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Marecik S, Pudełko-Prażuch I, Balasubramanian M, Ganesan SM, Chatterjee S, Pielichowska K, Kandaswamy R, Pamuła E. Effect of the Addition of Inorganic Fillers on the Properties of Degradable Polymeric Blends for Bone Tissue Engineering. Molecules 2024; 29:3826. [PMID: 39202905 PMCID: PMC11356924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue exhibits self-healing properties; however, not all defects can be repaired without surgical intervention. Bone tissue engineering offers artificial scaffolds, which can act as a temporary matrix for bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to manufacture scaffolds made of poly(lactic acid), poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(propylene fumarate), and poly(ethylene glycol) modified with bioglass, beta tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and/or wollastonite (W) particles. The scaffolds were fabricated using a gel-casting method and observed with optical and scanning electron microscopes. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), wettability, and degradation tests were conducted. The highest content of TCP without W in the composition caused the highest hydrophilicity (water contact angle of 61.9 ± 6.3°), the fastest degradation rate (7% mass loss within 28 days), moderate ability to precipitate CaP after incubation in PBS, and no cytotoxicity for L929 cells. The highest content of W without TCP caused the highest hydrophobicity (water contact angle of 83.4 ± 1.7°), the lowest thermal stability, slower degradation (3% mass loss within 28 days), and did not evoke CaP precipitation. Moreover, some signs of cytotoxicity on day 1 were observed. The samples with both TCP and W showed moderate properties and the best cytocompatibility on day 4. Interestingly, they were covered with typical cauliflower-like hydroxyapatite deposits after incubation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), which might be a sign of their excellent bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Marecik
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.M.); (I.P.-P.)
| | - Iwona Pudełko-Prażuch
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.M.); (I.P.-P.)
| | - Mareeswari Balasubramanian
- Department of Rubber and Plastics Technology, Madras Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai 600 044, Tamil Nadu, India; (M.B.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Sundara Moorthi Ganesan
- Department of Rubber and Plastics Technology, Madras Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai 600 044, Tamil Nadu, India; (M.B.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Golapbag Campus, University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713 104, West Bengal, India;
| | - Kinga Pielichowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.M.); (I.P.-P.)
| | - Ravichandran Kandaswamy
- Department of Rubber and Plastics Technology, Madras Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai 600 044, Tamil Nadu, India; (M.B.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Elżbieta Pamuła
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.M.); (I.P.-P.)
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Ftiti S, Cifuentes SC, Guidara A, Rams J, Tounsi H, Fernández-Blázquez JP. The Structural, Thermal and Morphological Characterization of Polylactic Acid/Β-Tricalcium Phosphate (PLA/Β-TCP) Composites upon Immersion in SBF: A Comprehensive Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:719. [PMID: 38475402 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocomposite films based on PLA reinforced with different β-TCP contents (10%, 20%, and 25%wt.) were fabricated via solvent casting and immersed in SBF for 7, 14, and 21 days. The bioactivity, morphological, and thermal behavior of composites with immersion were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, weight loss (WL), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). This broad analysis leads to a deeper understanding of the evolution of the polymer-filler interaction with the degradation of the biocomposites. The results showed that β-TCP gradually evolved into carbonated hydroxyapatite as the immersion time increased. This evolution affected the interaction of β-TCP with PLA. PLA and β-TCP interactions differed from PLA and carbonated hydroxyapatite interactions. It was observed that β-TCP inhibited PLA hydrolysis but accelerated the thermal degradation of the polymer. β-TCP retarded the cold crystallization of PLA and hindered its crystallinity. However, after immersion in SBF, particles accelerated the cold crystallization of PLA. Therefore, considering the evolution of β-TCP with immersion in SBF is crucial for an accurate analysis of the biocomposites' degradation. These findings enhance the comprehension of the degradation mechanism in PLA/β-TCP, which is valuable for predicting the degradation performance of PLA/β-TCP in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondes Ftiti
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials (LR01ES26), National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Sandra C Cifuentes
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Materials Science and Engineering and Electronic Technology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Awatef Guidara
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials (LR01ES26), National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Joaquín Rams
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Materials Science and Engineering and Electronic Technology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Hassib Tounsi
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials (LR01ES26), National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
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Tolmacheva N, Bhattacharyya A, Noh I. Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials for 3D Bioprinting in Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:95. [PMID: 38392140 PMCID: PMC10886915 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting is a promising technology for bone tissue engineering. However, most hydrogel bioinks lack the mechanical and post-printing fidelity properties suitable for such hard tissue regeneration. To overcome these weak properties, calcium phosphates can be employed in a bioink to compensate for the lack of certain characteristics. Further, the extracellular matrix of natural bone contains this mineral, resulting in its structural robustness. Thus, calcium phosphates are necessary components of bioink for bone tissue engineering. This review paper examines different recently explored calcium phosphates, as a component of potential bioinks, for the biological, mechanical and structural properties required of 3D bioprinted scaffolds, exploring their distinctive properties that render them favorable biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. The discussion encompasses recent applications and adaptations of 3D-printed scaffolds built with calcium phosphates, delving into the scientific reasons behind the prevalence of certain types of calcium phosphates over others. Additionally, this paper elucidates their interactions with polymer hydrogels for 3D bioprinting applications. Overall, the current status of calcium phosphate/hydrogel bioinks for 3D bioprinting in bone tissue engineering has been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Tolmacheva
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Amitava Bhattacharyya
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
- Medical Electronics Research Center, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Insup Noh
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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Zarei M, Hasanzadeh Azar M, Sayedain SS, Shabani Dargah M, Alizadeh R, Arab M, Askarinya A, Kaviani A, Beheshtizadeh N, Azami M. Material extrusion additive manufacturing of poly(lactic acid)/Ti6Al4V@calcium phosphate core-shell nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128040. [PMID: 37981284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of porous scaffolds with appropriate mechanical and biological features for the host tissue is one of the challenges in repairing critical-size bone defects. With today's three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, scaffolds can be customized and personalized, thereby eliminating the problems associated with conventional methods. In this work, after preparing Ti6Al4V/Calcium phosphate (Ti64@CaP) core-shell nanocomposite via a solution-based process, by taking advantage of fused deposition modeling (FDM), porous poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-Ti64@CaP nanocomposite scaffolds were fabricated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that nanostructured calcium phosphate was distributed uniformly on the surface of Ti64 particles. Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that calcium phosphate forms an octacalcium phosphate (OCP) phase. As a result of incorporating 6 wt% Ti64@CaP into the PLA, the compressive modulus and ultimate compressive strength values increased from 1.4 GPa and 29.5 MPa to 2.0 GPa and 53.5 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the differential scanning calorimetry results revealed an increase in the glass transition temperature of PLA, rising from 57.0 to 62.4 °C, due to the addition of 6 wt% Ti64@CaP. However, it is worth noting that there was a moderate decrease in the crystallization and melting temperatures of the nanocomposite filament, which dropped from 97.0 to 89.5 °C and 167 to 162.9 °C, respectively. The scaffolds were seeded with human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) to investigate their biocompatibility and cell proliferation. Calcium deposition, ALP activity, and bone-related proteins and genes were also used to evaluate the bone differentiation potential of hADSCs. The obtained results showed that introducing Ti64@CaP considerably improved in vitro biocompatibility, facilitating the attachment, differentiation, and proliferation of hADSCs. Considering the findings of this study, the 3D-printed nanocomposite scaffold could be considered a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Zarei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hasanzadeh Azar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Shahab Sayedain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Alizadeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Arab
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Askarinya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Kaviani
- Polymeric Materials Research Group (PMRG), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Joint Reconstruction Research Center (JRRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang W, Liu P, Zhang B, Gui X, Pei X, Song P, Yu X, Zhang Z, Zhou C. Fused Deposition Modeling Printed PLA/Nano β-TCP Composite Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds for Promoting Osteogenic Induction Function. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5815-5830. [PMID: 37869064 PMCID: PMC10590137 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s416098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Large bone defects caused by congenital defects, infections, degenerative diseases, trauma, and tumors often require personalized shapes and rapid reconstruction of the bone tissue. Three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds exhibit promising application potential. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology can flexibly select and prepare printed biomaterials and design and fabricate bionic microstructures to promote personalized large bone defect repair. FDM-3D printing technology was used to prepare polylactic acid (PLA)/nano β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) composite bone tissue engineering scaffolds in this study. The ability of the bone-tissue-engineered scaffold to repair bone defects was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Methods PLA/nano-TCP composite bone tissue engineering scaffolds were prepared using FDM-3D printing technology. The characterization data of the scaffolds were obtained using relevant detection methods. The physical and chemical properties, biocompatibility, and in vitro osteogenic capacity of the scaffolds were investigated, and their bone repair capacity was evaluated using an in vivo animal model of rabbit femur bone defects. Results The FDM-printed PLA/nano β-TCP composite scaffolds exhibited good personalized porosity and shape, and their osteogenic ability, biocompatibility, and bone repair ability in vivo were superior to those of pure PLA. The merits of biodegradable PLA and bioactive nano β-TCP ceramics were combined to improve the overall biological performance of the composites. Conclusion The FDM-printed PLA/nano-β-TCP composite scaffold with a ratio of 7:3 exhibited good personalized porosity and shape, as well as good osteogenic ability, biocompatibility, and bone repair ability. This study provides a promising strategy for treating large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boqing Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Gui
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changchun Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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Ismail KI, Pang R, Ahmed R, Yap TC. Tensile Properties of In Situ 3D Printed Glass Fiber-Reinforced PLA. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3436. [PMID: 37631493 PMCID: PMC10458518 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A 3D printed composite via the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique has potential to enhance the mechanical properties of FFF 3D printed parts. The most commonly employed techniques for 3D composite printing (method 1) utilized premixed composite filaments, where the fibers were integrated into thermoplastic materials prior to printing. In the second method (method 2), short fibers and thermoplastic were mixed together within the extruder of a 3D printer to form a composite part. However, no research has been conducted on method 3, which involves embedding short fibers into the printed object during the actual printing process. A novel approach concerning 3D printing in situ fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) by embedding glass fibers between deposited layers during printing was proposed recently. An experimental investigation has been undertaken to evaluate the tensile behavior of the composites manufactured by the new manufacturing method. Neat polylactic acid (PLA) and three different glass fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (GFPLA) composites with 1.02%, 2.39%, and 4.98% glass fiber contents, respectively, were 3Dprinted. Tensile tests were conducted with five repetitions for each sample. The fracture surfaces of the samples were then observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the porosities of the 3D printed samples were measured with a image processing software (ImageJ 1.53t). The result shows that the tensile strengths of GFPLA were higher than the neat PLA. The tensile strength of the composites increased from GFPLA-1 (with a 1.02% glass fiber content) to GFPLA-2.4 (with a 2.39% glass fiber content), but drastically dropped at GFPLA-5 (with a 4.98% glass fiber content). However, the tensile strength of GFPLA-5 is still higher than the neat PLA. The fracture surfaces of tensile samples were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images showed the average line width of the deposited material increased as glass fiber content increased, while layer height was maintained. The intralayer bond of the deposited filaments improved via the new fiber embedding method. Hence, the porosity area is reduced as glass fiber content increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Izwan Ismail
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, Putrajaya 62200, Malaysia;
| | - Rayson Pang
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, Putrajaya 62200, Malaysia;
| | - Rehan Ahmed
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK;
| | - Tze Chuen Yap
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, Putrajaya 62200, Malaysia;
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Banerjee R, Ray SS. Role of Rheology in Morphology Development and Advanced Processing of Thermoplastic Polymer Materials: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27969-28001. [PMID: 37576638 PMCID: PMC10413379 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
This review presents fundamental knowledge and recent advances pertaining to research on the role of rheology in polymer processing, highlights the knowledge gap between the function of rheology in various processing operations and the importance of rheology in the development, characterization, and assessment of the morphologies of polymeric materials, and offers ideas for enhancing the processabilities of polymeric materials in advanced processing operations. Rheology plays a crucial role in the morphological evolution of polymer blends and composites, influencing the type of morphology in the case of blends and the quality of dispersion in the cases of both blends and composites. The rheological characteristics of multiphase polymeric materials provide valuable information on the morphologies of these materials, thereby rendering rheology an important tool for morphological assessment. Although rheology extensively affects the processabilities of polymeric materials in all processing operations, this review focuses on the roles of rheology in film blowing, electrospinning, centrifugal jet spinning, and the three-dimensional printing of polymeric materials, which are advanced processing operations that have gained significant research interest. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of morphology development and the aforementioned processing techniques; moreover, it covers all vital aspects related to the tailoring of the rheological characteristics of polymeric materials for achieving superior morphologies and high processabilities of these materials in advanced processing operations. Thus, this article provides a direction for future advancements in polymer processing. Furthermore, the superiority of elongational flow over shear flow in enhancing the quality of dispersion in multiphase polymeric materials and the role of extensional rheology in the advanced processing operations of these materials, which have rarely been discussed in previous reviews, have been critically analyzed in this review. In summary, this article offers new insights into the use of rheology in material and product development during advanced polymer-processing operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritima Banerjee
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Calcutta Institute
of Technology, Banitabla, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316 West Bengal, India
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Centre
for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology
Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Karyappa R, Liu H, Zhu Q, Hashimoto M. Printability of Poly(lactic acid) Ink by Embedded 3D Printing via Immersion Precipitation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21575-21584. [PMID: 37078653 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immersion precipitation three-dimensional printing (ip3DP) and freeform polymer precipitation (FPP) are unique and versatile methods of 3D printing to fabricate 3D structures based on nonsolvent-induced phase separation via direct ink writing (DIW). Immersion precipitation involves complex dynamics among solvents, nonsolvents, and dissolved polymers, and the printability of 3D models in these methods requires further understanding. To this end, we characterized these two methods of 3D printing using polylactide (PLA) dissolved in dichloromethane (7.5-30% w/w) as model inks. We analyzed the rheological properties of the solutions and the effect of printing parameters on solvent-nonsolvent diffusion to achieve printability. The PLA inks exhibited shear-thinning properties, and their viscosities varied over three orders of magnitude (10-1∼102 Pa·s). A processing map was presented to understand the ideal ranges of the concentration of PLA in inks and the nozzle diameter to ensure printability, and the fabrication of complex 3D structures was fabricated with adequate applied pressure and nozzle speed. The processing map also highlighted the advantages of embedded 3D printing over solvent-cast 3D printing based on solvent evaporation. Lastly, we demonstrated that the porosity of the interface and inner structure of the printed objects was readily tailored by the concentration of the PLA and the porogen added to the ink. The methods presented here offer new perspectives to fabricate micro-to-centimeter objects of thermoplastics with nanometer-scale inner pores and provide guidelines for successful embedded 3D printing based on immersion precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Karyappa
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hongfei Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
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Sikder P, Nagaraju P, Naganaboyina HPS. 3D-Printed Piezoelectric Porous Bioactive Scaffolds and Clinical Ultrasonic Stimulation Can Help in Enhanced Bone Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:679. [PMID: 36421081 PMCID: PMC9687159 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive effort to develop and analyze first-of-its-kind design-specific and bioactive piezoelectric scaffolds for treating orthopedic defects. The study has three major highlights. First, this is one of the first studies that utilize extrusion-based 3D printing to develop design-specific macroporous piezoelectric scaffolds for treating bone defects. The scaffolds with controlled pore size and architecture were synthesized based on unique composite formulations containing polycaprolactone (PCL) and micron-sized barium titanate (BaTiO3) particles. Second, the bioactive PCL-BaTiO3 piezoelectric composite formulations were explicitly developed in the form of uniform diameter filaments, which served as feedstock material for the fused filament fabrication (FFF)-based 3D printing. A combined method comprising solvent casting and extrusion (melt-blending) was designed and deemed suitable to develop the high-quality PCL-BaTiO3 bioactive composite filaments for 3D printing. Third, clinical ultrasonic stimulation (US) was used to stimulate the piezoelectric effect, i.e., create stress on the PCL-BaTiO3 scaffolds to generate electrical fields. Subsequently, we analyzed the impact of scaffold-generated piezoelectric stimulation on MC3T3 pre-osteoblast behavior. Our results confirmed that FFF could form high-resolution, macroporous piezoelectric scaffolds, and the poled PCL-BaTiO3 composites resulted in the d33 coefficient in the range of 1.2-2.6 pC/N, which is proven suitable for osteogenesis. In vitro results revealed that the scaffolds with a mean pore size of 320 µm resulted in the highest pre-osteoblast growth kinetics. While 1 Hz US resulted in enhanced pre-osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and spreading, 3 Hz US benefited osteoblast differentiation by upregulating important osteogenic markers. This study proves that 3D-printed bioactive piezoelectric scaffolds coupled with US are promising to expedite bone regeneration in orthopedic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabaha Sikder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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10
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Chen N, Zhang X, Lyu J, Zhao G, Gu K, Xia J, Chen Z, Shao Z. Preparation of a novel regenerated silk fibroin-based hydrogel for extrusion bioprinting. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7360-7368. [PMID: 36124911 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00984f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology, allowing rapid prototyping and personalized customization, has received much attention in recent years, while regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) has also been widely investigated for its excellent biocompatibility, processibility, and comprehensive mechanical properties. However, due to the difficulty in curing RSF aqueous solution and the tendency of conformational transition of RSF chains under shearing, it is rather complicated to fabricate RSF-based materials with high mechanical strength through extrusion bioprinting. To solve this problem, a printable hydrogel with thixotropy was prepared from regenerated silk fibroin with high-molecular-weight (HMWRSF) combined with a small amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in urea containing aqueous solution. It was found that the introduction of urea could not only vary the solid content of the hydrogel to benefit the mechanical properties of the 3D-bioprinted pre-cured hydrogels or 3D-bioprinted sponges, but also expand the "printable window" of this system. Indeed, the printability and rheological properties could be modulated by varying the solid content, the heating time, the urea/HMWRSF weight ratio, etc. Moreover, the microstructure of nanospheres stacked in these lyophilized 3D-bioprinted sponges was interesting to observe, which indicated the existence of microhydrogels and both "the reversible network" and "the irreversible network" in this HMWRSF-based pre-cured hydrogel. Like other HMWRSF materials fabricated in other ways, these 3D-bioprinted HMWRSF-based sponges exhibited good cytocompatibility for dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells. This work may inspire the design of functional HMWRSF-based materials by regulating the relationship between structure and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jinyang Lyu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Guanglei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Kai Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Zhongchun Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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Czyżewski W, Jachimczyk J, Hoffman Z, Szymoniuk M, Litak J, Maciejewski M, Kura K, Rola R, Torres K. Low-Cost Cranioplasty-A Systematic Review of 3D Printing in Medicine. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:4731. [PMID: 35888198 PMCID: PMC9315853 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The high cost of biofabricated titanium mesh plates can make them out of reach for hospitals in low-income countries. To increase the availability of cranioplasty, the authors of this work investigated the production of polymer-based endoprostheses. Recently, cheap, popular desktop 3D printers have generated sufficient opportunities to provide patients with on-demand and on-site help. This study also examines the technologies of 3D printing, including SLM, SLS, FFF, DLP, and SLA. The authors focused their interest on the materials in fabrication, which include PLA, ABS, PET-G, PEEK, and PMMA. Three-dimensional printed prostheses are modeled using widely available CAD software with the help of patient-specific DICOM files. Even though the topic is insufficiently researched, it can be perceived as a relatively safe procedure with a minimal complication rate. There have also been some initial studies on the costs and legal regulations. Early case studies provide information on dozens of patients living with self-made prostheses and who are experiencing significant improvements in their quality of life. Budget 3D-printed endoprostheses are reliable and are reported to be significantly cheaper than the popular counterparts manufactured from polypropylene polyester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Czyżewski
- Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.C.); (K.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.L.); (K.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Jakub Jachimczyk
- Student Scientific Society, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Zofia Hoffman
- Student Scientific Society, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Michał Szymoniuk
- Student Scientific Association of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jakub Litak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.L.); (K.K.); (R.R.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejewski
- Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Kura
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.L.); (K.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Radosław Rola
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.L.); (K.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Kamil Torres
- Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.C.); (K.T.)
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