Optimization of Bromocriptine-Mesylate-Loaded Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles Coated with Chitosan for Nose-to-Brain Delivery: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Edoxaban enfolded beta-1,4-poly-d-glucosamine nanoparticles for targeting eponym Stuart-Prower factor for treatment of venous thrombosis

The present research looked for ways to develop shielded nanoparticles (NPs)-drug transporters made of chitosan (CS) to enhance the bioavailability of edoxaban tosylate monohydrate (ETM) for oral administration by examining the correlation among design aspects and data from experiments using response surface methodology (RSM). ETM-loaded CS nanoparticles (ETM-CS-NPs) were developed using the ionic gelation of CS with tripolyphosphate (TPP). Utilising Zeta-sizer and scanning electron microscopy, the ETM-CS-NPs were evaluated for particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), surface morphology, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL). Drug and polymer interactions in NPs were assessed using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The response surface approach and Design-Expert software optimised the ETM-CS-NPs. Using RSM, the effects of independent variables such as the amount of CS, the amount of TPP, and the amount of glacial acetic acid on PS, PDI and ZP were analysed. The optimal combination of PS (354.8 nm), PDI (0.509), ZP (43.7 + mV), % EE (70.3 ± 1.3) and % DL (9.1 ± 0.4) has been identified for the optimised ETM-CS-NPs. ETM-CS-NPs' anticoagulant activity was evaluated using activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time (TT) assays. In conclusion, a practical and consistent method has been established, and its application has been proven in vitro, indicating its utility for future studies of the biological distribution of ETM-CS-NPs in vivo for specific antithrombotic treatments.

Unveiling the potential of chitosan-coated lipid nanoparticles in drug delivery for management of critical illness: a review

Chitosan (CT), a natural, cationic, chemically stable molecule, biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic, polysaccharide derived from the deacetylation of chitin, has very uniquely surfaced as a material of promise for drug delivery and biomedical applications. For the oral, ocular, cutaneous, pulmonary, and nose-to-brain routes, CT-coated nanoparticles (CTCNPs) have numerous advantages, consisting of improved controlled drug release, physicochemical stability, improved cell and tissue interactions, and increased bioavailability and efficacy of the active ingredient. CTCNPs have a broad range of therapeutic properties including anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial properties, treating neurological disorders, and other diseases. This has led to substantial research into the many potential uses of CT as a drug delivery vehicle. CT has also been employed in a wide range of biomedical processes, including bone and cartilage tissue regeneration, ocular tissue regeneration, periodontal tissue regeneration, heart tissue regeneration, and wound healing. Additionally, CT has been used in cosmeceutical, bioimaging, immunization, and gene transfer applications. CT exhibits a number of biological activities, which are the basis for its remarkable potential for use as a drug delivery vehicle, and these activities are covered in detail in this article. The alterations applied to CT to obtain the necessary properties have been described.

Advancements in wound healing: integrating biomolecules, drug delivery carriers, and targeted therapeutics for enhanced tissue repair

Wound healing, a critical biological process vital for tissue restoration, has spurred a global market exceeding $15 billion for wound care products and $12 billion for scar treatment. Chronic wounds lead to delayed or impaired wound healing. Natural bioactive compounds, prized for minimal side effects, stand out as promising candidates for effective wound healing. In response, researchers are turning to nanotechnology, employing the encapsulation of these agents into drug delivery carriers. Drug delivery system will play a crucial role in enabling targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to promote tissue regeneration and address underlying issues such as inflammation, infection, and impaired angiogenesis in chronic wound healing. Drug delivery carriers offer distinct advantages, exhibiting a substantial ratio of surface area to volume and altered physical and chemical properties. These carriers facilitate sustained and controlled release, proving particularly advantageous for the extended process of wound healing, that typically comprise a diverse range of components, integrating both natural and synthetic polymers. Additionally, they often incorporate bioactive molecules. Despite their properties, including poor solubility, rapid degradation, and limited bioavailability, various natural bioactive agents face challenges in clinical applications. With a global research, emphasis on harnessing nanomaterial for wound healing application, this research overview engages advancing drug delivery technologies to augment the effectiveness of tissue regeneration using bioactive molecules. Recent progress in drug delivery has poised to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of natural compounds in wound healing applications.

A remodeled ivermectin polycaprolactone-based nanoparticles for inhalation as a promising treatment of pulmonary inflammatory diseases

In recent years, ivermectin (IVM), an antiparasitic drug of low water solubility and poor oral bioavailability, has shown a profound effect on inflammatory mediators involved in diseases, such as acute lung injury, lung fibrosis, and COVID-19. In order to maximize drug bioavailability, polymeric nanoparticles can be delivered through nebulizers for pulmonary administration. The aim of this study was to prepare IVM-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles (NPs) by solvent evaporation method. Box-Benkhen design (BBD) was used to optimize entrapment efficiency (Y1), percent drug release after 6 h (Y2), particle size (Y3), and zeta potential (Y4). A study was conducted examining the effects of three independent variables: PCL-IVM ratio (A), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentration (B), and sonication time (C). The optimized formula was also compared to the oral IVM dispersion for lung deposition, in-vivo behavior, and pharmacokinetic parameters. The optimized IVM-PCL-NPs formulation was spherical in shape with entrapment efficiency (% EE) of 93.99 ± 0.96 %, about 62.71 ± 0.53 % released after 6 h, particle size of 100.07 ± 0.73 nm and zeta potential of -3.30 ± 0.23 mV. Comparing the optimized formulation to IVM-dispersion, the optimized formulation demonstrated greater bioavailability with greater area under the curve AUC0-t of 710.91 ± 15.22 μg .ml-1.h for lung and 637.97 ± 15.43 μg .ml-1.h for plasma. Based on the results, the optimized NPs accumulated better in lung tissues, exhibiting a twofold longer residence time (MRT 4.78 ± 0.55 h) than the IVM-dispersion (MRT 2.64 ± 0.64 h). The optimized nanoparticle formulation also achieved higher cmax (194.90 ± 5.01 μg/ml), and lower kel (0.21 ± 0.04 h-1) in lungs. Additionally, the level of inflammatory mediators was markedly reduced. To conclude, inhalable IVM-PCL-NPs formulation was suitable for the pulmonary delivery and may be one of the most promising approaches to increase IVM bioavailability for the successful treatment of a variety of lung diseases.

Research progress in brain-targeted nasal drug delivery

The unique anatomical and physiological connections between the nasal cavity and brain provide a pathway for bypassing the blood-brain barrier to allow for direct brain-targeted drug delivery through nasal administration. There are several advantages of nasal administration compared with other routes; for example, the first-pass effect that leads to the metabolism of orally administered drugs can be bypassed, and the poor compliance associated with injections can be minimized. Nasal administration can also help maximize brain-targeted drug delivery, allowing for high pharmacological activity at lower drug dosages, thereby minimizing the likelihood of adverse effects and providing a highly promising drug delivery pathway for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. The aim of this review article was to briefly describe the physiological structures of the nasal cavity and brain, the pathways through which drugs can enter the brain through the nose, the factors affecting brain-targeted nasal drug delivery, methods to improve brain-targeted nasal drug delivery systems through the application of related biomaterials, common experimental methods used in intranasal drug delivery research, and the current limitations of such approaches, providing a solid foundation for further in-depth research on intranasal brain-targeted drug delivery systems (see Graphical Abstract).

Microfluidic-Assisted Formulation of ε-Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Properties and In Vitro Cell Uptake

The nanoprecipitation method was used to formulate ε-polycaprolactone (PCL) into fluorescent nanoparticles. Two methods of mixing the phases were evaluated: introducing the organic phase into the aqueous phase dropwise and via a specially designed microfluidic device. As a result of the nanoprecipitation process, fluorescein-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) with a mean diameter of 127 ± 3 nm and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.180 ± 0.009 were obtained. The profiles of dye release were determined in vitro using dialysis membrane tubing, and the results showed a controlled release of the dye from NPs. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the NPs was assessed using an MTT assay. The PCL NPs were shown to be safe and non-toxic to L929 and MG63 cells. The results of the present study have revealed that PCL NPs represent a promising system for developing new drug delivery systems.