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Kandanarachchi P, Meyer GA, Musolino SF, Wulff JE, Rhodes LF. Crosslinking Vinyl-Addition Polynorbornenes via Difunctional Diazirines to Generate Low Dielectric-Constant and Low Dielectric-Loss Thermosets. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400200. [PMID: 38875712 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Thermosets having low dielectric constant (Dk < 3) and low dielectric dissipation factor (Df < 0.003), high glass transition temperature (Tg > 150 °C), and good adhesion to copper are desirable for the low loss layers of the copper clad laminates (CCL) in next generation printed circuit boards. Three different difunctional diazirines are evaluated for both thermal and photochemical crosslinking of a high Tg vinyl-addition polynorbornene resin: poly(5-hexyl-1-norbornene) (poly(HNB)). The substrate polymer, crosslinked by the carbenes generated from the activated diazirines, forms thermosets with Dk < 2.3 and Df < 0.001 at 10 GHz depending on the identity of the diazirine and the loading. The Dk and Df values for one composition are stable for 1600 h at 125 °C in air and for 1400 h at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity, suggesting good long-term reliability of this thermoset. Adhesion of poly(HNB) to copper can be enhanced by priming the copper surface with a diazirine prior to high temperature lamination; peel strength values of greater than 7.5 N cm-1 are achieved. Negative-tone photopatterning of poly(HNB) with diazirines upon exposure to 365 nm light is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Larry F Rhodes
- Promerus, LLC, 225 W. Bartges Street, Akron, OH, 44307, USA
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2
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Liao L, Ruan W, Zhang M, Lin M. Recent Progress in Modification of Polyphenylene Oxide for Application in High-Frequency Communication. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1086. [PMID: 38473557 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of highly integrated electronic devices and high-frequency microwave communication technology, the parasitic resistance-capacitance (RC) delay and propagation loss severely restrict the development of a high-frequency communication system. Benefiting from its low dielectric constants (Dk) and low dielectric loss factor (Df), polyphenylene oxide (PPO) has attracted widespread attention for its application in the dielectric layers of integrated circuits. However, PPO suffers from a very high melting viscosity, a larger coefficient of thermal expansion than copper wire and poor solvent resistance. Recently, many efforts have focused on the modification of PPO by various means for communication applications. However, review articles focusing on PPO are unexpectedly limited. In this article, the research progress concerning PPO materials in view of the modification of PPO has been summarized. The following aspects are covered: polymerization and design of special chemical structure, low molecular weight PPO and blending with thermosetting resin, hyperbranched PPO, thermosetting PPO and incorporating with fillers. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various types of modification methods and their applications are compared, and the possible future development directions are also proposed. It is believed that this review will arouse the interest of the electronics industry because of the detailed summary of the cutting-edge modification technology for PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Liao
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenhong Ruan
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China
| | - Musong Lin
- Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Corporation, Guangzhou 510080, China
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3
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Krzak A, Nowak AJ, Heljak M, Antonowicz J, Garg T, Sumption M. Mechanical and Thermal Analysis of Duroplastic Matrix Composites over a Range of Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:606. [PMID: 38475290 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
It is commonly acknowledged that polymer composites in service are often subjected to not only intricate mechanical loads but also harsh environmental conditions. The mechanical and thermal properties of five particular composites are explored here. The composites are composed of laminates of glass cloth type "E" sheet infilled with a duroplastic matrix. This is a thermoset polymer-epoxy resin with different molecular weights. The composites were fabricated by IZOERG company, which is based in Poland. The final articles were 1.5 mm thick by 60 cm long and 30 cm wide, with the glass layers arranged parallel to the thickness. Young's modulus and tensile strength were measured at room temperature. Using the thermal analysis of dynamic mechanical properties (DMTA), the values of the storage modulus and the loss modulus were determined, and the damping factor was used to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg). It was revealed that the nature of changes in the storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping factor of composite materials depends on the type of epoxy resin used. Thermal expansion is a crucial parameter when choosing a material for application in cryogenic conditions. Thanks to the TMA method, thermal expansion coefficients for composite materials were determined. The results show that the highest value of the coefficient of thermal expansion leads the laminate EP_4_2 based on brominated epoxy resin cured with novolac P. Duroplastic composites were characterized at cryogenic temperatures, and the results are interesting for developing cryogenic applications, including electric motors, generators, magnets, and other devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krzak
- Scientific and Didactic Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Materials Technologies, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka J Nowak
- Scientific and Didactic Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Materials Technologies, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marcin Heljak
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Antonowicz
- Semiconductors Division, Faculty of Physic, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tushar Garg
- Center for Superconducting and Magnetic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael Sumption
- Center for Superconducting and Magnetic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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4
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Zheng K, Zhang Y, Qiu J, Xie G, Huang Z, Lin W, Liu Z, Liu Q, Wang X. Flame-Retardant GF-PSB/DOPO-POSS Composite with Low Dk/Df and High Thermal Stability for High-Frequency Copper Clad Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:544. [PMID: 38399922 PMCID: PMC10892954 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the field of high-frequency communications devices, there is an urgent need to develop high-performance copper clad laminates (CCLs) with low dielectric loss (Df) plus good flame retardancy and thermal stability. The hydrocarbon resin styrene-butadiene block copolymer (PSB) was modified with the flame-retardant 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DOPO-POSS) to meet the demands of high-frequency and high-speed applications. The resulting DOPO-POSS-modified PSB was used as the resin matrix along with other additives to fabricate PSB/DOPO-POSS laminates. At a high-frequency of 10 GHz, the laminates containing 20 wt.% of DOPO-POSS and with a thickness of 0.09 mm exhibited a Df of 0.00328, which is much lower compared with the commercial PSB/PX-200 composite (Df: 0.00498) and the PSB without flame retardancy (Df: 0.00453). Afterwards, glass fiber cloth (GF) was used as a reinforcing material to manufacture GF-PSB/DOPO-POSS composite laminates with a thickness of 0.25 mm. The flame retardancy of GF-PSB/DOPO-POSS composite laminate reached vertical burning (UL-94) V-1 grade, and GF-PSB/DOPO-POSS exhibited higher thermal and dynamic mechanical properties than GF-PSB/PX-200. The results of a limited oxygen index (LOI) and self-extinguishing time tests also demonstrated the superior flame-retardant performance of DOPO-POSS compared with PX-200. The investigation indicates that GF-PSB/DOPO-POSS composite laminates have significant potential for use in fabricating a printed circuit board (PCB) for high-frequency and high-speed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zheng
- Sub Center of Dongguan University of Technology of National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Sub Center of Dongguan University of Technology of National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jiaxiang Qiu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China;
| | - Guanqun Xie
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China;
| | - Zengbiao Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials, SHENGYI Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China; (Z.H.); (W.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Wei Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials, SHENGYI Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China; (Z.H.); (W.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Zhimeng Liu
- Sub Center of Dongguan University of Technology of National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Qianfa Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials, SHENGYI Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China; (Z.H.); (W.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Sub Center of Dongguan University of Technology of National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
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5
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Lee P, Jung H, Yoo CS, Lee HH. Low Dielectric Constant Characteristics of Styrene and Maleimide Anhydride Copolymer with Modification for High Frequency Application of Printed Circuit Board. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092078. [PMID: 37177239 PMCID: PMC10181387 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, due to the intensive and fast progress of the high frequency wireless communication environment, including 5th generation (5G) wireless communication, more robust substrate for printed circuit board (PCB) application, especially with less power consumption, is required. In this study, modified resins based on styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer were prepared and evaluated as binder resin to accomplish a low dielectric constant or relative permittivity (εr: <3.0) substrate for the PCB application under ultrahigh frequencies (UHF; 1 GHz~9.4 GHz). The low εr dielectric characteristics of the modified SMA copolymer could be correlated with effects from the stereo-structure of carbon chains or conformational orientation, where the degree of crystallization was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Prepreg films of the low εr modified SMA copolymers and their compounds with epoxy resins were also characterized in terms of dielectric loss or dissipation factor (Df), which have shown more noticeable relation with their stereo-structures as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si 17058, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunsang Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si 17058, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Sei Yoo
- Electronic Convergence Materials & Devices Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si 13509, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si 17058, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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6
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Guo C, Peng Q, Wei H, Liu J, Hu X, Peng J, Ma J, Ye X, Yang J. Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Benzocyclobutylene Composites with High Thermal Stability and Low CTE. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9464-9474. [PMID: 36936317 PMCID: PMC10018689 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a component of printed circuit substrate, copper clad laminate (CCL) needs to meet the performance requirements of heat resistance, flame retardancy, and low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), which, respectively, affects the stability, safety, and processability of terminal electronic products. In this paper, benzocyclobutylene (BCB)-functionalized phosphorus-oxygen flame retardant composites were prepared through introducing the BCB groups, and the performance was researched by thermogravimetric analysis, microcombustion calorimetry, and thermomechanical analysis. The research results show that these phosphorus oxide compounds containing BCB groups show good thermal stability and low total heat release (THR) after thermal curing, and the more BCB groups on the phosphorus oxide monomers, the better the thermal stability and flame retardancy of cured resins. The Td5 and THR of the composite (M3) are as high as 443 °C and 23.1 kJ/g, respectively. In addition, the CTE of M3 is as low as 16.71 ppm/°C. Introduction of BCB groups which can be crosslinked through heat to improve the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and reduced CTE of traditional organophosphorus flame retardant materials. These materials are expected to be good candidates for CCL substrates for electronic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- School
of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University
of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmentally-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Qiuxia Peng
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan
University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Hubo Wei
- School
of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University
of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmentally-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- School
of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University
of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmentally-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- School
of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University
of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmentally-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Juan Peng
- School
of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University
of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmentally-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- School
of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University
of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmentally-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xu Ye
- School
of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University
of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- School
of Continuing Education, Southwest University
of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Junxiao Yang
- School
of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University
of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmentally-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
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7
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Zhou G, Zhang J, Wang Z, Ning N, Huang Y, Wei Y. A novel epoxy vitrimer with low dielectric constant at high‐frequency. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites Donghua University Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites Donghua University Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Ziqing Wang
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites Donghua University Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Na Ning
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites Donghua University Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites Donghua University Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yi Wei
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites Donghua University Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University Shanghai China
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8
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Liu Y, Yang Z, Yang J, Li E, Tang B, Yuan Y. Investigation of TiO
2
and SiO
2
Filled Polybutadiene Composite Substrates and Their Dielectric Properties. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- National Engineering Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Road Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Road Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- National Engineering Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Road Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Road Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Zhenhua Group Yunke Electronics co. ltd Guiyang 550018 People's Republic of China
| | - Enzhu Li
- National Engineering Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Road Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Road Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tang
- National Engineering Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Road Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Road Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yuan
- National Engineering Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Road Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Road Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China
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