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Weng C, Song X, Zhu H, Luo X. Influence of alkali metal ions (K + and Na +) on the preparation of magnesium hydroxide hexagonal flakes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:14640-14647. [PMID: 38708105 PMCID: PMC11066975 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), as a green halogen-free flame retardant, has attracted significant attention in the field of flame retardant composite materials. In addition to conventional indicators such as purity and whiteness, Mg(OH)2 is required to take the form of regular hexagonal sheets to ensure the dispersion of composite materials. We use irregular large particles of Mg(OH)2 prepared by the magnesium factory in western Qinghai as raw materials to study the influence of alkali metal ions K+ and Na+ mainly present in salt lakes on the physicochemical properties of Mg(OH)2. The products were characterized via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, automatic nitrogen physical adsorption apparatus, and other modern characterization techniques. Results show that alkali metal ions K+ and Na+ considerably influence the crystal surface polarity, particle size, and morphology of the prepared Mg(OH)2. The mechanism analysis shows that the presence of K+ and Na+ alters the dissolution, recrystallization, and growth characteristics of Mg(OH)2. This study provides theoretical support for the realization of high-performance Mg(OH)2 using salt lake resources and demonstrates the value for promoting the large-scale industrial application of the salt lake industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunjian Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an 710055 China
| | - Xuewen Song
- School of Resource Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an 710055 China
| | - Haibin Zhu
- School of Resource Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an 710055 China
| | - Xianping Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an 710055 China
- School of Resource Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an 710055 China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 China
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Li S, Wang C, Wang G, Wang Y, Han Z. Polycarbosilane/Divinylbenzene-Modified Magnesium Hydroxide to Enhance the Flame Retardancy of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4440. [PMID: 38006164 PMCID: PMC10675052 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermal decomposition product of magnesium hydroxide (MH) is magnesium oxide (MgO), which serves as the foundational material for fireproof layer construction in the condensed phase. However, the weak interaction force between particles of MgO generated by thermal decomposition leads to the insufficient strength and poor adhesion ability of the fireproof layer. The fireproof layer was easily damaged and detached in this study, resulting in the low flame-retardant efficiency of MH. In this work, polycarbosilane (PCS) and divinyl benzene (DVB) were used to modify MH, and EVA/MH/PCS/DVB composites were made via melt blending. The flame-retardant properties of EVA/MH/PCS/DVB were evaluated using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion (UL-94), and a cone calorimeter (CONE). The thermal stability of the composites and flame retardants was analyzed using a thermogravimetric analyzer. The char layer structure was observed and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The results indicate that the LOI of the EVA/MH/PCS/DVB with 50 wt.% flame retardants in total was as high as 65.1, which increased by 160% in comparison with EVA/MH. Furthermore, the total smoke production (TSP) of the EVA/MH/PCS/DVB composite decreased by 22.7% compared to EVA/MH/PCS; the thermal stability of the MH/PCS/DVB and EVA/MH/PCS/DVB improved to some extent; and the compact residual char after the combustion of EVA/MH/PCS/DVB had fewer cracks due to the adhesive effect induced by PCS/DVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China; (S.L.); (G.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.H.)
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China; (S.L.); (G.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.H.)
| | - Guodong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China; (S.L.); (G.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yongliang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China; (S.L.); (G.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhidong Han
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China; (S.L.); (G.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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Sun B, Dang L, Bi Q, Li R, Gong Q, Wan Z, Xu S. Effect of Different Compatibilizers on the Mechanical, Flame Retardant, and Rheological Properties of Highly Filled Linear Low-Density Polyethylene/Magnesium Hydroxide Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4115. [PMID: 37896358 PMCID: PMC10611112 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maleic anhydride-modified homopolymerized polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) and maleic anhydride-modified polyolefin elastomer (POE-g-MAH) were used as bulking agents to improve the poor processing and mechanical properties of highly filled composites due to high filler content. In this study, a series of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) composites were prepared by the melt blending method, and the effects of the compatibilizer on the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and rheological behavior of the composites were investigated. The addition of the compatibilizer decreased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of the composites, but they were all greater than 30.00%, which belonged to the flame retardant grade. Mechanical property tests showed that the addition of the compatibilizer significantly increased the tensile and impact strengths of the LLDPE/60MH (MH addition of 60 wt%) composites. Specifically, the addition of 5 wt% POE-g-MAH increased 154.07% and 415.47% compared to the LLDPE/60MH composites, respectively. The rotational rheology test showed that the addition of the compatibilizer could effectively improve the processing flow properties of the composites. However, due to the hydrocarbon structure of the compatibilizer, its flame retardant properties were adversely affected. This study provides a strategy that can improve the processing and mechanical properties of highly filled composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Li Dang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Qiuyan Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Rujie Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Qiuhui Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhihao Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shiai Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Li J, Zhao H, Liu H, Sun J, Wu J, Liu Q, Zheng Y, Zheng P. Recent advances in metal-family flame retardants: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22639-22662. [PMID: 37502822 PMCID: PMC10369043 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03536k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of polymer materials is inextricably linked to our manufacturing life. However, most of them are easily combusted in the air and the combustion process generates a large amount of toxic fumes and dangerous smoke. This can result in injuries and property damage, as well as limiting their use. It is essential to enhance the flame-retardant properties and smoke suppression performance by using multiple flame retardants. Metal-based flame retardants have a unique chemical composition. They are environmentally friendly flame retardants, which can impart good smoke suppression, flame retardancy to polymers and further reduce the production of toxic gases. The differences in the compounds formed between the transition metals and the main group metals make them act differently as flame retardants for polymers. As a result, this study presents the research progress and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant polymers for flame retardants from different groups of metals in the periodic table of elements in a systematic manner. In view of the differences between the main group metals and transition metals, the mechanism of their application in flame retardant polymer materials is carefully detailed, as are their distinct advantages and disadvantages. And ultimately, prospects for the development of transition metals and main group metals are outlined. It is hoped that this paper will provide valuable references and insights for scholars in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Haihan Zhao
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Huaiyin Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Jichang Sun
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 P. R. China
| | - Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
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Guo X, Zhao H, Qiang X, Ouyang C, Wang Z, Huang D. Facile construction of agar-based fire-resistant aerogels: A synergistic strategy via in situ generations of magnesium hydroxide and cross-linked Ca-alginate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:297-306. [PMID: 36549030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomass-based aerogel materials have many advantages, such as low thermal conductivity and non-toxicity. These materials are environmentally friendly and have broad development potential in the fields of packaging, cushioning and green building insulation. However, defects, such as low mechanical strength and poor fire safety, greatly limit the application of these materials. In this work, the agar/polyvinyl alcohol composite aerogel modified by the magnesium hydroxide (MH)/sodium alginate (SA) composite flame retardant system was developed by using a freeze-dried technology and the strategy of in-situ generation of MH and crosslinking of SA. The results showed that the MH/SA dramatically enhanced the mechanical and thermal stability of the composites. The compression modulus of AP-M35S15 was 2.37 MPa, which was 152.13 % higher than that of AP-M50. The limiting oxygen index value of AP-M35S15 was 34.1 % and reached V-0 level in the vertical burning test, which was better than those of the samples with a single MH effect. The cone calorimetric test showed that the MH/SA composite flame retardant system performed better in extending the ignition time, slowing down the heat release rate and reducing the total heat release and had a more complete dense carbon structure after burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Hong Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Qiang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Chengwei Ouyang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Zhehui Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Dajian Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Li X, Liu Y, Wang F, Huang Y, Lv L, Chu Y, Qian Y. Preparation of Nano-Mg(OH) 2 and Its Flame Retardant and Antibacterial Modification on Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabrics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010007. [PMID: 36616357 PMCID: PMC9824261 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics were successfully prepared through a dip-coating technology to endow the flame retardant and antibacterial properties of PET fabrics, which are extensively used in many fields. The flame retardant and antibacterial agent was synthesized by a double drop-reverse precipitation method and surface-modified by the mixtures of titanate coupling agents and stearic acid to result in a good compatibility of the hydrophilic nano-Mg(OH)2 and the hydrophobic PET fabrics. The results indicated that the suitable synthesis conditions of nano-Mg(OH)2 are: Mg2+ concentration 1.5 mg/mL, reaction temperature 50 °C and reaction time 50 min, and the optimal modification conditions of nano-Mg(OH)2 are: modifier ratio 5/5, modification temperature 70 °C and modification time 40 min. The flame retardant test and the antibacterial test showed that the multifunctional PET fabrics had excellent flame retardant and antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- China National Textile and Apparel Council Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yanjing Liu
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xiyue Li
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yuezhou Liu
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Fuming Wang
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yaping Huang
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Lihua Lv
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ying Chu
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yongfang Qian
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
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Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene-Based Flame Retardant Composites by Surface Modification of Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173524. [PMID: 36080598 PMCID: PMC9460618 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant refers to a substance that can be added to a material having the property of being efficiently combusted to improve the material physically and chemically. It should not affect the physical properties required for the final product. Halogen-based compounds are representative flame retardants with excellent flame retardancy. However, their use is limited due to restrictions on the use of chemicals introduced due to human safety. Magnesium hydroxide, one alternative material of halogen flame retardants, is widely used as an eco-friendly flame retardant. However, the most significant disadvantage is high load. To find a solution to this problem, many studies have been conducted by mixing magnesium hydroxide with other additives to create a synergistic effect. In this study, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polypropylene-based flame retardant composites as a function of mixing surface-modified magnesium hydroxide with phosphorus-based flame retardants were investigated. All materials including PP, additives, and flame retardants were mixed using an extrusion process. Specimens were prepared by an injection process of the compound made after mixing. As a result of the evaluation of the mechanical properties by the modified flame retardant, the relational expression of the mechanical performance degradation as a function of the amount of addition was obtained, and the tensile (CBATS) and bending strength (CBABS) were performed on the amount of flame retardant added. The relational expression obtained in this study is considered to be a formula for predicting the strength reduction according to the addition amount of the modified flame retardant and can be used in industry. In addition, it was found that the addition amount of the modified flame retardant had a greater effect on the lowering of the bending strength.
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