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Zisopol DG, Tănase M, Portoacă AI. Innovative Strategies for Technical-Economical Optimization of FDM Production. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3787. [PMID: 37765640 PMCID: PMC10537062 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This article introduces a multi-objective optimization approach for determining the best 3D printing parameters (layer thickness and infill percentage) to efficiently produce PLA and ABS parts, extensively analyzing mechanical behavior under tests for different traits such as tensile strength, compression, flexural, impact, and hardness. The value analysis method is used to optimize settings that balance use value (Vi- represented by mechanical characteristics) and production cost (Cp). Findings reveal that the infill percentage significantly influences the Vi/Cp ratio for tensile, compression, and hardness tests, while flexural tests are influenced by layer thickness. Impact strength is influenced nearly equally by both factors, with material-specific variations. The desirability function proved useful for optimizing processes with multiple responses, identifying the optimal parameters for the FDM process: a layer thickness of 0.15 mm with 100% infill percentage for PLA, a layer thickness of 0.20 mm with 100% infill percentage for annealed PLA, and a layer thickness of 0.15 mm with 100% infill percentage for ABS. Overall, this study guides efficient 3D printing parameter selection through a technical-economic optimization based on value analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragoș Gabriel Zisopol
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
| | - Maria Tănase
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
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Isiani A, Weiss L, Bardaweel H, Nguyen H, Crittenden K. Fault Detection in 3D Printing: A Study on Sensor Positioning and Vibrational Patterns. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7524. [PMID: 37687981 PMCID: PMC10490794 DOI: 10.3390/s23177524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This work examines the use of accelerometers to identify vibrational patterns that can effectively predict the state of a 3D printer, which could be useful for predictive maintenance. Prototypes using both a simple rectangular shape and a more complex Octopus shape were fabricated and evaluated. Fast Fourier Transform, Spectrogram, and machine learning models, such as Principal Component Analysis and Support Vector Machine, were employed for data analysis. The results indicate that vibrational signals can be used to predict the state of a 3D printer. However, the position of the accelerometers is crucial for vibration-based fault detection. Specifically, the sensor closest to the nozzle could predict the state of the 3D printer faster at a 71% greater sensitivity compared to sensors mounted on the frame and print bed. Therefore, the model presented in this study is appropriate for vibrational fault detection in 3D printers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kelly Crittenden
- Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA; (A.I.); (L.W.); (H.B.); (H.N.)
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Rădulescu B, Mihalache AM, Păduraru E, Hriţuc A, Rădulescu MC, Slătineanu L, Ermolai V. Tensile Behavior of Chain Links Made of Polymeric Materials Manufactured by 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3178. [PMID: 37571070 PMCID: PMC10421413 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
For reduced mechanical stress, some chains with links made of metallic materials could be replaced by chains made of polymeric materials. A lower weight and a higher corrosion resistance would characterize such chains. From this point of view, research on the behavior of chain links made of polymeric materials under the action of tensile stresses can become important. Modeling by the finite element method highlighted some specific aspects of the behavior of a chain link subjected to tensile stresses. Later, we resorted to the manufacture by 3D printing of some chain links from four distinct polymeric materials, with the modification of the size of the chain link and, respectively, of the values of some of the input factors in the 3D printing process. The tensile strength of the chain links was determined using specialized equipment. The experimental results were processed mathematically to determine some empirical mathematical models that highlight the influence of the values of the input factors in the 3D printing process on the tensile strength of the samples in the form of chain links. It thus became possible to compare the results obtained for the four polymeric materials considered and identify the polymeric material that provides the highest tensile strength of the sample in the form of a chain link. The results of the experimental research showed that the highest mechanical resistance was obtained in the case of the links made of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). According to experimental results, when tested under identical conditions, PETG links can break for a force value of 40.9 N. In comparison, polylactic acid links will break for a force value of 4.70 N. Links printed in the horizontal position were almost 9-fold stronger than those printed in the vertical position. Under the same test conditions, according to the determined empirical mathematical models, PETG links printed in a horizontal position will break for a force of 300.8 N, while links printed in a vertical position will break for force values of 35.8 N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rădulescu
- Department of Digital Production Systems, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iași, Romania; (B.R.); (E.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Andrei Marius Mihalache
- Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iași, Romania; (A.M.M.); (L.S.); (V.E.)
| | - Emilian Păduraru
- Department of Digital Production Systems, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iași, Romania; (B.R.); (E.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Adelina Hriţuc
- Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iași, Romania; (A.M.M.); (L.S.); (V.E.)
| | - Mara Cristina Rădulescu
- Department of Digital Production Systems, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iași, Romania; (B.R.); (E.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Laurenţiu Slătineanu
- Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iași, Romania; (A.M.M.); (L.S.); (V.E.)
| | - Vasile Ermolai
- Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iași, Romania; (A.M.M.); (L.S.); (V.E.)
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Pandeya SP, Zou S, Roh BM, Xiao X. Programmable Thermo-Responsive Self-Morphing Structures Design and Performance. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8775. [PMID: 36556580 PMCID: PMC9781905 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, was introduced to design complicated structures/geometries that overcome the manufacturability limitations of traditional manufacturing processes. However, like any other manufacturing technique, AM also has its limitations, such as the need of support structures for overhangs, long build time etc. To overcome these limitations of 3D printing, 4D printing was introduced, which utilizes smart materials and processes to create shapeshifting structures with the external stimuli, such as temperature, humidity, magnetism, etc. The state-of-the-art 4D printing technology focuses on the "form" of the 4D prints through the multi-material variability. However, the quantitative morphing analysis is largely absent in the existing literature on 4D printing. In this research, the inherited material anisotropic behaviors from the AM processes are utilized to drive the morphing behaviors. In addition, the quantitative morphing analysis is performed for designing and controlling the shapeshifting. A material-process-performance 4D printing prediction framework has been developed through a novel dual-way multi-dimensional machine learning model. The morphing evaluation metrics, bending angle and curvature, are obtained and archived at 99% and 93.5% R2, respectively. Based on the proposed method, the material and production time consumption can be reduced by around 65-90%, which justifies that the proposed method can re-imagine the digital-physical production cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Prakash Pandeya
- Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Sheng Zou
- School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Byeong-Min Roh
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Xinyi Xiao
- Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Han L, Du W, Xia Z, Gao B, Yang M. Generative Design and Integrated 3D Printing Manufacture of Cross Joints. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144753. [PMID: 35888220 PMCID: PMC9320393 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The integrated process of design and fabrication is invariably of particular interest and important to improve the quality and reduce the production cycle for structural joints, which are key components for connecting members and transferring loads in structural systems. In this work, using the generative design method, a pioneering idea was successfully realized to attain a reasonable configuration of the cross joints, which was then consecutively manufactured using 3D printing technology. Firstly, the initial model and generation conditions of a cross joint were constructed by the machine learning-based generative design algorithm, and hundreds of models were automatically generated. Then, based on the design objective and cost index of the cross joint, three representative joints were selected for further numerical analysis to verify the advantages of generative design. Finally, 3D printing was utilized to produce generative joints; the influences of printing parameters on the quality of 3D printing are further discussed in this paper. The results show that the cross joints from the generative design method have varied and innovative configurations and the best static behaviors. 3D printing technology can enhance the accuracy of cross joint fabrication. It is viable to utilize the integrated process of generative design and 3D printing to design and manufacture cross joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyu Han
- Institute of Steel and Spatial Structures, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (L.H.); (Z.X.)
| | - Wenfeng Du
- Institute of Steel and Spatial Structures, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (L.H.); (Z.X.)
- Henan Provincial Research Center of Engineering Technology on Assembly Buildings, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Zhuang Xia
- Institute of Steel and Spatial Structures, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (L.H.); (Z.X.)
| | - Boqing Gao
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Mijia Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
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Patti A, Acierno S, Cicala G, Zarrelli M, Acierno D. Recovery of Waste Material from Biobags: 3D Printing Process and Thermo-Mechanical Characteristics in Comparison to Virgin and Composite Matrices. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101943. [PMID: 35631826 PMCID: PMC9147797 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to limit the environmental impact of packaging applications by promoting the recycling of waste products and the use of sustainable materials in additive manufacturing technology. To this end, a commercial polylactide acid (PLA)-based filament derived from waste production of bio-bags is herein considered. For reference, a filament using virgin PLA and one using a wood-based biocomposite were characterized as well. Preliminary testing involved infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of printing parameters (namely bed temperature, layer thickness, top surface layers, retraction speed, and distance) on the final aesthetics of 3D printed parts was verified. The results allow us to attest that the thermal properties of recycled polymer are comparable to those of virgin PLA and biocomposite. In the case of recycled polymer, after the extrusion temperature, bed temperature, and printing speed are estabilished the lowest allowable layer thickness and an appropriate choice of retraction movements are required in order to realize 3D-printed objects without morphological defects visible to the naked eyes. In the case of wood biocomposite, the printing process was complicated by frequent obstructions, and in none of the operating conditions was it possible to obtain an aesthetically satisfying piece of the chosen geometry (Lego-type bricks) Finally, mechanical testing on the 3D printed parts of each system showed that the recycled PLA behaves similarly to virgin and wood/PLA filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Patti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAr), University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefano Acierno
- Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Piazza Roma 21, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Cicala
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAr), University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Mauro Zarrelli
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Research National Council, P. le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Domenico Acierno
- Regional Center of Competence New Technologies for Productive Activities Scarl, Via Nuova Agnano 11, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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