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Aguirresarobe R, Calafel I, Villanueva S, Sanchez A, Agirre A, Sukia I, Esnaola A, Saralegi A. Development of Flame-Retardant Polylactic Acid Formulations for Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1030. [PMID: 38674951 PMCID: PMC11053787 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials, renowned for their lightweight attributes and design adaptability, play a pivotal role in augmenting fuel efficiency and cost-effectiveness in railway vehicle development. The tailored formulation of compounds, specifically designed for additive manufacturing, holds significant promise in expanding the use of these materials. This study centers on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a natural-based biodegradable polymeric material incorporating diverse halogen-free flame retardants (FRs). Our investigation scrutinizes the printability and fire performance of these formulations, aligning with the European railway standard EN 45545-2. The findings underscore that FR in the condensed phase, including ammonium polyphosphate (APP), expandable graphite (EG), and intumescent systems, exhibit superior fire performance. Notably, FR-inducing hydrolytic degradation, such as aluminum hydroxide (ATH) or EG, reduces polymer molecular weight, significantly impacting PLA's mechanical performance. Achieving a delicate balance between fire resistance and mechanical properties, formulations with APP as the flame retardant emerge as optimal. This research contributes to understanding the fire performance and printability of 3D-printed PLA compounds, offering vital insights for the rail industry's adoption of polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Aguirresarobe
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (R.A.); (I.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Itxaso Calafel
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (R.A.); (I.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Villanueva
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Amaia Agirre
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (R.A.); (I.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Itxaro Sukia
- Department of Mechanics and Industrial Production, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragon, Spain; (I.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Aritz Esnaola
- Department of Mechanics and Industrial Production, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragon, Spain; (I.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Ainara Saralegi
- Group ‘Materials + Technologies’, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
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da Silva TCP, Fortes AGDS, de Abreu IR, de Carvalho LH, de Almeida YMB, Alves TS, Barbosa R. Development of Biodegradable PLA/PBAT-Based Filaments for Fertilizer Release for Agricultural Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6764. [PMID: 36234105 PMCID: PMC9571630 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to produce filaments of PLA/PBAT and NPK fertilizer adsorbed on organophilized bentonite intended for application in the prototyping of biodegradable agricultural artifacts in 3D printing, using the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique. This is the first time that we have reported this composite for a 3D printing approach. Systems containing PLA/PBAT, organobentonite and NPK were initially processed in an internal mixer and later extruded as filaments in a single-screw extruder. The prototypes were printed by FDM. Structural, morphological and thermal properties, as well as NPK releasing, were investigated. The results suggest that exfoliated and/or intercalated nanocomposites were obtained by the organoclay addition to the PLA/PBAT blend. The morphological analysis revealed a good surface quality of the impressions. Systems containing organobentonite released approximately 22% less fertilizer in 24 h compared to the systems without organobentonite. This difference is due to the higher concentration of nanoparticles that generate more barriers to the diffusion of NPK. The release data for these systems had a better fit to the kinetic model of Korsmeyer-Peppas. Thus, studied filaments have the potential to retard the release of fertilizer and are suitable for further development of structures for agricultural applications by FDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thyago Camelo Pereira da Silva
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Allef Gabriel da Silva Fortes
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Iago Rodrigues de Abreu
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Laura Hecker de Carvalho
- Center Science and Technology, Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58428-830, PB, Brazil
| | - Yeda Medeiros Bastos de Almeida
- Center for Technology and Geosciences, Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Tatianny Soares Alves
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
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