1
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Shan Z, Huang J, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Li Y. Glutaraldehyde crosslinked ternary carboxymethylcellulose/polyvinyl alcohol/polyethyleneimine film with enhanced mechanical properties, water resistance, antibacterial activity, and UV-shielding ability without any UV absorbents. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134563. [PMID: 39116969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite the plethora of methods reported for fabricating ultraviolet (UV) shielding films using various UV absorbers to date, it remains a major challenge for the development of novel UV shielding films that simultaneously exhibit excellent transparency. In this work, a novel composite film (GA-x-CMC/PVA/PEI) is fabricated by integrating anionic carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), cationic polyethyleneimine (PEI), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) via electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions and further cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (GA). Herein, PVA expands hydrogen bonding networks, reduces film haze, and enhances its mechanical strength. GA acts as a crosslinker in producing Schiff bases with PEI and acetals with CMC and PVA. The synthesized GA-x-CMC/PVA/PEI composite film possesses a notable amount of unsaturated -CH=N- bonds of Schiff base, resulting from the condensation of PEI and GA, which exhibit superior shielding efficiency against both UV-A and UV-B rays while maintaining exceptional transparency, visibility, and simultaneously enhancing mechanical properties and thermal stability. Notably, increasing the content of PEI leads to almost complete shielding of the entire UV spectrum (<400 nm) due to the increasing of the number of -CH=N- unsaturated bonds. Furthermore, the obtained film without any UV-shielding additives has exceptional mechanical properties, hydrophobicity, and antibacterial properties, rendering it a wide application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Shan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Panyu Campus, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Panyu Campus, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuling Huang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Panyu Campus, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Panyu Campus, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Panyu Campus, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Cao C, Cai M, Zhao L, Li G. Improving Water Stability of Soil Aggregates with Polyvinyl Alcohol as a Polymeric Binder. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1758. [PMID: 39000614 PMCID: PMC11243888 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil degradation threatens agricultural productivity and food supply, leading to hunger issues in some developing regions. To address this challenge, we developed a low-cost, highly efficient, and long-term stable soil improvement method. We chose polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a commercially available polymer that is safe and non-degradable, to serve as a soil adhesive. We mixed PVA solution into the soil and applied a drying treatment to enhance the bonding between PVA and the soil, achieving highly water-stable soil. This PVA-stabilized soil exhibits low bulk density, high porosity, and high permeability, making it an ideal substrate for planting. In a germination test, the PVA-stabilized soil revealed a higher germination rate and growth rate compared to those of the non-treated soil. We believe this simple and efficient soil improvement method can restore degraded soil and contribute to sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Cao
- School of Electrics and Computer Engineering, Nanfang College, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510970, China
| | - Minkun Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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3
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Maraveas C, Kyrtopoulos IV, Arvanitis KG. Evaluation of the Viability of 3D Printing in Recycling Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1104. [PMID: 38675022 PMCID: PMC11054724 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased use of plastics in industrial and agricultural applications has led to high levels of pollution worldwide and is a significant challenge. To address this plastic pollution, conventional methods such as landfills and incineration are used, leading to further challenges such as the generation of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, increasing interest has been directed to identifying alternative methods to dispose of plastic waste from agriculture. The novelty of the current research arose from the lack of critical reviews on how 3-Dimensional (3D) printing was adopted for recycling plastics, its application in the production of agricultural plastics, and its specific benefits, disadvantages, and limitations in recycling plastics. The review paper offers novel insights regarding the application of 3D printing methods including Fused Particle Fabrication (FPF), Hot Melt Extrusion (HME), and Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) to make filaments from plastics. However, the methods were adopted in local recycling setups where only small quantities of the raw materials were considered. Data was collected using a systematic review involving 39 studies. Findings showed that the application of the 3D printing methods led to the generation of agricultural plastics such as Polylactic Acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), which were found to have properties comparable to those of virgin plastic, suggesting the viability of 3D printing in managing plastic pollution. However, limitations were also associated with the 3D printing methods; 3D-printed plastics deteriorated rapidly under Ultraviolet (UV) light and are non-biodegradable, posing further risks of plastic pollution. However, UV stabilization helps reduce plastic deterioration, thus increasing longevity and reducing disposal. Future directions emphasize identifying methods to reduce the deterioration of 3D-printed agricultural plastics and increasing their longevity in addition to UV stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthos Maraveas
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece; (I.V.K.); (K.G.A.)
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Maraveas C, Kyrtopoulos IV, Arvanitis KG, Bartzanas T. The Aging of Polymers under Electromagnetic Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:689. [PMID: 38475374 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials degrade as they react with environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and humidity. Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun's ultraviolet rays weakens the mechanical properties of polymers, causing them to degrade. This study examined the phenomenon of polymer aging due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The study examined three specific objectives, including the key theories explaining ultraviolet (UV) radiation's impact on polymer decomposition, the underlying testing procedures for determining the aging properties of polymeric materials, and appraising the current technical methods for enhancing the UV resistance of polymers. The study utilized a literature review methodology to understand the aging effect of electromagnetic radiation on polymers. Thus, the study concluded that using additives and UV absorbers on polymers and polymer composites can elongate the lifespan of polymers by shielding them from the aging effects of UV radiation. The findings from the study suggest that thermal conditions contribute to polymer degradation by breaking down their physical and chemical bonds. Thermal oxidative environments accelerate aging due to the presence of UV radiation and temperatures that foster a quicker degradation of plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthos Maraveas
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vasileios Kyrtopoulos
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos G Arvanitis
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Bartzanas
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
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5
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Mikac L, Csáki A, Zentai B, Rigó I, Veres M, Tolić A, Gotić M, Ivanda M. UV Irradiation of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polypropylene and Detection of Formed Microplastic Particles Down to 1 μm. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300497. [PMID: 37882964 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of plastics upon UVC irradiation in aqueous solution and the formation of microplastic (MP) particles were investigated. Polypropylene (PP) and recycled and virgin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were irradiated with a UV lamp emitting light at 254 nm. Irradiation was performed for 15 and 30 min, respectively, at an intensity of about 0.3 W cm-2 . The formation of MP was studied by Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that MP particles were formed after irradiation and that their number was significantly higher in the recycled PET than in the virgin material. The number of PP MP formed was lower compared to PET and was not significantly different after 15 and 30 min. In addition, ethanol was used as an alternative solvent to investigate how its chemical properties and interactions with UVC irradiation affect the degradation of PET and PP plastics. The use of ethanol and recycled PET resulted in a lower number of MP particles at both irradiation times. When ethanol was used after 30 min of irradiation, significantly more PP MP formed. The different chemical structures of PET and PP combined with the different solvent properties of water and ethanol contribute to the differences in their susceptibility to UVC degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Mikac
- Molecular Physics and New Materials Synthesis Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Applied and Nonlinear Optics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Csáki
- Department of Applied and Nonlinear Optics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Benedek Zentai
- Department of Applied and Nonlinear Optics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Rigó
- Department of Applied and Nonlinear Optics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Veres
- Department of Applied and Nonlinear Optics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ana Tolić
- Molecular Physics and New Materials Synthesis Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Gotić
- Molecular Physics and New Materials Synthesis Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mile Ivanda
- Molecular Physics and New Materials Synthesis Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Song S, Wu Q, Ji D, Li L, Wang Q, Zhang M. Nacre-inspired composite paper of PVA crosslinked basalt scale and nanocellulose with enhanced mechanical, electrical insulating and ultraviolet-resistant aging performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128602. [PMID: 38056749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Silicate scales are commonly incorporated into cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as functional fillers to enhance electrical insulation and UV-shielding properties. Nevertheless, the addition of substantial quantities of silicate scales in the quest for enhanced functional properties results in reduced interface bonding capability and compromised mechanical properties, thereby restricting their application. Here, inspired from nacre, layered composite paper with excellent mechanical strength, electrical insulation and UV-resistance properties was fabricated through vacuum assisted self-assembly using CNF, PVA and basalt scales (BS). Unlike the conventional blending strategy, the pre-mixed PVA and BS suspension facilitates the formation of Al-O-C bond, thereby enhancing the interfacial bonding between BS and CNF. Consequently, the composite paper (BS@PVA/PVA/CNF) containing 60 wt% BS demonstrates higher mechanical strength-approximately 140 % higher than that of BS/CNF composite paper, achieving a strength of 33.5 MPa. Additionally, it demonstrates enhanced dielectric properties, surpassing those of CNF paper by up to 107 %. Moreover, it exhibits robust ultraviolet-resistant aging performance, retaining ~87 % of its tensile strength after undergoing a simulated two-year aging period. As a result, this work presents a simple and innovative design strategy for enhancing interfacial bonding and optimizing layer structure, providing essential guidelines for large-scale production of high-performance insulation and aging-resistant composite paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxi Song
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Dexian Ji
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Linghao Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Qianyu Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Meiyun Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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7
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Yao Z, Li B, Li C. Distribution properties of ultraviolet absorbents in different species of biodegradable plastics. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1453-1459. [PMID: 36950979 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231159842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) in the environment have been of increasing concern because of their potential toxicity. However, data on UVAs in the biodegradable plastics are still limited. In this work, we determined the concentrations of 13 UVAs in 6 different types of biodegradable plastic products from Beijing, China, by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and found the total concentrations in the range of 37.21-1,138,526 ng g-1. These target UVAs, BP (benzophenone), BP-3, BP-12, UV-328, UV-234, UV-326, UV-329, UV-360 and UV-P are prevalent in the plastic bags, garbage bags, food packaging bags, plastic lunch boxes and tableware, product packing bags and mulch films, except for BP-1, UV-320, UV-327 and UV-PS. This finding showed that the total concentrations of the 13 UVAs in biodegradable mulch films (mean: 1,138,527 ng g-1) were several orders of magnitude higher than those in the other 5 categories of samples (mean: 37.21-186.9 ng g-1). And the UV-328 and BP-1 were the most important components of UVAs in the biodegradable mulch films, with the levels ranging of 726,568-1,062,687 ng g-1 and 317,470-506,178 ng g-1, respectively. As the majority of UVAs were detected in biodegradable plastics, the potential risk of UVAs exposure may exist in the environment with the large-scale use of biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Yao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingru Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Foetisch A, Filella M, Watts B, Bragoni M, Bigalke M. After the sun: a nanoscale comparison of the surface chemical composition of UV and soil weathered plastics. MICROPLASTICS AND NANOPLASTICS 2023; 3:18. [PMID: 37547699 PMCID: PMC10400702 DOI: 10.1186/s43591-023-00066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Once emitted into the environment, macro- (MaP), micro- (MP) and nanoplastics (NP) are exposed to environmental weathering. Yet, the effects of biogeochemical weathering factors occurring in the soil environment are unknown. As the transport, fate, and toxicity of MP and NP depend directly on their surface properties, it is crucial to characterize their transformation in soils to better predict their impact and interactions in this environment. Here, we used scanning transmission x-ray micro spectroscopy to characterize depth profiles of the surface alteration of environmental plastic debris retrieved from soil samples. Controlled weathering experiments in soil and with UV radiation were also performed to investigate the individual effect of these weathering factors on polymer surface alteration. The results revealed a weathered surface on a depth varying between 1 µm and 100 nm in PS, PET and PP environmental plastic fragments naturally weathered in soil. Moreover, the initial step of surface fragmentation was observed on a PS fragment, providing an insight on the factors and processes leading to the release of MP and NP in soils. The comparison of environmental, soil incubated (for 1 year) and UV weathered samples showed that the treatments led to different surface chemical modifications. While the environmental samples showed evidence of alteration involving oxidation processes, the UV weathered samples did not reveal oxidation signs at the surface but only decrease in peak intensities (indicating decrease of the number of chemical C bonds). After a one-year incubation of samples in soil no clear aging effects were observed, indicating that the aging of polymers can be slow in soils. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43591-023-00066-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Foetisch
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Filella
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Watts
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Maeva Bragoni
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Applied Geoscience, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Zhang L, You H, Chen J, Huang B, Cui Y, Hossain KB, Chen Q, Cai M, Qian Q. Surface structures changes and biofilm communities development of degradable plastics during aging in coastal seawater. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:114996. [PMID: 37301614 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable plastics (BPs) are a suitable alternative to conventional plastics. Still, their excessive or unplanned use may disrupt the abundance and community structure of the microbial population. To this end, a 58-day experiment in which biodegradable plastic objects, such as bags and boxes, were exposed to near-coastal seawater was conducted. They also assessed how they affected the diversity and organization of bacterial populations in seawater and on the surface of BPs products. It is evident that after the exposure time, both BP's bag and box products deteriorate in the ocean to varying degrees. The results of high-throughput sequencing of bacterial communities in seawater and those colonized on BPs products reveal significant differences in microbial community structures between seawater and BPs plastic samples. These suggest that the degradation of biodegradable plastics is shadowed by microorganisms and exposure time, while BP products influence the structural characteristics of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Huimin You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Baoquan Huang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yaozong Cui
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kazi Belayet Hossain
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Qingrong Qian
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
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10
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Andrady AL, Heikkilä AM, Pandey KK, Bruckman LS, White CC, Zhu M, Zhu L. Effects of UV radiation on natural and synthetic materials. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1177-1202. [PMID: 37039962 PMCID: PMC10088630 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on construction materials, especially wood and plastics, and the consequent impacts on their useful lifetimes, are well documented in scientific literature. Any future increase in solar UV radiation and ambient temperature due to climate change will therefore shorten service lifetimes of materials, which will require higher levels of stabilisation or other interventions to maintain their lifetimes at the present levels. The implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments on substances that deplete the ozone layer, controls the solar UV-B radiation received on Earth. This current quadrennial assessment provides a comprehensive update on the deleterious effects of solar UV radiation on the durability of natural and synthetic materials, as well as recent innovations in better stabilising of materials against solar UV radiation-induced damage. Pertinent emerging technologies for wood and plastics used in construction, composite materials used in construction, textile fibres, comfort fabric, and photovoltaic materials, are addressed in detail. Also addressed are the trends in technology designed to increase sustainability via replacing toxic, unsustainable, legacy additives with 'greener' benign substitutes that may indirectly affect the UV stability of the redesigned materials. An emerging class of efficient photostabilisers are the nanoscale particles that include oxide fillers and nanocarbons used in high-performance composites, which provide good UV stability to materials. They also allow the design of UV-shielding fabric materials with impressive UV protection factors. An emerging environmental issue related to the photodegradation of plastics is the generation of ubiquitous micro-scale particles from plastic litter exposed to solar UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | | | - K. K. Pandey
- Indian Academy of Wood Science, Bangalore, India
| | - L. S. Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | | | - M. Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - L. Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibres and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Belyi VA, Kuzivanov IM, Fedorova IV, Shumova OA, Tropnikov EM, Istomina EI, Chukicheva IY, Kuchin AV. Tailoring Photoprotection of Polylactide with New Isobornyl Derivatives of Phenol and Aniline. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092141. [PMID: 37177288 PMCID: PMC10180735 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This article is devoted to the development of new photostabilizers for polylactide (PLA), a polymer that is an environmentally friendly alternative to polymers and is based on fossil raw materials. We have elucidated the role of the reaction center of two potential PLA photoprotectors: N-isobornylaniline and 2-isobornylphenol, in reactions occurring in a polymer matrix under the action of UV-C radiation. PLA samples with the photostabilizers were irradiated under a wavelength of 253.7 nm for 4, 8 and 12 h. The effectiveness of the photostabilizers was evaluated based on FTIR spectrometric data, 1H and 13C NMR, scanning electron microscopy and simultaneous thermal analysis (TG-DSC). Both stabilizers led to the protection of ester bonds between monomer units of PLA. However, 2-isobornylphenol proved to be more effective at a concentration of 0.05 wt.%, while the optimal concentration of N-isobornylaniline was 0.5 wt.% by weight. TG-DSC showed that the addition of N-isobornylaniline led to an increase in PLA resistance to thermal decomposition; the temperature of the onset of weight loss increased by 2.8 °C at 0.05 wt.% and by 8.1 °C at 0.5 wt.% of N-isobornylaniline. The photoprotector 2-isobornylphenol, on the contrary, reduced the thermal stability of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Belyi
- Institute of Chemistry of FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Ivan M Kuzivanov
- Institute of Chemistry of FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Irina V Fedorova
- Institute of Chemistry of FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Olga A Shumova
- Institute of Chemistry of FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | | | - Elena I Istomina
- Institute of Chemistry of FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
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12
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Emad N, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Kariuki BM. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Containing Clotrimazole to Suppress Photodegradation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Thin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071632. [PMID: 37050246 PMCID: PMC10096931 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pol(vinyl chloride) or PVC has functional properties that enable its use in many industrial applications. It suffers from aging, however, in harsh conditions (e.g., elevated temperature or high humidity levels) if oxygen is present. One way to enhance the photostability of PVC is to blend it with additives. Thus, thin films were made by mixing PVC with clotrimazole, and five metal oxide (titanium, copper, cobalt, chromium, and nickel oxides) additives. The metal oxides and clotrimazole were added at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5% by weight, respectively. The effect of the metal oxide nanoparticles accompanied by clotrimazole on the photodegradation of PVC was then assessed. The results indicated that the additives have a stabilizing effect and protect PVC against photodegradation significantly. The formation of polymeric fragments of small molecular weight containing carbon-carbon double bonds and carbonyl groups was lower in the blends containing metal oxide nanoparticles and clotrimazole than in unblended PVC. Similarly, the decrease in weight was much less for the films blended with additives. Additionally, surface analysis of the irradiated polymeric films showed significantly lower damage in the materials containing additives. The most effective additive in the stabilization of PVC was nickel oxide nanoparticles. The metal oxides are highly alkaline and act as scavengers for the hydrogen chloride produced during the photodegradation of PVC. They additionally act as peroxide decomposers. In contrast, clotrimazole can absorb harmful radiation and act as an ultraviolet absorber due to its heteroatom and aromatic content. Thus, the use of a combination of metal oxide nanoparticles and clotrimazole led to significant improvement in the resistance of PVC toward photodegradation.
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13
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Lu Q, Zhou Y, Sui Q, Zhou Y. Mechanism and characterization of microplastic aging process: A review. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2023; 17:100. [PMID: 36935734 PMCID: PMC10010843 DOI: 10.1007/s11783-023-1700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing production of petroleum-based plastics, the problem of environmental pollution caused by plastics has aroused widespread concern. Microplastics, which are formed by the fragmentation of macro plastics, are bio-accumulate easily due to their small size and slow degradation under natural conditions. The aging of plastics is an inevitable process for their degradation and enhancement of adsorption performance toward pollutants due to a series of changes in their physiochemical properties, which significantly increase the toxicity and harm of plastics. Therefore, studies should focus on the aging process of microplastics through reasonable characterization methods to promote the aging process and prevent white pollution. This review summarizes the latest progress in natural aging process and characterization methods to determine the natural aging mechanism of microplastics. In addition, recent advances in the artificial aging of microplastic pollutants are reviewed. The degradation status and by-products of biodegradable plastics in the natural environment and whether they can truly solve the plastic pollution problem have been discussed. Findings from the literature pointed out that the aging process of microplastics lacks professional and exclusive characterization methods, which include qualitative and quantitative analyses. To lessen the toxicity of microplastics in the environment, future research directions have been suggested based on existing problems in the current research. This review could provide a systematic reference for in-depth exploration of the aging mechanism and behavior of microplastics in natural and artificial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwei Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Qian Sui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yanbo Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092 China
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14
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Naoom N, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Synthesis of Methyldopa-Tin Complexes and Their Applicability as Photostabilizers for the Protection of Polyvinyl Chloride against Photolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4590. [PMID: 36365583 PMCID: PMC9655565 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a ubiquitous thermoplastic that is produced on an enormous industrial scale to meet growing global demand. PVC has many favorable properties and is used in various applications. However, photodecomposition occurs when harsh conditions, such as high temperatures in the presence of oxygen and moisture, are encountered. Thus, PVC is blended with additives to increase its resistance to deterioration caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. In the current research, five methyldopa-tin complexes were synthesized and characterized. The methyldopa-tin complexes were mixed with PVC at a concentration of 0.5% by weight, and thin films were produced. The capability of the complexes to protect PVC from irradiation was shown by a reduction in the formation of small residues containing alcohols, ketones, and alkenes, as well as in weight loss and in the molecular weight of irradiated polymeric blends. In addition, the use of the new additives significantly reduced the roughness factor of the irradiated films. The additives containing aromatic substituents (phenyl rings) were more effective compared to those comprising aliphatic substituents (butyl and methyl groups). Methyldopa-tin complexes have the ability to absorb radiation, coordinate with polymeric chains, and act as radical, peroxide, and hydrogen chloride scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Naoom
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64201, Iraq
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Fadhil M, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Synthesis and Application of Levofloxacin–Tin Complexes as New Photostabilizers for Polyvinyl Chloride. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183720. [PMID: 36145863 PMCID: PMC9503127 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a synthetic polymer with a wide range of applications with impact on our daily life. It can undergo photodegradation with toxic products that are hazardous to both human health and the environment. In addition, photodegradation shortens the useful lifetime of the material. Elongation of the effective lifespan of PVC is, therefore, a salient area of research. Recently, a lot of attention has been directed toward the design, preparation, and usage of new additives that are capable of reducing the photodecomposition of PVC. This work investigates the synthesis of new levofloxacin-tin complexes and their potential exploitation against the photodecomposition of PVC. Several levofloxacin-tin complexes have been synthesized, in high yields, by a simple procedure and characterized. The potential use of the additives as photostabilizers for PVC has been investigated through the determination of weight loss, molecular weight depression, formation of fragments containing carbonyl and alkene groups, and surface morphology of irradiated PVC films. The results show that the new additives are effective in reducing the photodegradation of PVC. The new levofloxacin-tin complexes act as absorbers of ultraviolet light and quenchers of highly reactive species such as free radicals produced during photodegradation. They are more effective photostabilizers compared with organotin complexes previously reported. The complexes containing aromatic substituents were more effective than those counterparts having aliphatic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Fadhil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64201, Iraq
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
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Synthesis of New Norfloxacin-Tin Complexes to Mitigate the Effect of Ultraviolet-Visible Irradiation in Polyvinyl Chloride Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142812. [PMID: 35890588 PMCID: PMC9324004 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride is used in the manufacturing of a wide range of products, but it is susceptible to degradation if exposed to high temperatures and sunlight. There is therefore a need to continuously explore the design, synthesis, and application of new and improved additives to reduce the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride in harsh environments and for outdoor applications. This research investigates the use of new norfloxacin–tin complexes as additives to inhibit the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride to make it last longer. Reactions between norfloxacin and substituted tin chlorides, in different molar ratios and in methanol under reflux conditions, gave the corresponding organotin complexes in high yields. The chemical structures of the synthesized complexes were established, and their effect on the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride due to ultraviolet-visible irradiation was investigated. Norfloxacin–tin complexes were added to polyvinyl chloride at very low concentrations and homogenous thin films were made. The films were irradiated for a period of up to 300 h, and the damage that occurred was assessed using infrared spectroscopy, polymeric materials weight loss, depression in molecular weight, and surface inspection. The degree of photodegradation in the polymeric materials was much less in the blends containing norfloxacin–tin complexes compared to the case where no additives were used. The use of the additives leads to a reduction in photodegradation (e.g., a reduction in the formation of short-chain polymeric fragments, weight loss, average molecular weight depletion, and roughness factor) of irradiated polyvinyl chloride. The norfloxacin–tin complexes contain aromatic moieties (aryl and heterocycle), heteroatoms (nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine), and an acidic center (tin atom). Therefore, they act as efficient photostabilizers by absorbing the ultraviolet radiation and scavenging hydrogen chloride, peroxides, and radical species, thereby slowing the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride.
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Chistyakov E, Yudaev P, Nelyubina Y. Crystallization of Nano-Sized Macromolecules by the Example of Hexakis-[4-{(N-Allylimino)methyl}phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132268. [PMID: 35808103 PMCID: PMC9268015 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesized compound was characterized by 31P, 13C, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. According to DSC data, the compound was initially crystalline, but the crystal structure was defective. The crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction study were prepared by slow precipitation of the compound from a solution by a vapor of another solvent. A study of the single crystal obtained in this way demonstrated that the phosphazene ring has a flattened chair conformation. It was found that the sphere circumscribed around the compound molecule has a diameter of 2.382 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy Chistyakov
- Department of Chemical Technology of Polymers, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq., 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pavel Yudaev
- Department of Chemical Technology of Polymers, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq., 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yulia Nelyubina
- Center for Molecular Composition Studies, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), 28 Vavilov Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia;
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Monitoring physicochemical properties of transparent PVC films containing captopril and metal oxide nanoparticles to assess UV blocking. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fabrication of Highly Photostable Polystyrene Films Embedded with Organometallic Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051024. [PMID: 35267847 PMCID: PMC8914741 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene is a common thermoplastic and is produced in different shapes and forms. The scale of manufacture of polystyrene has grown over the years because of its numerous applications and low cost of production. However, it is flammable, brittle, has low resistance to chemicals, and is susceptible to photodegradation on exposure to ultraviolet radiation. There is therefore scope to improve the properties of polystyrene and to extend its useful lifetime. The current work reports the synthesis of organometallic complexes and investigates their use as photostabilizers for polystyrene. The reaction of excess ibuprofen sodium salt and appropriate metal chlorides in boiling methanol gave the corresponding complexes excellent yields. The organometallic complexes (0.5% by weight) were added to polystyrene and homogenous thin films were made. The polystyrene films blended with metal complexes were irradiated with ultraviolet light for extended periods of time and the stabilizing effects of the additives were assessed. The infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, depression in molecular weight, and surface morphology of the irradiated blends containing organometallic complexes were investigated. All the synthesized organometallic complexes acted as photostabilizers for polystyrene. The damage (e.g., formation of small polymeric fragments, decrease in weight and molecular weight, and irregularities in the surface) that took place in the polystyrene blends was much lower in comparison to the pure polystyrene film. The manganese-containing complex was very effective in stabilizing polystyrene and was superior to cobalt and nickel complexes.
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