic effect of the acid-terminated plasticizer and silica nanoparticles was pointed out, inducing an accelerated hydrolytic degradation of PLA: materials at high silica content exhibited a marked brittleness and a dramatic decrease of molecular weight after 16 weeks of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Capuano
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering—DIMI, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Avolio
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Rachele Castaldo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Mariacristina Cocca
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Dal Poggetto
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Emanuela Errico
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
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Tefara SF, Jiru EB. Lactide synthesis via thermal catalytic depolymerization of poly lactic acid oligomer using ZnO nanoparticle dispersion. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Wiphanurat C, Hanthanon P, Ouipanich S, Harnkarnsujarit N, Magaraphan R, Nampitch T. Blending HDPE with biodegradable polymers using modified natural rubber as a compatibilizing agent: mechanical, physical, chemical, thermal and morphological properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Ding Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Lv Z, Meng X, Yuan Z, Long T, Wang Y. 3D printing polylactic acid polymer-bioactive glass loaded with bone cement for bone defect in weight-bearing area. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:947521. [PMID: 35957643 PMCID: PMC9358041 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.947521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of bone defects in weight-bearing areas is mainly to transplant filling materials into the defect area, to provide immediate and strong support for weight-bearing. At present, the commonly used filling material is bone cement, which can only provide physical support without bone regeneration effect. The long-term stress at the interface may cause the loosening of bone cement. The ideal filling material should provide not only strong mechanical support but also promote bone regeneration. We introduce a 3D printing frame-filling structure in this study. The structure was printed with polylactic acid/bioactive glass as the frame, and bone cement as the filler. In this system, bone cement was used to provide immediate fixation, and the frame provided long-term fixation by promoting osteogenic induction and conduction between the interface. The results showed that the degradation of bioactive glass in the frame promoted osteogenic metabolism, induced M2 polarization of macrophages, and inhibited local inflammatory response. The in vivo study revealed that implantation of the frame-filling structure significantly promoted bone regeneration in the femoral bone defect area of New Zealand white rabbits. For a bone defect in a weight-bearing area, long-term stability could be obtained by bone integration through this frame-filling structure.
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Lupu (Luchian) AM, Mariş M, Zaharescu T, Marinescu VE, Iovu H. Stability Study of the Irradiated Poly(lactic acid)/Styrene Isoprene Styrene Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15145080. [PMID: 35888545 PMCID: PMC9319368 DOI: 10.3390/ma15145080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the stability improvement of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/styrene-isoprene block copolymer (SIS) loaded with silica nanoparticles is characterized. The protection efficiency in the material of thermal stability is mainly studied by means of high accurate isothermal and nonisothermal chemiluminescence procedures. The oxidation induction times obtained in the isothermal CL determinations increase from 45 min to 312 min as the polymer is free of silica or the filler loading is about 10%, respectively. The nonisothermal measurements reveal the values of onset oxidation temperatures with about 15% when the concentration of SiO2 particles is enhanced from none to 10%. The curing assay and Charlesby–Pinner representation as well as the modifications that occurred in the FTIR carbonyl band at 1745 cm−1 are appropriate proofs for the delay of oxidation in hybrid samples. The improved efficiency of silica during the accelerated degradation of PLA/SIS 30/n-SiO2 composites is demonstrated by means of the increased values of activation energy in correlation with the augmentation of silica loading. While the pristine material is modified by the addition of 10% silica nanoparticles, the activation energy grows from 55 kJ mol−1 to 74 kJ mol−1 for nonirradiated samples and from 47 kJ mol−1 to 76 kJ mol−1 for γ-processed material at 25 kGy. The stabilizer features are associated with silica nanoparticles due to the protection of fragments generated by the scission of hydrocarbon structure of SIS, the minor component, whose degradation fragments are early converted into hydroperoxides rather than influencing depolymerization in the PLA phase. The reduction of the transmission values concerning the growing reinforcement is evidence of the capacity of SiO2 to minimize the changes in polymers subjected to high energy sterilization. The silica loading of 10 wt% may be considered a proper solution for attaining an extended lifespan under the accelerated degradation caused by the intense transfer of energy, such as radiation processing on the polymer hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Lupu (Luchian)
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.L.); (H.I.)
- Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Marius Mariş
- Dental Medicine Faculty, University Titu Maiorescu, 22 Dâmbovnicului Tineretului St., 040441 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (T.Z.)
| | - Traian Zaharescu
- INCDIE ICPE CA, Radiochemistry Center, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (T.Z.)
| | | | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.L.); (H.I.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
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Ezquerro CS, Aznar JMG, Laspalas M. Prediction of the structure and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone-silica nanocomposites and the interphase region by molecular dynamics simulations: the effect of PEGylation. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2800-2813. [PMID: 35319045 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01794b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymer/silica (PS) nanocomposites are, among numerous combinations of inorganic/organic nanocomposites, one of the most important materials reported in the literature and have been employed in a wide variety of applications. Due to this great interest in the scientific and industry community, knowledge about their physiochemistry allows for a better understanding of their development and improvement. One area of interest found in biopolymers is silica, where silica nanoparticles can be used to increase their mechanical properties and give them higher opportunities to replace synthetic plastics. With this aim in mind, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to predict the structure and mechanical properties of the interphase region and nanocomposite systems of polycaprolactone (PCL), a common poly(hydroxy acid) type biopolymer, reinforced with silica nanoparticles. Two types of nanoparticles were studied to assess the effect of PEGylation: hydroxyl (ungrafted) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (grafted or PEGylated) functionalized silica. The interaction energy between the nanoparticle and the polymeric matrix was determined, showing an increase of the affinity between each component due to the PEGylation of the nanoparticle. Through the analysis of polymer density profiles, the structure and thickness of the interphase region were determined, and it was observed that PEGylation increased the interphase thickness from 10.80 Å to 13.04 Å while it decreased the peak and average polymer density of the interphase region. Using compressed and expanded molecular models of the neat PCL polymer, the mechanical properties of the interphase region were related to its density through an interpolation model, and mechanical property profiles were obtained, from which the average values of the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and shear modulus of the interphase region were calculated. Finally, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were determined by molecular mechanics simulations, showing that the silica nanoparticles increased the stiffness of the composite system to about 7-8% with respect to that of the neat polymer, having a 2.09% weight of bare silica or 2.82% weight of PEGylated silica. PEGylation did not show an additional effect on the overall mechanical properties. A mean field micromechanics model (Mori-Tanaka) corroborated the properties calculated for the interphase region using MD simulations. It was concluded that the PEGylation of the nanoparticle improved the affinity, and thus the dispersion, of the silica nanoparticles towards the PCL matrix, but with no further increase in the mechanical properties of the composite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuel Laspalas
- Aragon Institute of Technology ITAINNOVA, María de Luna 7-8, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.
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Maszybrocka J, Dworak M, Nowakowska G, Osak P, Łosiewicz B. The Influence of the Gradient Infill of PLA Samples Produced with the FDM Technique on Their Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041304. [PMID: 35207862 PMCID: PMC8876005 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing is a dynamically developing field of industry. Its main advantage is the small amount of waste, no need to use specialized tools, and easy control of the mechanical properties of the printed model. One of the most popular techniques of 3D printing is FDM. The main factor influencing the mechanical properties of 3D-printed materials is the filling density. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of porous structures with a porosity gradient of PLA samples printed using the FDM technique. The accuracy of mapping the structures by computed tomography was assessed, and then a static compression test was performed. It has been shown that the strength properties increased with the increase in the filling density. The highest value of compression strength, amounting to 41.2 MPa, was observed for samples made of PLA with an 80% filling degree, whereas the lowest value of compression strength was found in PLA-T samples with a filling degree of 10%, reaching only 0.6 MPa. It was found that not only the core filling density, but also the outer layers, influences the mechanical properties. The assessment of spatial architecture allowed for a qualitative and quantitative assessment. The obtained images from the computed tomograph showed that the designed sample models were correctly reproduced in the entire volume.
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