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Guo L, Wang F, Chai H, Liu G, Jian X, Zhao J, Liu K, Liu H, Liu T, Zhang X, Wang Y, Liu F. Mechanochemical Recycling of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Scraps for Quantitative Replacement of Polyol Using Wedge-Block-Reinforced Extruder. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1633. [PMID: 38931982 PMCID: PMC11207381 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recycling flexible polyurethane foam (F-PUF) scraps is difficult due to the material's high cross-linking structure. In this work, a wedge-block-reinforced extruder with a considerable enhanced shear extrusion and stretching area between the rotating screw and the stationary wedge blocks was utilized to recycle F-PUF scraps into powder containing surface-active hydroxyl groups. The powder was then utilized for the quantitative replacement of polyol in the foaming process. Characterizations showed that the continuous shear extrusion and stretching during the extrusion process reduced the volume mean diameter (VMD) of the F-PUF powder obtained by extruding it three times at room temperature to reach 54 μm. The -OH number (OHN) of the powder prepared by extruding it three times reached 19.51 mgKOH/g due to the mechanochemical effect of the powdering method. The F-PUF containing recycled powder used to quantitively replace 10 wt.% polyol was similar in microstructure and chemical structure to the original F-PUF, with a compression set of 2%, indentation load deflection of 21.3 lbf, resilience of 43.4%, air permeability of 815.7 L/m2·s, tensile strength of 73.0 Kpa, and tear strength of 2.3 N/cm, indicating that the recycling method has potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China;
| | - Fu Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Hailin Chai
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Gongxu Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Xingao Jian
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Jinyang Zhao
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Haichao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China;
| | - Tiewei Liu
- Hisense Refrigerator Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266700, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xiangping Zhang
- Hisense Refrigerator Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266700, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongshuai Wang
- Hisense Refrigerator Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266700, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Fumin Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
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Maulana S, Wibowo ES, Mardawati E, Iswanto AH, Papadopoulos A, Lubis MAR. Eco-Friendly and High-Performance Bio-Polyurethane Adhesives from Vegetable Oils: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1613. [PMID: 38891559 PMCID: PMC11174640 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Current petrochemical-based adhesives adversely affect the environment through substantial volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions during production, contributing to air pollution and climate change. In contrast, vegetable oils extracted from bio-resources provide a compelling alternative owing to their renewability, abundance, and compatibility with adhesive formulation chemistry. This review aimed to critically examine and synthesize the existing scholarly literature on environmentally friendly, sustainable, and high-performance polyurethane adhesives (PUAs) developed from vegetable oils. The use of PUAs derived from vegetable oils promises to provide a long-term replacement while simultaneously maintaining or improving adhesive properties. This quality renders these adhesives appropriate for widespread use in various sectors, including construction, automotive manufacturing, packaging, textile, and footwear industries. This review intended to perform a comprehensive assessment and integration of the existing research, thereby identifying the raw materials, strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in knowledge concerning vegetable oil-based PUAs. In doing so, it responded to these gaps and proposes potential avenues for future research. Therefore, this review accomplishes more than merely evaluating the existing research; it fosters the advancement of greener PUA technologies by identifying areas for improvement and innovation towards more sustainable industrial practices by showcasing vegetable oil-based PUAs as viable, high-performance alternatives to their petroleum-based counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Maulana
- Department of Forestry Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), Bandar Lampung 35365, Indonesia;
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia;
| | - Eko Setio Wibowo
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia;
| | - Efri Mardawati
- Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia
| | - Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20355, Indonesia;
| | - Antonios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-66100 Drama, Greece
| | - Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia;
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia
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Rahman MA, Mubarak NM, Azmi IS, Jalil MJ. Sustainable approach for catalytic green epoxidation of oleic acid with applied ion exchange resin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15470. [PMID: 37726425 PMCID: PMC10509272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxides were primarily derived from petroleum-based sources. However, there has been limited research on optimizing the process parameters for epoxidized palm oil-derived oleic acid, resulting in its underutilization. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the catalytic epoxidation of palm oleic acid concerning the oxirane content by applying ion exchange resin as a catalyst. Epoxidized oleic acid was produced using in-situ-formed performic acid by combining formic acid as the oxygen carrier with hydrogen peroxide as the oxygen donor. The findings revealed that the optimal reaction conditions for producing epoxidized oleic acid with the highest oxirane content were an Amberlite IR-120 catalyst loading of 0.9 g, a molar ratio of formic acid to oleic acid of 1:1., and a molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to oleic acid of 1:1.1. By employing these optimal conditions, the maximum relative conversion of palm oleic acid to oxirane was achieved at 85%. The reaction rate constants (k) based on the optimized epoxidized oleic acid are determined as follows: k11 = 20 mol L-1 min-1, k12 = 2 mol L-1 min-1, and k2 = 20 mol L-1 min-1. The findings validated the kinetic model by showing good agreement between the simulation and experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Abdul Rahman
- Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, Perai, Malaysia
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India.
| | - Intan Suhada Azmi
- Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Masai, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Jumain Jalil
- Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Masai, Malaysia.
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Stavila E, Yuliati F, Adharis A, Laksmono JA, Iqbal M. Recent advances in synthesis of polymers based on palm oil and its fatty acids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14747-14775. [PMID: 37197178 PMCID: PMC10184022 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01913f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Palm oil is a versatile bio-renewable resource for consumer products, oleochemicals, and biofuels. The utilization of palm oil in polymer production as a bio-based polymer is considered a promising alternative to conventional petrochemical-based polymers due to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, and vast obtainability. Triglycerides and fatty acids in palm oil and their derivatives can be utilized as bio-based monomers for synthesizing polymers. This review summarizes the recent advancement in using palm oil and its fatty acids for polymer synthesis and their applications. Moreover, this review will overview the most commonly used synthesis pathways for producing palm oil-based polymers. Therefore, this review can be used as a reference for designing a new approach to synthesizing palm oil-based polymers with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erythrina Stavila
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, Research Organization for Nanotechnology and Material (ORNM), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Gedung 460 KST B. J. Habibie/Puspiptek, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Tangerang Selatan 15315 Banten Indonesia
| | - Frita Yuliati
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, Research Organization for Nanotechnology and Material (ORNM), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Gedung 460 KST B. J. Habibie/Puspiptek, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Tangerang Selatan 15315 Banten Indonesia
| | - Azis Adharis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Computer Science, Universitas Pertamina (UPER) Jl. Teuku Nyak Arief, RT.7/RW.8, Simprug Jakarta Selatan 12220 Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Indonesia
| | - Joddy Arya Laksmono
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, Research Organization for Nanotechnology and Material (ORNM), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Gedung 460 KST B. J. Habibie/Puspiptek, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Tangerang Selatan 15315 Banten Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) Jl. Ganesha No. 10 Bandung 40135 Jawa Barat Indonesia
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Rahman MA, Azmi IS, Ab Kadir MZ, Mohamed N, Jalil MJ. Eco friendly synthesis of epoxidized palm oleic acid in acidic ion exchange resin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2023-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Global raw material use has moved from a non-renewable to a renewable resource. Additionally, the research on epoxidation has produced a safer, more cost-effective, and ecologically friendly product than non-renewable resources. At present, there are limited studies on the production of epoxidized palm oleic acid using eco-friendly ion exchange resin method. Consequently, the objective of this study is to optimise the reaction conditions of epoxidation palm oleic acid using ion exchange resin (amberlite IR 120H) as a catalyst. Epoxidized palm oleic acid was prepared using performic acid formed in situ by mixing formic acid with hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that the optimum reaction conditions for the production of oxirane content were a temperature of 75 °C and a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 30%. The maximum relative conversion of palm oleic acid to oxirane was achieved using the optimum conditions with up to 75%. Finally, a mathematical model was developed using MATLAB and the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method was integrated with the genetic algorithm to determine the reaction rate, which was consistent with the experimental data. This study proved that palm oleic acid was successfully converted into a green epoxide that promotes the use of palm oil as a raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam A. Rahman
- Chemical Engineering Studies , College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang , Kampus Permatang Pauh , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia
| | - Intan Suhada Azmi
- Chemical Engineering Studies , College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor , Kampus Pasir Gudang , Segamat , Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zulkipli Ab Kadir
- Chemical Engineering Studies , College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang , Kampus Permatang Pauh , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia
| | - Noorfazlida Mohamed
- Chemical Engineering Studies , College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang , Kampus Permatang Pauh , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia
| | - Mohd Jumain Jalil
- Chemical Engineering Studies , College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor , Kampus Pasir Gudang , Segamat , Malaysia
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Puszka A, Podkościelna B. Special Issue: Synthesis, Processing, Structure and Properties of Polymer Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4550. [PMID: 36365544 PMCID: PMC9658594 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials are widely used in many different technical fields [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Puszka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Podkościelna
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
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Thermal Insulating Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Bio-Polyol from Rapeseed Oil Modified by Phosphorus Additive and Reactive Flame Retardants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012386. [PMID: 36293244 PMCID: PMC9604392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, rigid polyurethane foams obtained with the addition of a bio-polyol from rapeseed oil, were modified with the dimethyl propane phosphonate as additive flame retardant and two reactive flame retardants diethyl (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate and diethyl bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-aminomethylphosphonate. The influence of used flame retardants on the foaming process and characteristic processing times of tested polyurethane systems were determined. The obtained foams were tested in terms of cell structure, physical and mechanical properties, as well as flammability. Modified foams had worse mechanical and thermal insulation properties, caused by lower cellular density and higher anisotropy coefficient in the cross-section parallel to the foam rise direction, compared to unmodified foam. However, the thermal conductivity of all tested foam materials was lower than 25.82 mW/m∙K. The applied modifiers effectively reduced the flammability of rigid polyurethane foams, among others, increasing the oxygen index above 21.4 vol.%, reducing the total heat released by about 41-51% and the rate of heat release by about 2-52%. A correlation between the limiting oxygen index values and both total heat released parameters from the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and cone calorimetry was observed. The correlation was also visible between the value of the heat release capacity (HRC) parameter obtained from the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) from the cone calorimeter test.
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Pan X, Tian Y, Li J, Tan Q, Ren J. Bio-based polyurethane reactive hot-melt adhesives derived from isosorbide-based polyester polyols with different carbon chain lengths. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yuan S, Cheng L, Tan Z. Characteristics and preparation of oil-coated fertilizers: A review. J Control Release 2022; 345:675-684. [PMID: 35339580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As the slow-release fertilizer, oil-coated fertilizer can not only slow down the nutrients loss, but also have outstanding advantages in controlling the nutrients release. Based on a large number of literature, this paper systematically investigated the composition, classification, properties and preparation of oil-coated fertilizers, summarizes the challenges faced by the oil-coated fertilizers and offers a few suggestions for the future research. Through literature research, some important conclusions were found: (1) Oil-coated fertilizers are generally composed of core fertilizers and coated oil layers, and some have active interlayers. (2) Vegetable oils has the characteristics of easy degradation, water resistance and impact resistance, and the nutrient release curves of vegetable oil coated fertilizer in soil and still water are "S" type. (3) The modified polyurethane exhibits good compatibility with urea, and can control the release of N in a long period of time, which is 30 days longer than the N release life of ordinary polyurethane-coated fertilizers. (4) Oil-coated fertilizers can reduce the loss of N by slowing down the hydrolysis rate of urea and the nitrification from NH4+ to NO3-, which reduces the N2O release by 70-80% compared to the uncoated fertilizers. Moreover, the paper also proposes a new preparation method of oil-coated material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Cheng
- Changjiang Survey, Planning, Design and Research CO., LTD, No. 1863, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430010, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongxin Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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