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Saeid Nia M, Floder LM, Seiler JA, Puehler T, Pommert NS, Berndt R, Meier D, Sellers SL, Sathananthan J, Zhang X, Hasler M, Gorb SN, Warnecke G, Lutter G. Optimization of Enzymatic and Chemical Decellularization of Native Porcine Heart Valves for the Generation of Decellularized Xenografts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4026. [PMID: 38612836 PMCID: PMC11012489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most important medical interventions for individuals with heart valvular disease is heart valve replacement, which is not without substantial challenges, particularly for pediatric patients. Due to their biological properties and biocompatibility, natural tissue-originated scaffolds derived from human or animal sources are one type of scaffold that is widely used in tissue engineering. However, they are known for their high potential for immunogenicity. Being free of cells and genetic material, decellularized xenografts, consequently, have low immunogenicity and, thus, are expected to be tolerated by the recipient's immune system. The scaffold ultrastructure and ECM composition can be affected by cell removal agents. Therefore, applying an appropriate method that preserves intact the structure of the ECM plays a critical role in the final result. So far, there has not been an effective decellularization technique that preserves the integrity of the heart valve's ultrastructure while securing the least amount of genetic material left. This study demonstrates a new protocol with untraceable cells and residual DNA, thereby maximally reducing any chance of immunogenicity. The mechanical and biochemical properties of the ECM resemble those of native heart valves. Results from this study strongly indicate that different critical factors, such as ionic detergent omission, the substitution of Triton X-100 with Tergitol, and using a lower concentration of trypsin and a higher concentration of DNase and RNase, play a significant role in maintaining intact the ultrastructure and function of the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Saeid Nia
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Lena Maria Floder
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Jette Anika Seiler
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Puehler
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nina Sophie Pommert
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Rouven Berndt
- Clinic of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - David Meier
- Department of Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Stephanie L. Sellers
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (S.L.S.); (J.S.)
- Cardiovascular Translational Laboratory, Providence Research & Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Janarthanan Sathananthan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (S.L.S.); (J.S.)
- Cardiovascular Translational Laboratory, Providence Research & Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Xiling Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Mario Hasler
- Lehrfach Variationsstatistik, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Gregor Warnecke
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Georg Lutter
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
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Preliminary In Vitro Assessment of Decellularized Porcine Descending Aorta for Clinical Purposes. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14030141. [PMID: 36976065 PMCID: PMC10058365 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conduit substitutes are increasingly in demand for cardiovascular and urological applications. In cases of bladder cancer, radical cystectomy is the preferred technique: after removing the bladder, a urinary diversion has to be created using autologous bowel, but several complications are associated with intestinal resection. Thus, alternative urinary substitutes are required to avoid autologous intestinal use, preventing complications and facilitating surgical procedures. In the present paper, we are proposing the exploitation of the decellularized porcine descending aorta as a novel and original conduit substitute. After being decellularized with the use of two alternative detergents (Tergitol and Ecosurf) and sterilized, the porcine descending aorta has been investigated to assess its permeability to detergents through methylene blue dye penetration analysis and to study its composition and structure by means of histomorphometric analyses, including DNA quantification, histology, two-photon microscopy, and hydroxyproline quantification. Biomechanical tests and cytocompatibility assays with human mesenchymal stem cells have been also performed. The results obtained demonstrated that the decellularized porcine descending aorta preserves its major features to be further evaluated as a candidate material for urological applications, even though further studies have to be carried out to demonstrate its suitability for the specific application, by performing in vivo tests in the animal model.
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Palmosi T, Tolomeo AM, Cirillo C, Sandrin D, Sciro M, Negrisolo S, Todesco M, Caicci F, Santoro M, Dal Lago E, Marchesan M, Modesti M, Bagno A, Romanato F, Grumati P, Fabozzo A, Gerosa G. Small intestinal submucosa-derived extracellular matrix as a heterotopic scaffold for cardiovascular applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1042434. [PMID: 36578513 PMCID: PMC9792098 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural cardiac lesions are often surgically repaired using prosthetic patches, which can be biological or synthetic. In the current clinical scenario, biological patches derived from the decellularization of a xenogeneic scaffold are gaining more interest as they maintain the natural architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM) after the removal of the native cells and remnants. Once implanted in the host, these patches can induce tissue regeneration and repair, encouraging angiogenesis, migration, proliferation, and host cell differentiation. Lastly, decellularized xenogeneic patches undergo cell repopulation, thus reducing host immuno-mediated response against the graft and preventing device failure. Porcine small intestinal submucosa (pSIS) showed such properties in alternative clinical scenarios. Specifically, the US FDA approved its use in humans for urogenital procedures such as hernia repair, cystoplasties, ureteral reconstructions, stress incontinence, Peyronie's disease, penile chordee, and even urethral reconstruction for hypospadias and strictures. In addition, it has also been successfully used for skeletal muscle tissue reconstruction in young patients. However, for cardiovascular applications, the results are controversial. In this study, we aimed to validate our decellularization protocol for SIS, which is based on the use of Tergitol 15 S 9, by comparing it to our previous and efficient method (Triton X 100), which is not more available in the market. For both treatments, we evaluated the preservation of the ECM ultrastructure, biomechanical features, biocompatibility, and final bioinductive capabilities. The overall analysis shows that the SIS tissue is macroscopically distinguishable into two regions, one smooth and one wrinkle, equivalent to the ultrastructure and biochemical and proteomic profile. Furthermore, Tergitol 15 S 9 treatment does not modify tissue biomechanics, resulting in comparable to the native one and confirming the superior preservation of the collagen fibers. In summary, the present study showed that the SIS decellularized with Tergitol 15 S 9 guarantees higher performances, compared to the Triton X 100 method, in all the explored fields and for both SIS regions: smooth and wrinkle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Palmosi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy,L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Tolomeo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy,L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region Padua, Italy
| | - Carmine Cirillo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Debora Sandrin
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region Padua, Italy,Optics and Bioimaging Lab, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Negrisolo
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Todesco
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region Padua, Italy,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Michele Santoro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Dal Lago
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Michele Modesti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Bagno
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region Padua, Italy,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Romanato
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region Padua, Italy,Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Grumati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Fabozzo
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region Padua, Italy,Cardiac Surgery Unit, Hospital University of Padova, Padua, Italy,*Correspondence: Assunta Fabozzo,
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy,L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region Padua, Italy,Cardiac Surgery Unit, Hospital University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Whitehead KM, Hendricks HKL, Cakir SN, de Castro Brás LE. ECM roles and biomechanics in cardiac tissue decellularization. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H585-H596. [PMID: 35960635 PMCID: PMC9467473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00372.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural biomaterials hold enormous potential for tissue regeneration. The rapid advance of several tissue-engineered biomaterials, such as natural and synthetic polymer-based scaffolds, has led to widespread application of these materials in the clinic and in research. However, biomaterials can have limited repair capacity; obstacles result from immunogenicity, difficulties in mimicking native microenvironments, and maintaining the mechanical and biochemical (i.e., biomechanical) properties of native organs/tissues. The emergence of decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived biomaterials provides an attractive solution to overcome these hurdles since decellularized ECM provides a nonimmune environment with native three-dimensional structures and bioactive components. More importantly, decellularized ECM can be generated from the tissue of interest, such as the heart, and keep its native macro- and microstructure and tissue-specific composition. These decellularized cardiac matrices/scaffolds can then be reseeded using cardiac cells, and the resulting recellularized construct is considered an ideal choice for regenerating functional organs/tissues. Nonetheless, the decellularization process must be optimized and depends on tissue type, age, and functional goal. Although most decellularization protocols significantly reduce immunogenicity and deliver a matrix that maintains the tissue macrostructure, suboptimal decellularization can change ECM composition and microstructure, which affects the biomechanical properties of the tissue and consequently changes cell-matrix interactions and organ function. Herein, we review methods of decellularization, with particular emphasis on cardiac tissue, and how they can affect the biomechanics of the tissue, which in turn determines success of reseeding and in vivo viability. Moreover, we review recent developments in decellularized ECM-derived cardiac biomaterials and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Whitehead
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Hanifah K L Hendricks
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Sirin N Cakir
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Lisandra E de Castro Brás
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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A New Detergent for the Effective Decellularization of Bovine and Porcine Pericardia. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7030104. [PMID: 35997424 PMCID: PMC9397045 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal pericardia are among the most widely exploited materials suitable to repair damaged tissues in the cardiovascular surgery context. Autologous, xenogeneic (chemically treated) and homologous pericardia are largely utilized, but they do exhibit some crucial drawbacks. Any tissue treated with glutaraldehyde is known to be prone to calcification in vivo, lacks regeneration potential, has limited durability, and can result in cytotoxicity. Moreover, autologous tissues have limited availability. Decellularized biological tissues represent a promising alternative: decellularization removes cellular and nuclear components from native tissues and makes them suitable for repopulation by autologous cells upon implantation into the body. The present work aims to assess the effects of a new detergent, i.e., Tergitol, for decellularizing bovine and porcine pericardia. The decellularization procedure successfully removed cells, while preserving the histoarchitecture of the extracellular matrix. No cytotoxic effect was observed. Therefore, decellularized pericardia showed potential to be used as scaffold for cardiovascular tissue regeneration.
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