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Kaspute G, Ramanavicius A, Prentice U. Molecular Imprinting Technology for Advanced Delivery of Essential Oils. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2441. [PMID: 39274074 PMCID: PMC11397921 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) hold therapeutic potential, but their conventional delivery systems have some limitations. This review focuses on the critical review and discussion of research related to EO delivery systems. The review also explores how molecular imprinting technologies (MIT) can advance EO delivery. MIT offer several techniques, namely covalent, non-covalent, and semi-covalent imprinting, creating targeted cavities that selectively bind and release EOs. These approaches promise significant advantages including increased selectivity, controlled release, and protection from environmental degradation. However, some challenges related to the stability and biocompatibility of MIPs remain unsolved. Integrating nanotechnology through methods like nanoparticle imprinting and some lithographic techniques seems promising to overcome these limitations. Some recently established models and systems used for EO-related research are paving the way for a more efficient and targeted EO delivery approach to harnessing the therapeutic power of EOs. Therefore, some recent and future research seems promising, and eventually it will increase the effectiveness of MIP-based EO delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Kaspute
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Personalised Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskes St. 5, LT-08410 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Prentice
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Personalised Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskes St. 5, LT-08410 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Zhang H, Luo B, Liu K, Wang C, Hou P, Zhao C, Li A. Development of surface molecular-imprinted electrochemical sensor for palmitic acid with machine learning assistance. Talanta 2024; 275:126124. [PMID: 38663067 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) is a kind of saturated high fatty acid, which is involved in physiological safety and food quality. A surface molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor was prepared on MXene surface using dopamine (DA) as functional monomer. The electrode was modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), ferrocene-graphene oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Fc-GO-MWCNT) composite to enhance the electroactive area and conductivity. The sensor was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), respectively. The parameters concerning this assay and various regeneration conditions have been carefully studied. The sensor can detect PA in the range of 1 nM-1 mM (R2 = 0.995), the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.48 nM (S/N = 3), and the limit of quantification (LOQ) is 1.61 nM. The artificial neural network (ANN) model in machine learning is further used to analyze the data collected by the sensor. The results show that the back propagation (BP) neural network in ANN is more suitable for the intelligent analysis of PA. The practicality of the sensor was confirmed by detecting PA in pork samples. This is the first MIP-based electrochemical sensor for PA, and it has great potential in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Peichen Hou
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Chunjiang Zhao
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Aixue Li
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Frigoli M, Lowdon JW, Caldara M, Cleij TJ, Diliën H, Eersels K, van Grinsven B. Emerging Biomimetic Sensor Technologies for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria: A Commercial Viability Study. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23155-23171. [PMID: 38854523 PMCID: PMC11154936 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring a rapid and accurate identification of harmful bacteria is crucial in various fields including environmental monitoring, food safety, and clinical diagnostics. Conventional detection methods often suffer from limitations such as long analysis time, complexity, and the need for qualified personnel. Therefore, a lot of research effort is devoted to developing technologies with the potential to revolutionize the detection of pathogenic bacteria by offering rapid, sensitive, and user-friendly platforms for point-of-care analysis. In this light, biosensors have gained significant commercial attention in recent years due to their simplicity, portability, and rapid analysis capabilities. The purpose of this review is to identify a trend by analyzing which biosensor technologies have become commercially successful in the field of bacteria detection. Moreover, we highlight the characteristics that a biosensor must possess to finally arrive in the market and therefore in the hands of the end-user, and we present critical examples of the market applications of various technologies. The aim is to investigate the reason why certain technologies have achieved commercial success and extrapolate these trends to the future economic viability of a new subfield in the world of biosensing: the development of biomimetic sensor platforms. Therefore, an overview of recent advances in the field of biomimetic bacteria detection will be presented, after which the challenges that need to be addressed in the coming years to improve market penetration will be critically evaluated. We will zoom into the current shortcomings of biomimetic sensors based on imprinting technology and aptamers and try to come up with a recommendation for further development based on the trends observed from previous commercial success stories in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Frigoli
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph W. Lowdon
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Manlio Caldara
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. Cleij
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Diliën
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Eersels
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Liu C, Guan C, Li Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Han G. Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Common Oral Diseases. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38366356 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2315112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Limiting and preventing oral diseases remains a major challenge to the health of populations around the world, so finding ways to detect early-stage diseases (e.g., caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer) and aiding in their prevention has always been an important clinical treatment concept. The development and application of electrochemical detection technology can provide important support for the early detection and non-invasive diagnosis of oral diseases and make up for the shortcomings of traditional diagnostic methods, which are highly sensitive, non-invasive, cost-effective, and less labor-intensive. It detects specific disease markers in body fluids through electrochemical reactions, discovers early warning signals of diseases, and realizes rapid and reliable diagnosis. This paper comprehensively summarizes the development and application of electrochemical biosensors in the detection and diagnosis of common oral diseases in terms of application platforms, sensing types, and disease detection, and discusses the challenges faced by electrochemical biosensors in the detection of oral diseases as well as the great prospects for future applications, in the hope of providing important insights for the future development of electrochemical biosensors for the early detection of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Liu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changjun Guan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ze Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanchun Wang
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Drobysh M, Liustrovaite V, Kanetski Y, Brasiunas B, Zvirbliene A, Rimkute A, Gudas D, Kucinskaite-Kodze I, Simanavicius M, Ramanavicius S, Slibinskas R, Ciplys E, Plikusiene I, Ramanavicius A. Electrochemical biosensing based comparative study of monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168154. [PMID: 37923263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we are reporting an electrochemical biosensor for the determination of three different clones of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rN). The nucleocapsid protein was chosen as a system component identifying and discriminating antibodies that occur after virus infection instead of S protein used in serological tests to measure antibodies raised after vaccination and infection. The sensing platform was based on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) covered with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and subsequently modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to ensure the covalent immobilization of the rN. The interaction between the protein and three clones of mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 rN with clone numbers 4G6, 7F10, and 1A6, were electrochemically registered in the range of concentrations. Three techniques, cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and pulse amperometric detection (PAD) were used for the detection. A gradual change in the responses with an increase in mAbs concentration for all techniques was observed. To assess the performance of the developed electrochemical biosensor, 'complexation constant' (KC), limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated for all assessed clones of mAbs and all used techniques. Our results indicated that DPV possessing higher fitting accuracy illustrated more significant differences in KC constants and LOD/LOQ values. According to the DPV results, 7F10 clone was characterized with the highest KC value of 1.47 ± 0.07 μg/mL while the lowest LOD and LOQ values belonged to the 4G6 clone and equaled 0.08 ± 0.01 and 0.25 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential of electrochemical techniques for the detection and distinguishing of different clones of mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryia Drobysh
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Viktorija Liustrovaite
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Yahor Kanetski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Benediktas Brasiunas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Zvirbliene
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agne Rimkute
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Gudas
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Simonas Ramanavicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Slibinskas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Evaldas Ciplys
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Plikusiene
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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6
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Gangwar R, Ray D, Khatun S, Subrahmanyam C, Rengan AK, Vanjari SRK. Toll-like receptor-immobilized carbon paste electrodes with plasma functionalized amine termination: Towards real-time electrochemical based triaging of gram-negative bacteria. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 241:115674. [PMID: 37717423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds caused due to bacterial biofilms are detrimental to a patient, and an immediate diagnosis of these bacteria can aid in an effective treatment, which is still an unmet clinical need. An instant and accurate identification of bacterial type could be made by utilizing the Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) combined with Myeloid Differentiation factor 2 (MD-2). Given this, we have developed an electrochemical sensing platform to identify the gram-negative (gram-ve) bacteria using TLR4/MD-2 complex. The nonthermal plasma (NTP) technique was utilized to functionalize amine groups onto the carbon surface to fabricate cost-effective carbon paste working electrodes (CPEs). The proposed electrochemical sensor platform with a specially engineered electrochemical cell (E-Cell) identified the Escherichia coli (E. coli) in a wide linear range of 1.5×10° - 1.5×106 C.F.U./mL, accounting for a very low detection limit of 0.087 C.F.U./mL. The novel and cost-effective sensor platform identified gram-ve bacteria predominantly in a mixture of gram positive (gram+ve) bacteria and fungi. Further, towards real-time detection of bacteria and point-of-care (PoC) applications, the effect of the pond water matrix was studied, which was minimal, and the sensor could identify E. coli concentrations selectively, showing the potential application of the proposed platform towards real-time bacterial detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Gangwar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502284, India.
| | - Debjyoti Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502284, India; Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Sajmina Khatun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502284, India.
| | | | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502284, India.
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Resina L, Alemán C, Ferreira FC, Esteves T. Protein-imprinted polymers: How far have "plastic antibodies" come? Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108220. [PMID: 37482116 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are highly selective and sensitive, making them the gold standard for recognition affinity tools. However, their production cost is high and their downstream processing is time-consuming. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are tailor-made by incorporating specific molecular recognition sites in their structure, thus translating into receptor-like activity mode of action. The interest in molecular imprinting technology, applied to biomacromolecules, has increased in the past decade. MIPs, produced using biomolecules as templates, commonly referred to as "plastic antibodies" or "artificial receptors", have been considered as suitable cheaper and easy to produce alternatives to antibodies. Research on MIPs, designed to recognize proteins or peptides is particularly important, with potential contributions towards biomedical applications, namely biosensors and targeted drug delivery systems. This mini review will cover recent advances on (bio)molecular imprinting technology, where proteins or peptides are targeted or mimicked for sensing and therapeutic applications. Polymerization methods are reviewed elsewhere, being out of the scope of this review. Template selection and immobilization approaches, monomers and applications will be discussed, highlighting possible drawbacks and gaps in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Resina
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico - Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico - Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Esteves
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico - Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Pilvenyte G, Ratautaite V, Boguzaite R, Ramanavicius S, Chen CF, Viter R, Ramanavicius A. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:620. [PMID: 37366985 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of biological molecules, so-called biomarkers in body fluids at abnormal concentrations, is considered a good tool for detecting disease. Biomarkers are usually looked for in the most common body fluids, such as blood, nasopharyngeal fluids, urine, tears, sweat, etc. Even with significant advances in diagnostic technology, many patients with suspected infections receive empiric antimicrobial therapy rather than appropriate treatment, which is driven by rapid identification of the infectious agent, leading to increased antimicrobial resistance. To positively impact healthcare, new tests are needed that are pathogen-specific, easy to use, and produce results quickly. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based biosensors can achieve these general goals and have enormous potential for disease detection. This article aimed to overview recent articles dedicated to electrochemical sensors modified with MIP to detect protein-based biomarkers of certain infectious diseases in human beings, particularly the biomarkers of infectious diseases, such as HIV-1, COVID-19, Dengue virus, and others. Some biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) found in blood tests, are not specific for a particular disease but are used to identify any inflammation process in the body and are also under consideration in this review. Other biomarkers are specific to a particular disease, e.g., SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein. This article analyzes the development of electrochemical sensors using molecular imprinting technology and the used materials' influence. The research methods, the application of different electrodes, the influence of the polymers, and the established detection limits are reviewed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Pilvenyte
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Raimonda Boguzaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Simonas Ramanavicius
- Department of Electrochemical Material Science, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Chien-Fu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Roman Viter
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Center for Collective Use of Scientific Equipment, Sumy State University, 31, Sanatornaya st., 40018 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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