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Rigo E, Totée C, Ladmiral V, Caillol S, Lacroix-Desmazes P. 4-Vinyl Guaiacol: A Key Intermediate for Biobased Polymers. Molecules 2024; 29:2507. [PMID: 38893382 PMCID: PMC11174018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to contribute to the shift from petro-based chemistry to biobased chemistry, necessary to minimize the environmental impacts of the chemical industry, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (4-vinyl guaiacol, 4VG) was used to synthesize a platform of biobased monomers. Thus, nine biobased monomers were successfully prepared. The synthesis procedures were investigated through the green metrics calculations in order to quantify the sustainability of our approaches. Their radical homopolymerization in toluene solution initiated by 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) was studied and the effect of residual 4VG as a radical inhibitor on the kinetics of polymerization was also explored. The new homopolymers were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography and thermal analyses (dynamical scanning calorimetry DSC, thermal gravimetric analysis TGA). By varying the length of the alkyl ester or ether group of the 4VG derivatives, homopolymers with Tg ranging from 117 °C down to 5 °C were obtained. These new biobased monomers could be implemented in radical copolymerization as substitutes to petro-based monomers to decrease the carbon footprint of the resulting copolymers for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rigo
- ICGM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France; (E.R.); (C.T.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
- Synthomer Speciality Chemicals SAS, 76430 Sandouville, France
- Synthomer Ltd., Harlow CM20 2BH, UK
| | - Cédric Totée
- ICGM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France; (E.R.); (C.T.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Vincent Ladmiral
- ICGM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France; (E.R.); (C.T.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France; (E.R.); (C.T.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes
- ICGM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France; (E.R.); (C.T.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
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Alexakis AE, Ayyachi T, Mousa M, Olsén P, Malmström E. 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol as a Biobased Monomer Precursor for Thermoplastics and Thermoset Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092168. [PMID: 37177314 PMCID: PMC10181207 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the increasing demand for biobased materials, lignin-derived ferulic acid (FA) is a promising candidate. In this study, an FA-derived styrene-like monomer, referred to as 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (MVP), was used as the platform to prepare functional monomers for radical polymerizations. Hydrophobic biobased monomers derived from MVP were polymerized via solution and emulsion polymerization resulting in homo- and copolymers with a wide range of thermal properties, thus showcasing their potential in thermoplastic applications. Moreover, divinylbenzene (DVB)-like monomers were prepared from MVP by varying the aliphatic chain length between the MVP units. These biobased monomers were thermally crosslinked with thiol-bearing reagents to produce thermosets with different crosslinking densities in order to demonstrate their thermosetting applications. The results of this study expand the scope of MVP-derived monomers that can be used in free-radical polymerizations toward the preparation of new biobased and functional materials from lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros E Alexakis
- Division of Coating Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thayanithi Ayyachi
- Division of Coating Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maryam Mousa
- Division of Coating Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Olsén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Biocomposites, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Malmström
- Division of Coating Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang H, Li H, Lee CK, Mat Nanyan NS, Tay GS. Recent Advances in the Enzymatic Synthesis of Polyester. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235059. [PMID: 36501454 PMCID: PMC9740404 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyester is a kind of polymer composed of ester bond-linked polybasic acids and polyol. This type of polymer has a wide range of applications in various industries, such as automotive, furniture, coatings, packaging, and biomedical. The traditional process of synthesizing polyester mainly uses metal catalyst polymerization under high-temperature. This condition may have problems with metal residue and undesired side reactions. As an alternative, enzyme-catalyzed polymerization is evolving rapidly due to the metal-free residue, satisfactory biocompatibility, and mild reaction conditions. This article presented the reaction modes of enzyme-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization and enzyme-catalyzed polycondensation and their combinations, respectively. In addition, the article also summarized how lipase-catalyzed the polymerization of polyester, which includes (i) the distinctive features of lipase, (ii) the lipase-catalyzed polymerization and its mechanism, and (iii) the lipase stability under organic solvent and high-temperature conditions. In addition, this article also focused on the advantages and disadvantages of enzyme-catalyzed polyester synthesis under different solvent systems, including organic solvent systems, solvent-free systems, and green solvent systems. The challenges of enzyme optimization and process equipment innovation for further industrialization of enzyme-catalyzed polyester synthesis were also discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Tangshan Jinlihai Biodiesel Co. Ltd., Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Chee Keong Lee
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Noreen Suliani Mat Nanyan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
- Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Bazin A, Duval A, Avérous L, Pollet E. Synthesis of Bio-Based Photo-Cross-Linkable Polyesters Based on Caffeic Acid through Selective Lipase-Catalyzed Polymerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Bazin
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Antoine Duval
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Eric Pollet
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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