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Lipkowitz G, Saccone MA, Panzer MA, Coates IA, Hsiao K, Ilyn D, Kronenfeld JM, Tumbleston JR, Shaqfeh ESG, DeSimone JM. Growing three-dimensional objects with light. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2303648121. [PMID: 38950359 PMCID: PMC11252790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303648121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Vat photopolymerization (VP) additive manufacturing enables fabrication of complex 3D objects by using light to selectively cure a liquid resin. Developed in the 1980s, this technique initially had few practical applications due to limitations in print speed and final part material properties. In the four decades since the inception of VP, the field has matured substantially due to simultaneous advances in light delivery, interface design, and materials chemistry. Today, VP materials are used in a variety of practical applications and are produced at industrial scale. In this perspective, we trace the developments that enabled this printing revolution by focusing on the enabling themes of light, interfaces, and materials. We focus on these fundamentals as they relate to continuous liquid interface production (CLIP), but provide context for the broader VP field. We identify the fundamental physics of the printing process and the key breakthroughs that have enabled faster and higher-resolution printing, as well as production of better materials. We show examples of how in situ print process monitoring methods such as optical coherence tomography can drastically improve our understanding of the print process. Finally, we highlight areas of recent development such as multimaterial printing and inorganic material printing that represent the next frontiers in VP methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lipkowitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Max A. Saccone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | | | - Ian A. Coates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Kaiwen Hsiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Daniel Ilyn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | | | | | - Eric S. G. Shaqfeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Joseph M. DeSimone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
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Sadat Afi Kheljani S, Didehban K, Atai M, Zou C, Ahmadjo S, Rodríguez-Pizarro M, Bahri-Laleh N, Poater A. In-situ photo-crosslinkable elastomer based on polyalphaolefin/halloysite nanohybrid. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:751-766. [PMID: 38211492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
In this research, new injectable and in situ photocurable elastomeric nanohybrids have been fabricated from polyalphaolefin (PAO) resins and halloysite nanofiller. In this regard, the co-oligomerization of long α-olefin monomers (C6, C8 and C10) with alkenol counterparts was carried out via a simple cationic route to provide OH-functionalized PAOs. The newly formed PAO type copolymer resins as well as halloysite nanoclay were then equipped with photocurable CC bonds containing an acrylate moiety. After the characterization of the final chemical substances and also of the intermediate structures, experimentally and computationally by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the neat treated PAO and PAO/halloysite nanohybrids were subjected to a curing process by visible light irradiation (λ ∼ 475 nm, blue light). The crosslinking efficiency of the neat resins and the formed nanohybrid was evaluated using shrinkage strain-time curves and equilibrium swelling method. The suggested nanohybrid is not only biocompatible (96 % in the MTT assay), and hydrophilic (with a water contact angle of 61°), but also exhibits an easy, fast and robust curing process with great potential for coating and sealing technologies for medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khadijeh Didehban
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-36972 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Atai
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P. O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran, Iran
| | - Chen Zou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Saeid Ahmadjo
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P. O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran, Iran
| | - Montserrat Rodríguez-Pizarro
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, c/ Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P. O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran, Iran; Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM(2)), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, c/ Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain.
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Lugo FA, Edeleva M, Van Steenberge PHM, Sabbe MK. Improved Approach for ab Initio Calculations of Rate Coefficients for Secondary Reactions in Acrylate Free-Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:872. [PMID: 38611129 PMCID: PMC11013146 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary reactions in radical polymerization pose a challenge when creating kinetic models for predicting polymer structures. Despite the high impact of these reactions in the polymer structure, their effects are difficult to isolate and measure to produce kinetic data. To this end, we used solvation-corrected M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) ab initio calculations to predict a complete and consistent data set of intrinsic rate coefficients of the secondary reactions in acrylate radical polymerization, including backbiting, β-scission, radical migration, macromonomer propagation, mid-chain radical propagation, chain transfer to monomer and chain transfer to polymer. Two new approaches towards computationally predicting rate coefficients for secondary reactions are proposed: (i) explicit accounting for all possible enantiomers for reactions involving optically active centers; (ii) imposing reduced flexibility if the reaction center is in the middle of the polymer chain. The accuracy and reliability of the ab initio predictions were benchmarked against experimental data via kinetic Monte Carlo simulations under three sufficiently different experimental conditions: a high-frequency modulated polymerization process in the transient regime, a low-frequency modulated process in the sliding regime at both low and high temperatures and a degradation process in the absence of free monomers. The complete and consistent ab initio data set compiled in this work predicts a good agreement when benchmarked via kMC simulations against experimental data, which is a technique never used before for computational chemistry. The simulation results show that these two newly proposed approaches are promising for bridging the gap between experimental and computational chemistry methods in polymer reaction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. Lugo
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Center for Polymer and Material Technology (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 130, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
| | - Maarten K. Sabbe
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
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Li Y, Liu J, Xu S, Wang J. 3D Bioprinting: An Important Tool for Tumor Microenvironment Research. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:8039-8057. [PMID: 38164264 PMCID: PMC10758183 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s435845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in cancer development and treatment. Traditional 2D cell cultures fail to fully replicate the complete tumor microenvironment, while mouse tumor models suffer from time-consuming procedures and complex operations. However, in recent years, 3D bioprinting technology has emerged as a vital tool in studying the tumor microenvironment. 3D bioprinting is a revolutionary biomanufacturing technique that involves layer-by-layer stacking of biological materials, such as cells and biomaterial scaffolds, to create highly precise 3D biostructures. This technology enables the construction of intricate tissue and organ models in the laboratory, which are utilized for biomedical research, drug development, and personalized medicine. The application of 3D bioprinting has brought unprecedented opportunities to fields such as cancer research, tissue engineering, and organ transplantation. It has opened new possibilities for addressing real-world biological challenges and improving medical treatment outcomes. This review summarizes the applications of 3D bioprinting technology in the context of the tumor microenvironment, aiming to explore its potential impact on cancer research and treatment. The use of this cutting-edge technology promises significant advancements in understanding cancer biology and enhancing medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Liang Y, Liu M, Wang T, Mao J, Wang L, Liu D, Wang T, Hu W. UV-Curing-Enhanced Organic Long-Persistent Luminescence Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304820. [PMID: 37459472 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous organic long-persistent luminescence materials (OLPLMs) can realize simpler solution processing and large-area uniform luminescence, where the luminescent properties are significantly influenced by the rigid environment. However, research on utilizing the rigidity to promote long-persistent luminescence (LPL) properties of amorphous OLPLMs is still relatively rare due to the lack of an unambiguous and effective strategy to construct the rigid environment. Here, a universal strategy is proposed to enhance the LPL performance of organic host-guest doping systems by UV curing, which utilizes the rigid environment constructed by UV curing to promote the interaction between host and guest, thus inducing a generation of materials with highly efficient LPL performance. This solution-processable, large-area, and "easy-to-realize" material fabrication strategy can make amorphous OLPLMs show broader application prospects in some fields, such as anti-counterfeiting, nondestructive detection, and pattern marking or indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science (TJ-MOS), Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Man Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science (TJ-MOS), Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science (TJ-MOS), Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiayi Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science (TJ-MOS), Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lichang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Dongzhi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tianyang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science (TJ-MOS), Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science (TJ-MOS), Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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Idrees M, Yoon H, Palmese GR, Alvarez NJ. Engineering Toughness in a Brittle Vinyl Ester Resin Using Urethane Acrylate for Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3501. [PMID: 37688126 PMCID: PMC10490117 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermosetting polymers tend to have a stiffness-toughness trade-off due to the opposing relationship of stiffness and toughness on crosslink density. We hypothesize that engineering the polymer network, e.g., by incorporating urethane oligomers, we can improve the toughness by introducing variations in crosslink density. In this work, we show that a brittle methacrylated Bis-GMA resin (known as DA2) is toughened by adding a commercial urethane acrylate resin (known as Tenacious) in different proportions. The formulations are 3D printed using a vat photopolymerization technique, and their mechanical, thermal, and fracture properties are investigated. Our results show that a significant amount of Tenacious 60% w/w is required to produce parts with improved toughness. However, mechanical properties drop when the Tenacious amount is higher than 60% w/w. Overall, our results show that optimizing the amount of urethane acrylate can improve toughness without significantly sacrificing mechanical properties. In fact, the results show that synergistic effects in modulus and strength exist at specific blend concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicolas J. Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (G.R.P.)
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