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Megantara S, Rusdin A, Budiman A, Shamsuddin S, Mohtar N, Muchtaridi M. Revolutionizing Antiviral Therapeutics: Unveiling Innovative Approaches for Enhanced Drug Efficacy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2889-2915. [PMID: 38525012 PMCID: PMC10961067 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s447721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic in late 2019, viral infections have become one of the top three causes of mortality worldwide. Immunization and the use of immunomodulatory drugs are effective ways to prevent and treat viral infections. However, the primary therapy for managing viral infections remains antiviral and antiretroviral medication. Unfortunately, these drugs are often limited by physicochemical constraints such as low target selectivity and poor aqueous solubility. Although several modifications have been made to enhance the physicochemical characteristics and efficacy of these drugs, there are few published studies that summarize and compare these modifications. Our review systematically synthesized and discussed antiviral drug modification reports from publications indexed in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We examined various approaches that were investigated to address physicochemical issues and increase activity, including liposomes, cocrystals, solid dispersions, salt modifications, and nanoparticle drug delivery systems. We were impressed by how well each strategy addressed physicochemical issues and improved antiviral activity. In conclusion, these modifications represent a promising way to improve the physicochemical characteristics, functionality, and effectiveness of antivirals in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Megantara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radio Pharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Agus Rusdin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | | | - Noratiqah Mohtar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radio Pharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
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Budiman A, Anastasya G, Handini AL, Lestari IN, Subra L, Aulifa DL. Characterization of Drug with Good Glass-Forming Ability Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Its Impact Toward in vitro and in vivo Studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2199-2225. [PMID: 38465205 PMCID: PMC10924831 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s453873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid oral dosage forms are mostly preferred in pharmaceutical formulation development due to patient convenience, ease of product handling, high throughput, low manufacturing costs, with good physical and chemical stability. However, 70% of drug candidates have poor water solubility leading to compromised bioavailability. This phenomenon occurs because drug molecules are often absorbed after dissolving in gastrointestinal fluid. To address this limitation, delivery systems designed to improve the pharmacokinetics of drug molecules are needed to allow controlled release and target-specific delivery. Among various strategies, amorphous formulations show significantly high potential, particularly for molecules with solubility-limited dissolution rates. The ease of drug molecules to amorphized is known as their glass-forming ability (GFA). Specifically, drug molecules categorized into class III based on the Taylor classification have a low recrystallization tendency and high GFA after cooling, with substantial "glass stability" when heated. In the last decades, the application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as drug delivery systems (DDS) has gained significant attention in various investigations and the pharmaceutical industry. This is attributed to the unique physicochemical properties of MSNs, including high loading capacity, recrystallization inhibition, excellent biocompatibility, and easy functionalization. Therefore, this study aimed to discuss the current state of good glass former drug loaded mesoporous silica and shows its impact on the pharmaceutical properties including dissolution and physical stability, along with in vivo study. The results show the importance of determining whether mesoporous structures are needed in amorphous formulations to improve the pharmaceutical properties of drug with a favorable GFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Gracia Anastasya
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Luthfiyah Handini
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ira Novianty Lestari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Laila Subra
- Department of Pharmacy, Universiti Geomatika Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Diah Lia Aulifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Rusdin A, Mohd Gazzali A, Ain Thomas N, Megantara S, Aulifa DL, Budiman A, Muchtaridi M. Advancing Drug Delivery Paradigms: Polyvinyl Pyrolidone (PVP)-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersion for Enhanced Physicochemical Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:286. [PMID: 38276694 PMCID: PMC10820039 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current challenge in drug development lies in addressing the physicochemical issues that lead to low drug effectiveness. Solubility, a crucial physicochemical parameter, greatly influences various biopharmaceutical aspects of a drug, including dissolution rate, absorption, and bioavailability. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has emerged as a widely explored approach to enhance drug solubility. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to discuss and summarize the development of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-based amorphous solid dispersion in improving the physicochemical properties of drugs, with a focus on the use of PVP as a novel approach. METHODOLOGY This review was conducted by examining relevant journals obtained from databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, since 2018. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select suitable articles. RESULTS This study demonstrated the versatility and efficacy of PVP in enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Diverse preparation methods, including solvent evaporation, melt quenching, electrospinning, coprecipitation, and ball milling are discussed for the production of ASDs with tailored characteristics. CONCLUSION PVP-based ASDs could offer significant advantages in the formulation strategies, stability, and performance of poorly soluble drugs to enhance their overall bioavailability. The diverse methodologies and findings presented in this review will pave the way for further advancements in the development of effective and tailored amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agus Rusdin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km-21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.R.); (S.M.); (D.L.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km-21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Amirah Mohd Gazzali
- Departement Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, P.Penang, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Ain Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport and Health, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Jl. Jenderal Sudirman No. 6, Gorontalo 96128, Indonesia;
| | - Sandra Megantara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km-21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.R.); (S.M.); (D.L.A.)
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia
| | - Diah Lia Aulifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km-21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.R.); (S.M.); (D.L.A.)
| | - Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km-21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km-21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.R.); (S.M.); (D.L.A.)
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia
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Budiman A, Wardhana YW, Ainurofiq A, Nugraha YP, Qaivani R, Hakim SNAL, Aulifa DL. Drug-Coformer Loaded-Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Review of the Preparation, Characterization, and Mechanism of Drug Release. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:281-305. [PMID: 38229702 PMCID: PMC10790662 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s449159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-coformer systems, such as coamorphous and cocrystal, are gaining recognition as highly effective strategies for enhancing the stability, solubility, and dissolution of drugs. These systems depend on the interactions between drug and coformer to prevent the conversion of amorphous drugs into the crystalline form and improve the solubility. Furthermore, mesoporous silica (MPS) is also a promising carrier commonly used for stabilization, leading to solubility improvement of poorly water-soluble drugs. The surface interaction of drug-MPS and the nanoconfinement effect prevent amorphous drugs from crystallizing. A novel method has been developed recently, which entails the loading of drug-coformer into MPS to improve the solubility, dissolution, and physical stability of the amorphous drug. This method uses the synergistic effects of drug-coformer interactions and the nanoconfinement effect within MPS. Several studies have reported successful incorporation of drug-coformer into MPS, indicating the potential for significant improvement in dissolution characteristics and physical stability of the drug. Therefore, this study aimed to discuss the preparation and characterization of drug-coformer within MPS, particularly the interaction in the nanoconfinement, as well as the impact on drug release and physical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java45363, Indonesia
| | - Yoga Windhu Wardhana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java45363, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Ainurofiq
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, 57126, Indonesia
| | - Yuda Prasetya Nugraha
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Ridhatul Qaivani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Siti Nazila Awaliyyah Lukmanul Hakim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Diah Lia Aulifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
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Poka MS, Milne M, Wessels A, Aucamp M. Sugars and Polyols of Natural Origin as Carriers for Solubility and Dissolution Enhancement. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2557. [PMID: 38004536 PMCID: PMC10675835 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystalline carriers such as dextrose, sucrose, galactose, mannitol, sorbitol, and isomalt have been reported to increase the solubility, and dissolution rates of poorly soluble drugs when employed as carriers in solid dispersions (SDs). However, synthetic polymers dominate the preparation of drugs: excipient SDs have been created in recent years, but these polymer-based SDs exhibit the major drawback of recrystallisation upon storage. Also, the use of high-molecular-weight polymers with increased chain lengths brings forth problems such as increased viscosity and unnecessary bulkiness in the resulting dosage form. An ideal SD carrier should be hydrophilic, non-hygroscopic, have high hydrogen-bonding propensity, have a high glass transition temperature (Tg), and be safe to use. This review discusses sugars and polyols as suitable carriers for SDs, as they possess several ideal characteristics. Recently, the use of low-molecular-weight excipients has gained much interest in developing SDs. However, there are limited options available for safe, low molecular excipients, which opens the door again for sugars and polyols. The major points of this review focus on the successes and failures of employing sugars and polyols in the preparation of SDs in the past, recent advances, and potential future applications for the solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Sai Poka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Pretoria 0208, South Africa;
| | - Marnus Milne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Pretoria 0208, South Africa;
| | - Anita Wessels
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;
| | - Marique Aucamp
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Drive, Cape Town 7130, South Africa
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Zoghi M, Pourmadadi M, Yazdian F, Nigjeh MN, Rashedi H, Sahraeian R. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/carbon quantum dots/Fe 2O 3 nanocomposite comprising curcumin for targeted drug delivery in breast cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125788. [PMID: 37437675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, a natural compound with promising anti-cancerous features, suffers from a number of shortcomings such as low chemical stability, bioavailability, and solubility, which impedes its application as an alternative for conventional cancer therapy. In this study, curcumin comprising Fe2O3/Chitosan/CQDs was fabricated through double emulsion method (W/O/W) for the first time to exploit its anticancer features while alleviating its limitation, making this nanocomposite promising in targeted drug delivery. Chitosan, a hydrophilic biopolymer, has incorporated to constitute an adhesive pH-sensitive matrix that can trap the hydrophobic drug resulting in controlled drug release in cancerous environment. Carbon quantum dots render luminescence and water solubility properties, which is favorable for tracing drug release and bio imaging along with enhancement of biocompatibility. Fe2O3 can improve chemical stability and bioavailability in addition to anti-cancerous property. XRD and FTIR analysis confirmed the physical interaction between the drug and fabricated nano composite in addition to chemical bonding between the prepared nano composite. Matrix and spherical structure of the formed drug is corroborated by FESEM analysis. DLS analysis' results determine the mean size of the nano composite at about 227.2 nm and zeta potential result is indicative of perfect stability of the fabricated drug. Various kinetic models for drug release were fitted to experimental data in order to investigate the drug release in which Korsmeyer-Peppas' model was the predominant release system in cancerous environment. In vitro studies through flow cytometry and MTT assay exerted noticeable cytotoxicity effect on MCF-7 cell lines. It can be deduced from these results that curcumin encapsulated with CS/CQDs/Fe2O3 nanocomposites is an excellent alternative for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zoghi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrab Pourmadadi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mona Navaei Nigjeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Rashedi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Budiman A, Kalina K, Aristawidya L, Shofwan AAA, Rusdin A, Aulifa DL. Characterizing the Impact of Chitosan on the Nucleation and Crystal Growth of Ritonavir from Supersaturated Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051282. [PMID: 36904523 PMCID: PMC10007235 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of polymeric materials is often used to delay nucleation or crystal growth and maintain the high supersaturation of amorphous drugs. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of chitosan on the supersaturation behavior of drugs with a low recrystallization tendency and elucidate the mechanism of its crystallization inhibition in an aqueous solution. It was carried out using ritonavir (RTV) as a model of poorly water-soluble drugs categorized as class III of Taylor's classification, while chitosan was used as a polymer, and hypromellose (HPMC) was used for comparison. The inhibition of the nucleation and crystal growth of RTV by chitosan was examined by measuring the induction time. The interactions of RTV with chitosan and HPMC were evaluated by NMR measurements, FT-IR, and an in silico analysis. The results showed that the solubilities of amorphous RTV with and without HPMC were quite similar, while the amorphous solubility was significantly increased by the chitosan addition due to the solubilization effect. In the absence of the polymer, RTV started to precipitate after 30 min, indicating that it is a slow crystallizer. Chitosan and HPMC effectively inhibited the nucleation of RTV, as reflected by a 48-64-fold enhancement in the induction time. Furthermore, NMR, FT-IR, and in silico analysis demonstrated that the hydrogen bond interaction between the amine group of RTV and a proton of chitosan, as well as the carbonyl group of RTV and a proton of HPMC, was observed. This indicated that the hydrogen bond interaction between RTV and chitosan as well as HPMC can contribute to the crystallization inhibition and maintenance of RTV in a supersaturated state. Therefore, the addition of chitosan can delay nucleation, which is crucial for stabilizing supersaturated drug solutions, specifically for a drug with a low crystallization tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Kalina Kalina
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Levina Aristawidya
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Adnan Aly Al Shofwan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Agus Rusdin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Diah Lia Aulifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
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Budiman A, Rusdin A, Aulifa DL. Current Techniques of Water Solubility Improvement for Antioxidant Compounds and Their Correlation with Its Activity: Molecular Pharmaceutics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:378. [PMID: 36829937 PMCID: PMC9952677 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aqueous solubility of a drug is important in the oral formulation because the drug can be absorbed from intestinal sites after being dissolved in the gastrointestinal fluid, leading to its bioavailability. Almost 80% of active pharmaceutical ingredients are poorly water-soluble, including antioxidant compounds. This makes antioxidant activity inefficient in preventing disease, particularly for orally administered formulations. Although several investigations have been carried out to improve the solubility of antioxidant compounds, there is still limited research fully discussing the subject. Therefore, this study aimed to provide an overview and discussion of the issues related to the methods that have been used to improve the solubility and activity of antioxidant compounds. Articles were found using the keywords "antioxidant" and "water solubility improvement" in the Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The selected articles were published within the last five years to ensure all information was up-to-date with the same objectives. The most popular methods of the strategies employed were solid dispersion, co-amorphous, and nanoparticle drug delivery systems, which were used to enhance the solubility of antioxidant compounds. These investigations produced impressive results, with a detailed discussion of the mechanism of improvement in the solubility and antioxidant activity of the compounds developed. This review shows that the strategies used to increase the solubility of antioxidant compounds successfully improved their antioxidant activity with enhanced free radical scavenging abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Agus Rusdin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacy, Poltekkes Kemenkes Bandung, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Diah Lia Aulifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
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Elgadir MA, Mariod AA. Gelatin and Chitosan as Meat By-Products and Their Recent Applications. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010060. [PMID: 36613275 PMCID: PMC9818858 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat by-products such as bones, skin, horns, hooves, feet, skull, etc., are produced from slaughtered mammals. Innovative solutions are very important to achieving sustainability and obtaining the added value of meat by-products with the least impact on the environment. Gelatin, which is obtained from products high in collagen, such as dried skin and bones, is used in food processing, and pharmaceuticals. Chitosan is derived from chitin and is well recognized as an edible polymer. It is a natural product that is non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Recently, chitosan has attracted researchers' interests due to its biological activities, including antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. In this review, article, we highlighted the recent available information on the application of gelatin and chitosan as antioxidants, antimicrobials, food edible coating, enzyme immobilization, biologically active compound encapsulation, water treatment, and cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Abd Elgadir
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdalbasit Adam Mariod
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Alkamil Branch, University of Jeddah, Alkamil 21931, Saudi Arabia
- Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage Centre, Ghibaish College of Science and Technology, Ghibaish P.O. Box 100, Sudan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-543524074
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Budiman A, Citraloka ZG, Muchtaridi M, Sriwidodo S, Aulifa DL, Rusdin A. Inhibition of Crystal Nucleation and Growth in Aqueous Drug Solutions: Impact of Different Polymers on the Supersaturation Profiles of Amorphous Drugs-The Case of Alpha-Mangostin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2386. [PMID: 36365204 PMCID: PMC9699294 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymer used in supersaturated solutions plays a critical role in maintaining supersaturation levels of amorphous drugs. The prevention of drug crystallization in the supersaturated solutions by adding polymers depends on their ability to inhibit nucleation and crystal growth of drugs. This showed that understanding the mechanism of nucleation inhibition by polymers is necessary to develop the drug formulation in supersaturated solutions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the impact of water-soluble polymers on the supersaturation behavior of drugs and elucidate the mechanism of maintaining the supersaturation levels in an aqueous solution. It was carried out using alpha-mangostin (AM) as a model of the poorly water-soluble drug, while hypromellose (HPMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and eudragit were used as polymers. Their ability to inhibit the nucleation and crystal growth of AM was also evaluated. The supersaturation profiles of AM were measured in biorelevant dissolution media, while the crystal growth rate of AM was evaluated from the decrease in dissolved drug concentration by determining the induction time for AM nucleation. The interaction of AM with each polymer was evaluated and predicted by FT-IR, NMR measurement, and an in silico study, respectively. Based on observation, the PVP effectively maintained AM in a supersaturated state for the long term while eudragit conserved for 15 min. Meanwhile, an inhibitory effect of HPMC on the AM crystal nucleation was not observed. It was also \]-+discovered that the effectiveness of the various polymers depends on the interaction between the polymer and the drug. FT-IR and in silico studies demonstrated that the interaction of PVP-AM had the best polymer compared to eudragit and HPMC. NMR analysis suggested that the interaction between the methyl group from PVP with the carbonyl group of AM occurred in the PVP solution. The viscosity measurement revealed that the inhibition of nucleation and crystal growth of AM was not caused by increasing the viscosity. These results indicated that polymer-AM interactions could contribute to the crystallization inhibition and maintenance of AM in a supersaturated state. Therefore, an investigation of the mechanism of drug nucleation inhibition by polymers is recommended in the selection of crystallization inhibitors and a planned strategy to develop supersaturated formulations of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Zahra Ganesya Citraloka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Sriwidodo Sriwidodo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Diah Lia Aulifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Agus Rusdin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacy, Poltekkes Kemenkes Bandung, Jl. Prof. Eyckman No. 24, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
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