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Zhang F, Li N, Shi JF, Wang YY, Yan DX, Li ZM. Cation Bimetallic MOF Anchored Carbon Fiber for Highly Efficient Microwave Absorption. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2312135. [PMID: 38501794 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202312135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Carbon fiber (CF) is a potential microwave absorption (MA) material due to the strong dielectric loss. Nevertheless, owing to the high conductivity, poor impedance matching of carbon-based materials results in limited MA performance. How to solve this problem and achieve excellent MA performance remains a principal challenge. Herein, taking full advantage of CF and excellent impedance matching of bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOF) derivatives layer, an excellent microwave absorber based on micron-scale 1D CF and NiCoMOF (CF@NiCoMOF-800) is developed. After adjusting the oxygen vacancies of the bimetallic MOF, the resultant microwave absorber presented excellent MA properties including the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -80.63 dB and wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 8.01 GHz when its mass percent is only 5 wt.% and the thickness is 2.59 mm. Simultaneously, the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin (EP)-based coating with this microwave absorber are effectively improved. The hardness (H), elastic modulus (E), bending strength, and compressive strength of CF@NiCoMOF-800/EP coating are 334 MPa, 5.56 GPa, 82.2 MPa, and 135.8 MPa, which is 38%, 15%, 106% and 53% higher than EP coating. This work provides a promising solution for carbon materials achieving excellent MA properties and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Robotic Satellite Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Robotic Satellite Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jun-Feng Shi
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Robotic Satellite Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yue-Yi Wang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Robotic Satellite Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ding-Xiang Yan
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Robotic Satellite Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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2
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Peidayesh H, Ondriš L, Saparová S, Kovaľaková M, Fričová O, Chodák I. Biodegradable Nanocomposites Based on Blends of Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PBAT) and Thermoplastic Starch Filled with Montmorillonite (MMT): Physico-Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:540. [PMID: 38591383 PMCID: PMC10856518 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is widely used for production of biodegradable films due to its high elongation, excellent flexibility, and good processability properties. An effective way to develop more accessible PBAT-based bioplastics for wide application in packaging is blending of PBAT with thermoplastic starch (TPS) since PBAT is costly with prices approximately double or even triple the prices of traditional plastics like polyethylene. This study is focused on investigating the influence of TPS/PBAT blend ratio and montmorillonite (MMT) content on the physical and mechanical properties and molecular mobility of TPS-MMT/PBAT nanocomposites. Obtained TPS-MMT/PBAT nanocomposites through the melt blending process were characterized using tensile testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as solid-state 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Mechanical properties demonstrated that the addition of TPS to PBAT leads to a substantial decrease in the tensile strength as well as in the elongation at break, while Young's modulus is rising substantially, while the effect of the MMT addition is almost negligible on the tensile stress of the blends. DMTA results confirmed the formation of TPS domains in the PBAT matrix. With increasing TPS content, mobility of starch-rich regions of TPS domains slightly increases. However, molecular mobility in glycerol-rich regions of TPS domains in the blends was slightly restricted. Moreover, the data obtained from 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra indicated that the presence of TPS in the sample decreases the mobility of the PBAT chains, mainly those located at the TPS/PBAT interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Peidayesh
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Leoš Ondriš
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia (S.S.); (M.K.); (O.F.)
| | - Simona Saparová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia (S.S.); (M.K.); (O.F.)
| | - Mária Kovaľaková
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia (S.S.); (M.K.); (O.F.)
| | - Oľga Fričová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia (S.S.); (M.K.); (O.F.)
| | - Ivan Chodák
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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3
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Peidayesh H, Nógellová Z, Chodák I. Effects of Peroxide and Sulfur Curing Systems on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Nitrile Rubber Composites: A Comparative Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:71. [PMID: 38203924 PMCID: PMC10780276 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This study compares the effect of sulfur and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) vulcanizing systems on the physical and mechanical properties of rubber compounds based on acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). NBR compounds cured by different amounts of DCP and NBR vulcanizates filled with various concentrations of carbon black (CB) and a constant amount of sulfur or DCP were prepared. The vulcanizates were characterized by tensile testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and cross-link density determination. The tensile strength and Young's modulus were found to increase with the rising amount of DCP and CB, while elongation at break decreased. The samples vulcanized by the sulfur system and filled with CB show a substantial increase in tensile strength from 13.1 to 21.2 MPa. Higher storage modulus and glass transition temperature were observed with the increase in the amount of peroxide and filler, and consequently, the increase in cross-link density, indicating rigidity increase and lower molecular mobility. The changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the NBR vulcanizates were in correlation with the changes in solvent uptake and cross-link density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Peidayesh
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.N.); (I.C.)
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4
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Heydari A, KhajeHassani M, Daneshafruz H, Hamedi S, Dorchei F, Kotlár M, Kazeminava F, Sadjadi S, Doostan F, Chodak I, Sheibani H. Thermoplastic starch/bentonite clay nanocomposite reinforced with vitamin B 2: Physicochemical characteristics and release behavior. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124742. [PMID: 37148934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development and characterization of a nanocomposite material, consisting of thermoplastic starch (TPS) reinforced with bentonite clay (BC) and encapsulated with vitamin B2 (VB). The research is motivated by the potential of TPS as a renewable and biodegradable substitute for petroleum-based materials in the biopolymer industry. The effects of VB on the physicochemical properties of TPS/BC films, including mechanical and thermal properties, water uptake, and weight loss in water, were investigated. In addition, the surface morphology and chemical composition of the TPS samples were analyzed using high-resolution SEM microscopy and EDS, providing insight into the structure-property relationship of the nanocomposites. The results showed that the addition of VB significantly increased the tensile strength and Young's modulus of TPS/BC films, with the highest values observed for nanocomposites containing 5 php of VB and 3 php of BC. Furthermore, the release of VB was controlled by the BC content, with higher BC content leading to lower VB release. These findings demonstrate the potential of TPS/BC/VB nanocomposites as environmentally friendly materials with improved mechanical properties and controlled release of VB, which can have significant applications in the biopolymer industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Heydari
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia; National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nábrežie I. Krasku 4782/4, 921 12 Piešťany, Slovakia.
| | - Milad KhajeHassani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Daneshafruz
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169, Iran
| | - Sepideh Hamedi
- Faculty of New Technologies Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faeze Dorchei
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mário Kotlár
- Centre for Nanodiagnostics of Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Vazovova 5, Bratislava 81243, Slovakia
| | - Fahimeh Kazeminava
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samahe Sadjadi
- Gas Conversion Department, Faculty of Petrochemicals, Iran polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14975-112, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Doostan
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ivan Chodak
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hassan Sheibani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169, Iran
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Reza MM, Begum HA, Uddin AJ. Potentiality of sustainable corn starch-based biocomposites reinforced with cotton filter waste of spinning mill. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15697. [PMID: 37215920 PMCID: PMC10195908 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The textile sector is among the leading industries globally in terms of releasing pollutants and producing waste. Despite being reusable, many wastes are squandered by disposing to landfills or incineration, creating a serious environmental threat. Because the cost of raw materials makes up a significant portion of the total product cost, manufacturers can obtain significant profits by exploiting waste generated during the manufacturing process. Herein, an attempt has been taken to utilize cotton filter waste (CFW) (collected from the humidification plant of the spinning mill) as reinforcement in manufacturing biocomposites with the corn starch (CS) matrix. Starch was considered to be the most suitable matrix as it is sustainable, abundant, natural, biodegradable, and, more importantly, capable of showing thermoplastic behavior under high temperatures. Sheets of corn starch composites reinforced with different wt% of cleaned cotton filter waste were fabricated using hand layup and compression molding techniques. The 50 wt% cotton waste was found to be optimum loading in terms of tensile strength, Young's modulus, bending strength, toughness, impact strength, and thermal Conductivity of the biocomposites. SEM micrographs revealed good interfacial adhesion (bonding) in matrix and filler interfaces, with the most substantial bonding for composites containing 50% fibers that concomitantly enhanced the mechanical properties of composites. The obtained biocomposites are deemed to be a sustainable alternative to non-degradable synthetic polymeric materials like Styrofoam for packaging and insulation applications.
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Ortuño‐López MB, Salazar‐Cruz BA, del Real A, Almendarez‐Camarillo A, López‐Barroso J, Rivera‐Armenta JL, Flores‐Hernández CG. Physical Properties of Thermoplastic Cornstarch/
Hibiscus sabdariffa
Fiber Obtained by Evaporation Casting. STARCH-STARKE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica B. Ortuño‐López
- Departamento de metal mecánica Av. Tecnológico S/n Esq. Gral. Mariano Escobedo Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro Querétaro México
| | - Beatriz A. Salazar‐Cruz
- División de Estudios de Posgrado E Investigación Centro de Investigación en Petroquímica Pról. Bahía de Aldair y Ave. de las bahías Parque de la pequeña y mediana industria Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero Altamira Mexico
| | - Alicia del Real
- Departamento de Ingeniería Molecular de Materiales Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro C.P. 76230 Querétaro Mexico
| | - Armando Almendarez‐Camarillo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Tecnológico Nacional de México/ Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya Celaya Guanajuato México
| | - Juventino López‐Barroso
- Departamento de metal mecánica Av. Tecnológico S/n Esq. Gral. Mariano Escobedo Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro Querétaro México
| | - José L. Rivera‐Armenta
- División de Estudios de Posgrado E Investigación Centro de Investigación en Petroquímica Pról. Bahía de Aldair y Ave. de las bahías Parque de la pequeña y mediana industria Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero Altamira Mexico
| | - Cynthia G. Flores‐Hernández
- Departamento de metal mecánica Av. Tecnológico S/n Esq. Gral. Mariano Escobedo Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro Querétaro México
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7
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Šmídová N, Peidayesh H, Baran A, Fričová O, Kovaľaková M, Králiková R, Chodák I. Influence of Air Humidity Level on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Starch-Montmorillonite Nanocomposite during Storage. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16030900. [PMID: 36769907 PMCID: PMC9917559 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) consisting of corn starch and glycerol as a plasticizer, and TPS-montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite were stored at room temperature in the air with relative humidities (RH) of 11, 55 and 85% for seven weeks. Mechanical testing and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were performed to detect changes in their mechanical properties. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy monitoring the changes in molecular mobility in the samples provided an insight into relations between mechanical properties and local structure. The results of mechanical testing indicated that the addition of MMT results in the increase in the tensile strength and Young's modulus while elongation at break decreased, indicating the reinforcing effect of MMT. DMTA experiments revealed a decrease in glass transition temperature of starch-rich phase below room temperature for samples stored at higher RH (55 and 85%). This indicates that absorbed water molecules had additional plasticizing effect on starch resulting in higher mobility of starch chain segments. Recrystallization in these samples was deduced from the shape of cross-polarization magic-angle spinning 13C NMR spectra. The shape of broad-line 1H NMR spectra reflected changes in molecular mobility in the studied samples during seven weeks of storage and revealed that a high amount of water molecules impacts the starch intermolecular hydrogen bond density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Šmídová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Hamed Peidayesh
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anton Baran
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Oľga Fričová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mária Kovaľaková
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ružena Králiková
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 5, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Chodák
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
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8
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Thermoresponsive nanocomposite hydrogels based on Gelatin/poly (N–isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) for controlled drug delivery. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Ferrari F, Striani R, Fico D, Alam MM, Greco A, Esposito Corcione C. An Overview on Wood Waste Valorization as Biopolymers and Biocomposites: Definition, Classification, Production, Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245519. [PMID: 36559886 PMCID: PMC9787771 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polymers, obtained from natural biomass, are nowadays considered good candidates for the replacement of traditional fossil-derived plastics. The need for substituting traditional synthetic plastics is mainly driven by many concerns about their detrimental effects on the environment and human health. The most innovative way to produce bioplastics involves the use of raw materials derived from wastes. Raw materials are of vital importance for human and animal health and due to their economic and environmental benefits. Among these, wood waste is gaining popularity as an innovative raw material for biopolymer manufacturing. On the other hand, the use of wastes as a source to produce biopolymers and biocomposites is still under development and the processing methods are currently being studied in order to reach a high reproducibility and thus increase the yield of production. This study therefore aimed to cover the current developments in the classification, manufacturing, performances and fields of application of bio-based polymers, especially focusing on wood waste sources. The work was carried out using both a descriptive and an analytical methodology: first, a description of the state of art as it exists at present was reported, then the available information was analyzed to make a critical evaluation of the results. A second way to employ wood scraps involves their use as bio-reinforcements for composites; therefore, the increase in the mechanical response obtained by the addition of wood waste in different bio-based matrices was explored in this work. Results showed an increase in Young's modulus up to 9 GPa for wood-reinforced PLA and up to 6 GPa for wood-reinforced PHA.
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10
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Hossain N, Chowdhury MA, Noman TI, Rana MM, Ali MH, Alruwais RS, Alam MS, Alamry KA, Aljabri MD, Rahman MM. Synthesis and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Bio-Composite from Fenugreek as a Natural Resource. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235141. [PMID: 36501535 PMCID: PMC9739852 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study show the usability of starch (tamarind) based-bio-composite film reinforced by fenugreek by various percentages to replace the traditional petrochemical plastics. The prepared bio-composite films were systematically characterized using the universal testing machine (UTM), soil degradation, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and antibacterial tests. The experiments showed that a lower percentage of fenugreek improves biodegradation and mechanical strength. More than 60% of biodegradation occurred in only 30 days. Almost 3 N/mm2 tensile strength and 6.5% tensile strain were obtained. The presence of micropores confirmed by SEM images may accelerate the biodegradation process. Antibacterial activity was observed with two samples of synthesized bio-composite, due to photoactive compounds confirmed by FTIR spectra. The glass transition temperature was shown to be higher than the room temperature, with the help of thermal analysis. The prepared bio-composite containing 5% and 10% fenugreek showed antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayem Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur 1700, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.A.C.); (M.D.A.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Tauhidul Islam Noman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur 1700, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Masud Rana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur 1700, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Hasan Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur 1700, Bangladesh
| | - Raja Saad Alruwais
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Dawadmi 11912, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Shafiul Alam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur 1700, Bangladesh
| | - Khalid A. Alamry
- Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood D. Aljabri
- Department of Chemistry, University College in Al-Jamoum, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.C.); (M.D.A.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Mohammed M. Rahman
- Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellent for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) & Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.C.); (M.D.A.); (M.M.R.)
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11
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Electrical Conductivity of Rubber Composites with Varying Crosslink Density under Cyclic Deformation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173640. [PMID: 36080717 PMCID: PMC9460271 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies addressing electroconductive composites based on rubber have attracted great interest for many engineering applications. To contribute to obtaining useful materials with reproducible behavior, this study focused on understanding the mechanism of conductivity changes during mechanical deformation for rubber composites based on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) or ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) vulcanized for various times. The composites were characterized by static electrical conductivity, tensile testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and crosslink density measurements. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus were found to increase significantly with rising vulcanization time. Higher static conductivity values of the composites were observed with the increase in vulcanization time. The most important aspect of this investigation consisted in the electrical current measurement online with recording the stress-strain curves, revealing the details of the uniaxial cyclic deformation effect on changes in the structure of conductive pathways indirectly. The electrical conductivity during five runs of repeated cyclic mechanical deformations for SBR composites increased permanently, although not linearly, whereas EPDM composites showed a slight increase or at least a nearly constant current, indicating healing of minor defects in the conductive pathways or the formation of new conductive pathways.
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12
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Asadollahzadeh M, Mahboubi A, Taherzadeh MJ, Åkesson D, Lennartsson PR. Application of Fungal Biomass for the Development of New Polylactic Acid-Based Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091738. [PMID: 35566907 PMCID: PMC9100248 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal biomass (FB), a by-product of the fermentation processes produced in large volumes, is a promising biomaterial that can be incorporated into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to develop enhanced biocomposites that fully comply with the biobased circular economy concept. The PLA/FB composites, with the addition of triethyl citrate (TEC) as a biobased plasticizer, were fabricated by a microcompounder at 150 °C followed by injection molding. The effects of FB (10 and 20 wt %) and TEC (5, 10, and 15 wt %) contents on the mechanical, thermal and surface properties of the biocomposites were analyzed by several techniques. The PLA/FB/TEC composites showed a rough surface in their fracture section. A progressive decrease in tensile strength and Young’s modulus was observed with increasing FB and TEC, while elongation at break and impact strength started to increase. The neat PLA and biocomposite containing 10% FB and 15% TEC exhibited the lowest (3.84%) and highest (224%) elongation at break, respectively. For all blends containing FB, the glass transition, crystallization and melting temperatures were shifted toward lower values compared to the neat PLA. The incorporation of FB to PLA thus offers the possibility to overcome one of the main drawbacks of PLA, which is brittleness.
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