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Su G, Zhang Y, Jin C, Zhang Q, Lu J, Liu Z, Wang Q, Zhang X, Ma J. 3D printed zirconia used as dental materials: a critical review. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:78. [PMID: 38129905 PMCID: PMC10740276 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of its high mechanical performance, outstanding aesthetic qualities, and biological stability, zirconia has been widely used in the fields of dentistry. Due to its potential to produce suitable advanced configurations and structures for a number of medical applications, especially personalized created devices, ceramic additive manufacturing (AM) has been attracting a great deal of attention in recent years. AM zirconia hews out infinite possibilities that are otherwise barely possible with traditional processes thanks to its freedom and efficiency. In the review, AM zirconia's physical and adhesive characteristics, accuracy, biocompatibility, as well as their clinical applications have been reviewed. Here, we highlight the accuracy and biocompatibility of 3D printed zirconia. Also, current obstacles and a forecast of AM zirconia for its development and improvement have been covered. In summary, this review offers a description of the basic characteristics of AM zirconia materials intended for oral medicine. Furthermore, it provides a generally novel and fundamental basis for the utilization of 3D printed zirconia in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Su
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Chunyu Jin
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Qiyue Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jiarui Lu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zengqian Liu
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Jia Ma
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Petousis M, Moutsopoulou A, Korlos A, Papadakis V, Mountakis N, Tsikritzis D, Ntintakis I, Vidakis N. The Effect of Nano Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO 2)-Optimized Content in Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Matrices on Their Thermomechanical Response in 3D Printing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1906. [PMID: 37446421 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The influence of nanoparticles (NPs) in zirconium oxide (ZrO2) as a strengthening factor of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyamide 12 (PA12) thermoplastics in material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing (AM) is reported herein for the first time. Using a melt-mixing compounding method, zirconium dioxide nanoparticles were added at four distinct filler loadings. Additionally, 3D-printed samples were carefully examined for their material performance in various standardized tests. The unfilled polymers were the control samples. The nature of the materials was demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric studies. Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to comprehensively analyze their morphological characteristics. Zirconium dioxide NPs showed an affirmative reinforcement tool at all filler concentrations, while the optimized material was calculated with loading in the range of 1.0-3.0 wt.% (3.0 wt.% for PA12, 47.7% increase in strength; 1.0 wt.% for PLA, 20.1% increase in strength). PA12 and PLA polymers with zirconium dioxide in the form of nanocomposite filaments for 3D printing applications could be used in implementations using thermoplastic materials in engineering structures with improved mechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Apostolos Korlos
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, International Hellenic University, Alexander Campus, Sindos, 574 00 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 44 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tsikritzis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ntintakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Mountakis N, Papadakis V, Moutsopoulou A. Mechanical strength predictability of full factorial, Taguchi, and Box Behnken designs: Optimization of thermal settings and Cellulose Nanofibers content in PA12 for MEX AM. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105846. [PMID: 37084490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of reinforced nanocomposites for MEX 3D-printing remain strong industrial claims. Herein, the efficacy of three modeling methods, i.e., full factorial (FFD), Taguchi (TD), and Box-Behnken (BBD), on the performance of MEX 3D printed nanocomposites was investigated, aiming to reduce the experimental effort. Filaments of medical-grade Polyamide 12 (PA12) reinforced with Cellulose NanoFibers (CNF) were evolved. Besides the CNF loading, 3D printing settings such as Nozzle (NT) and Bed (BΤ) Temperatures were optimization goals aiming to maximize the mechanical response. Three parameters and three levels of FFD were compliant with the ASTM-D638 standard (27 runs, five repetitions). An L9 orthogonal TD and a 15 runs BBD were compiled. In FFD, wt.3%CNF, 270 °C NT, and 80 °C BΤ led to 24% higher tensile strength compared to pure PA12. TGA, RAMAN, and SEM analyses interpreted the reinforcement mechanisms. TD and BBD exhibited fair approximations, requiring 7.4% and 11.8% of the FFD experimental effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
| | - Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, GR-70013, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
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Petousis M, Vidakis N, Mountakis N, Papadakis V, Tzounis L. Three-Dimensional Printed Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Alumina (Al 2O 3) Nanocomposites with Significantly Enhanced Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234292. [PMID: 36500915 PMCID: PMC9740054 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) as a reinforcing agent of Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic acid (PLA) in fused filament fabrication (FFF) three-dimensional printing (3DP) is reported herein for the first time. Alumina NPs are incorporated via a melt-mixing compounding process, at four different filler loadings. Neat as well as nanocomposite 3DP filaments are prepared as feedstock for the 3DP manufacturing of specimens which are thoroughly investigated for their mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) proved the nature of the materials. Their morphological characteristics were thoroughly investigated with scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Al2O3 NPs exhibited a positive reinforcement mechanism at all filler loadings, while the mechanical percolation threshold with the maximum increase of performance was found between 1.0-2.0 wt.% filler loading (1.0 wt.% for PA12, 41.1%, and 56.4% increase in strength and modulus, respectively; 2.0 wt.% for PLA, 40.2%, and 27.1% increase in strength and modulus, respectively). The combination of 3DP and polymer engineering using nanocomposite PA12 and PLA filaments with low-cost filler additives, e.g., Al2O3 NPs, could open new avenues towards a series of potential applications using thermoplastic engineering polymers in FFF 3DP manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Lazaros Tzounis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-379864
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