Syngas Fermentation for the Production of Bio-Based Polymers: A Review

Integrated Biorefinery for a Next-Generation Methanization Process Focusing on Volatile Fatty Acid Valorization: A Critical Review

This review addresses the critical issue of a rapidly increasing worldwide waste stream and the need for sustainable management. The paper proposes an integrated transformation toward a next-generation methanization process, which leads not only to treating waste but also to converting it into higher value compounds and greener energy. Although the current and commonly used anaerobic digestion process is useful for biogas production, it presents limitations of resource exploitation and some negative environmental impacts. Focusing on the acidogenic stage in waste stream processing, the paper discusses the recent strategies to enhance the recovery of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). These acids serve as precursors for synthesizing a variety of biochemicals and biofuels, offering higher value products than solely energy recovery and soil fertilizers. Additionally, the importance of recycling the fermentation residues back into the biorefinery process is highlighted. This recycling not only generates additional VFAs but also contributes to generating clean energy, thereby enhancing the overall sustainability and efficiency of the waste management system. Moreover, the review discusses the necessity to integrate life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) to evaluate the environmental impacts, sustainability, and processing costs of the proposed biorefinery.

Composition of Lignocellulose Hydrolysate in Different Biorefinery Strategies: Nutrients and Inhibitors

The hydrolysis and biotransformation of lignocellulose, i.e., biorefinery, can provide human beings with biofuels, bio-based chemicals, and materials, and is an important technology to solve the fossil energy crisis and promote global sustainable development. Biorefinery involves steps such as pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation, and researchers have developed a variety of biorefinery strategies to optimize the process and reduce process costs in recent years. Lignocellulosic hydrolysates are platforms that connect the saccharification process and downstream fermentation. The hydrolysate composition is closely related to biomass raw materials, the pretreatment process, and the choice of biorefining strategies, and provides not only nutrients but also possible inhibitors for downstream fermentation. In this review, we summarized the effects of each stage of lignocellulosic biorefinery on nutrients and possible inhibitors, analyzed the huge differences in nutrient retention and inhibitor generation among various biorefinery strategies, and emphasized that all steps in lignocellulose biorefinery need to be considered comprehensively to achieve maximum nutrient retention and optimal control of inhibitors at low cost, to provide a reference for the development of biomass energy and chemicals.

Hydrothermal conversion of biomass to fuels, chemicals and materials: A review holistically connecting product properties and marketable applications

Biomass is a renewable and carbon-neutral resource with good features for producing biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials. Among the different technologies developed to date to convert biomass into such commodities, hydrothermal conversion (HC) is a very appealing and sustainable option, affording marketable gaseous (primarily containing H₂, CO, CH₄, and CO₂), liquid (biofuels, aqueous phase carbohydrates, and inorganics), and solid products (energy-dense biofuels (up to 30 MJ/kg) with excellent functionality and strength). Given these prospects, this publication first-time puts together essential information on the HC of lignocellulosic and algal biomasses covering all the steps involved. Particularly, this work reports and comments on the most important properties (e.g., physiochemical and fuel properties) of all these products from a holistic and practical perspective. It also gathers vital information addressing selecting and using different downstream/upgrading processes to convert HC reaction products into marketable biofuels (HHV up to 46 MJ/kg), biochemicals (yield >90 %), and biomaterials (great functionality and surface area up to 3600 m²/g). As a result of this practical vision, this work not only comments on and summarizes the most important properties of these products but also analyzes and discusses present and future applications, establishing an invaluable link between product properties and market needs to push HC technologies transition from the laboratory to the industry. Such a practical and pioneering approach paves the way for the future development, commercialization and industrialization of HC technologies to develop holistic and zero-waste biorefinery processes.

Industrial side streams as sustainable substrates for microbial production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a microbially produced biopolymer that is emerging as a propitious alternative to petroleum-based plastics owing to its biodegradable and biocompatible properties. However, to date, the relatively high costs related to the PHB production process are hampering its widespread commercialization. Since feedstock costs add up to half of the total production costs, ample research has been focusing on the use of inexpensive industrial side streams as carbon sources. While various industrial side streams such as second-generation carbohydrates, lignocellulose, lipids, and glycerol have been extensively investigated in liquid fermentation processes, also gaseous sources, including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane, are gaining attention as substrates for gas fermentation. In addition, recent studies have investigated two-stage processes to convert waste gases into PHB via organic acids or alcohols. In this review, a variety of different industrial side streams are discussed as more sustainable and economical carbon sources for microbial PHB production. In particular, a comprehensive overview of recent developments and remaining challenges in fermentation strategies using these feedstocks is provided, considering technical, environmental, and economic aspects to shed light on their industrial feasibility. As such, this review aims to contribute to the global shift towards a zero-waste bio-economy and more sustainable materials.