1
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Hamieh T. Surface Thermodynamic Properties of Poly Lactic Acid by Inverse Gas Chromatography. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:268. [PMID: 38786478 PMCID: PMC11117825 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9050268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly lactic acid (PLA) is one of the most commonly used bio-derived thermoplastic polymers in 3D and 4D printing applications. The determination of PLA surface properties is of capital importance in 3D/4D printing technology. The surface thermodynamic properties of PLA polymers were determined using the inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique at infinite dilution. The determination of the retention volume of polar and non-polar molecules adsorbed on the PLA particles filling the column allowed us to obtain the dispersive, polar, and Lewis's acid-base surface properties at different temperatures from 40 °C to 100 °C. The applied surface method was based on our recent model that used the London dispersion equation, the new chromatographic parameter function of the deformation polarizability, and the harmonic mean of the ionization energies of the PLA polymer and organic molecules. The application of this new method led to the determination of the dispersive and polar free surface energy of the adsorption of molecules on the polymeric material, as well as the glass transition and the Lewis acid-base constants. Four interval temperatures were distinguished, showing four zones of variations in the surface properties of PLA as a function of the temperature before and after the glass transition. The acid-base parameters of PLA strongly depend on the temperature. The accurate determination of the dispersive and polar surface physicochemical properties of PLA led to the work of adhesion of the polar organic solvents adsorbed on PLA. These results can be very useful for achieving reliable and functional 3D and 4D printed components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayssir Hamieh
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; ; Tel.: +31-6-5723-9324
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
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2
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Yan S, Zhang F, Luo L, Wang L, Liu Y, Leng J. Shape Memory Polymer Composites: 4D Printing, Smart Structures, and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0234. [PMID: 37941913 PMCID: PMC10629366 DOI: 10.34133/research.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) and their composites (SMPCs) are smart materials that can be stably deformed and then return to their original shape under external stimulation, thus having a memory of their shape. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an advanced technology for fabricating products using a digital software tool. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is a new generation of additive manufacturing technology that combines shape memory materials and 3D printing technology. Currently, 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs are gaining considerable research attention and are finding use in various fields, including biomedical science. This review introduces SMPs, SMPCs, and 4D printing technologies, highlighting several special 4D-printed structures. It summarizes the recent research progress of 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs in various fields, with particular emphasis on biomedical applications. Additionally, it presents an overview of the challenges and development prospects of 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs and provides a preliminary discussion and useful reference for the research and application of 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Yan
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No.2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No.2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Luo
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No.2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No.2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautic Science and Mechanics,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No.2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Hegde C, Su J, Tan JMR, He K, Chen X, Magdassi S. Sensing in Soft Robotics. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15277-15307. [PMID: 37530475 PMCID: PMC10448757 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics is an exciting field of science and technology that enables robots to manipulate objects with human-like dexterity. Soft robots can handle delicate objects with care, access remote areas, and offer realistic feedback on their handling performance. However, increased dexterity and mechanical compliance of soft robots come with the need for accurate control of the position and shape of these robots. Therefore, soft robots must be equipped with sensors for better perception of their surroundings, location, force, temperature, shape, and other stimuli for effective usage. This review highlights recent progress in sensing feedback technologies for soft robotic applications. It begins with an introduction to actuation technologies and material selection in soft robotics, followed by an in-depth exploration of various types of sensors, their integration methods, and the benefits of multimodal sensing, signal processing, and control strategies. A short description of current market leaders in soft robotics is also included in the review to illustrate the growing demands of this technology. By examining the latest advancements in sensing feedback technologies for soft robots, this review aims to highlight the potential of soft robotics and inspire innovation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidanand Hegde
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Jiangtao Su
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Joel Ming Rui Tan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Casali
Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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4
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Rylski AK, Maraliga T, Wu Y, Recker EA, Arrowood AJ, Sanoja GE, Page ZA. Digital Light Processing 3D Printing of Soft Semicrystalline Acrylates with Localized Shape Memory and Stiffness Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37418641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Multimaterial three-dimensional (3D) printing of objects with spatially tunable thermomechanical properties and shape-memory behavior provides an attractive approach toward programmable "smart" plastics with applications in soft robotics and electronics. To date, digital light processing 3D printing has emerged as one of the fastest manufacturing methods that maintains high precision and resolution. Despite the common utility of semicrystalline polymers in stimuli-responsive materials, few reports exist whereby such polymers have been produced via digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. Herein, two commodity long-alkyl chain acrylates (C18, stearyl and C12, lauryl) and mixtures therefrom are systematically examined as neat resin components for DLP 3D printing of semicrystalline polymer networks. Tailoring the stearyl/lauryl acrylate ratio results in a wide breadth of thermomechanical properties, including tensile stiffness spanning three orders of magnitude and temperatures from below room temperature (2 °C) to above body temperature (50 °C). This breadth is attributed primarily to changes in the degree of crystallinity. Favorably, the relationship between resin composition and the degree of crystallinity is quadratic, making the thermomechanical properties reproducible and easily programmable. Furthermore, the shape-memory behavior of 3D-printed objects upon thermal cycling is characterized, showing good fatigue resistance and work output. Finally, multimaterial 3D-printed structures with vertical gradation in composition are demonstrated where concomitant localization of thermomechanical properties enables multistage shape-memory and strain-selective behavior. The present platform represents a promising route toward customizable actuators for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K Rylski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tejas Maraliga
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yudian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Recker
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Anthony J Arrowood
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Gabriel E Sanoja
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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5
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Großmann L, Kieckhöfer M, Weitschies W, Krause J. 4D prints of flexible dosage forms using thermoplastic polyurethane with hybrid shape memory effect. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 181:227-238. [PMID: 36423878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethanes are versatile materials due to their flexible and elastic properties. In research, medicine, and pharmacy, they are used in dosage forms, implants or as components of medical devices. To gain a deeper understanding of the influences on unfolding or expanding dosage forms, in this publication, 3D printing was used to produce differently shaped and foldable objects from various technical thermoplastic polyurethane filaments. The shape memory behaviour of the dosage forms was exploited to fold and package them in water-soluble hard gelatin capsules. The unfolding time and dimensional recovery of the 3D printed dosage forms were investigated as a function of material properties and shape. As an example, for the use of flexible dosage forms, 3D models have been designed so that their unfolded size is suitable for possible gastric retention. Depending on the shape and material, different unfolding behaviours could be shown. Over a storage period of 60 days, a time related stress on the 4D printed objects was evaluated, which possibly affects the unfolding process. The results of this work aim to be used to evaluate the behaviour of 3D printed unfolding and expanding dosage forms and how they may be suitable for the development of innovative sustained drug delivery concepts or medicinal devices. The basic principle of a hybrid shape memory effect used here could possibly be applied to other drug delivery strategies besides gastric retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Großmann
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Kieckhöfer
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Julius Krause
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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6
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Rheological and thermoresponsive shape memory properties of polylactic acid (PLA) and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymer blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
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7
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Wu X, Zou J, Yang J, Jiang J, Feng Q, Ye Z, Huang W. Evolution of electrical conductivity in semi‐interpenetrating polymer network of shape memory polyvinyl chloride and polyaniline. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Jiaxing Zou
- School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Qin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Zihao Ye
- School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Weimin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
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8
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9
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Yang L, Lou J, Yuan J, Deng J. A review of shape memory polymers based on the intrinsic structures of their responsive switches. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28838-28850. [PMID: 35478574 PMCID: PMC9038180 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04434f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs), as stimuli-responsive materials, have attracted worldwide attention. Based on the history and development of SMPs, a variety of reports about SMPs in recent years are summarized in this paper. The responsive switches are analyzed and divided into two kinds according to their intrinsic structures: physical switch and chemical one. Then, detailed classification and comprehensive discussion of SMPs are further elaborated, based on the intrinsic structures of responsive switches and stimulation types. Finally, the development and prospect of SMPs are objectively predicted and forecasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lide Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jiankun Lou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jianru Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
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10
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Optimization Shape-Memory Situations of a Stimulus Responsive Composite Material. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050697. [PMID: 33669041 PMCID: PMC7956782 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In these times of Industrial 4.0 and Health 4.0, people currently want to enhance the ability of science and technology, to focus on patient aspects. However, with intelligent, green energy and biomedicine these days, traditional three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been unable to meet our needs, so 4D printing has now arisen. In this research, a shape-memory composite material with 3D printing technology was used for 4D printing technology. The authors used fused deposition modeling (FDM) to print a polylactic acid (PLA) strip onto the surface of paper to create a shape-memory composite material, and a stimulus (heat) was used to deform and recover the shape of this material. The deformation angle and recovery angle of the material were studied with various processing parameters (heating temperature, heating time, pitch, and printing speed). This research discusses optimal processing related to shape-memory situations of stimulus-responsive composite materials. The optimal deformation angle (maximum) of the stimulus-responsive composite material was found with a thermal stimulus for an optimal heating temperature of 190 °C, a heating time of 20 s, a pitch of 1.5 mm, and a printing speed of 80 mm/s. The optimal recovery angle (minimum) of this material was found with a thermal stimulus for an optimal heating temperature of 170 °C, a heating time of 90 s, a pitch of 2.0 mm, and a printing speed of 80 mm/s. The most important factor affecting both the deformation and recovery angle of the stimulus-responsive composite material was the heating temperature.
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11
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Dennis JM, Savage AM, Mrozek RA, Lenhart JL. Stimuli‐responsive mechanical properties in polymer glasses: challenges and opportunities for defense applications. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Dennis
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
| | - Alice M Savage
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
| | - Randy A Mrozek
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
| | - Joseph L Lenhart
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
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12
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Smola-Dmochowska A, Śmigiel-Gac N, Kaczmarczyk B, Sobota M, Janeczek H, Karpeta-Jarząbek P, Kasperczyk J, Dobrzyński P. Triple-Shape Memory Behavior of Modified Lactide/Glycolide Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2984. [PMID: 33327569 PMCID: PMC7765011 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the formation and properties of biodegradable thermoplastic blends with triple-shape memory behavior, which were obtained by the blending and extrusion of poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) and bioresorbable aliphatic oligoesters with side hydroxyl groups: oligo (butylene succinate-co-butylene citrate) and oligo(butylene citrate). Addition of the oligoesters to poly (l-lactide-co-glycolide) reduces the glass transition temperature (Tg) and also increases the flexibility and shape memory behavior of the final blends. Among the tested blends, materials containing less than 20 wt % of oligo (butylene succinate-co-butylene citrate) seem especially promising for biomedical applications as materials for manufacturing bioresorbable implants with high flexibility and relatively good mechanical properties. These blends show compatibility, exhibiting one glass transition temperature and macroscopically uniform physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Smola-Dmochowska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowska 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (N.Ś.-G.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (H.J.); (P.K.-J.); (J.K.)
| | - Natalia Śmigiel-Gac
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowska 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (N.Ś.-G.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (H.J.); (P.K.-J.); (J.K.)
| | - Bożena Kaczmarczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowska 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (N.Ś.-G.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (H.J.); (P.K.-J.); (J.K.)
| | - Michał Sobota
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowska 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (N.Ś.-G.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (H.J.); (P.K.-J.); (J.K.)
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowska 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (N.Ś.-G.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (H.J.); (P.K.-J.); (J.K.)
| | - Paulina Karpeta-Jarząbek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowska 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (N.Ś.-G.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (H.J.); (P.K.-J.); (J.K.)
| | - Janusz Kasperczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowska 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (N.Ś.-G.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (H.J.); (P.K.-J.); (J.K.)
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-000 Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobrzyński
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowska 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (N.Ś.-G.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (H.J.); (P.K.-J.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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13
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Haskew MJ, Hardy JG. A Mini-Review of Shape-Memory Polymer-Based Materials : Stimuli-responsive shape-memory polymers. JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1595/205651319x15754757916993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) enable the production of stimuli-responsive polymer-based materials with the ability to undergo a large recoverable deformation upon the application of an external stimulus. Academic and industrial research interest in the shape-memory effects (SMEs) of
these SMP-based materials is growing for task-specific applications. This mini-review covers interesting aspects of SMP-based materials, their properties, how they may be investigated and highlights examples of the potential applications of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J. Haskew
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, Faraday Building, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, Faraday Building, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
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14
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Xiao R, Huang WM. Heating/Solvent Responsive Shape-Memory Polymers for Implant Biomedical Devices in Minimally Invasive Surgery: Current Status and Challenge. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000108. [PMID: 32567193 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review is about the fundamentals and practical issues in applying both heating and solvent responsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) for implant biomedical devices via minimally invasive surgery. After revealing the general requirements in the design of biomedical devices based on SMPs and the fundamentals for the shape-memory effect in SMPs, the underlying mechanisms, characterization methods, and several representative biomedical applications, including vascular stents, tissue scaffolds, occlusion devices, drug delivery systems, and the current R&D status of them, are discussed. The new opportunities arising from emerging technologies, such as 3D printing, and new materials, such as vitrimer, are also highlighted. Finally, the major challenge that limits the practical clinical applications of SMPs at present is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Min Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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15
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Chen K, Deng J, Shi Q, Ding X, Sun J, Yang S, Liu JZ. Charge doping induced reversible multistep structural phase transitions and electromechanical actuation in two-dimensional 1T'-MoS 2. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12541-12550. [PMID: 32500127 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The 1T' phase of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is a low symmetry charge density wave (CDW) phase, which can be viewed as a periodically distorted structure (Peierls distortion) of the high symmetry 1T phase. In this paper, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we report that the positive charge (hole) injection is an effective method to modulate the Peierls distortion of MoS2 1T' for a new CDW phase and superior electromechanical properties. A new stable CDW phase is discovered at a hole doping level of 0.10 h+ per atom, named 1T't. Hole charging and discharging can induce a reversible phase transition of MoS2 among the three phases, 1T, 1T' and 1T't. Such a reversible phase transition leads to superior electromechanical properties including a strain output as high as -5.8% with a small hysteresis loop, multi-step super-elasticity, and multi-shape memory effect, which are valuable in active electromechanical device designs at the nanoscale. In-depth analysis of the change of the electronic structure under hole doping was performed to understand the new CDW phase and the observed phase transition. Using charge doping to modulate the Peierls distortion in two-dimensional materials can serve as a general concept for nano-active material designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyun Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Junkai Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qian Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xiangdong Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jun Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Sen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jefferson Zhe Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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16
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Wang C, Dai Y, Kou B, Huang WM. Influence of Long-Term Storage on Shape Memory Performance and Mechanical Behavior of Pre-stretched Commercial Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121978. [PMID: 31805701 PMCID: PMC6960707 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we experimentally investigate the influence of storage at 40 °C on the shape memory performance and mechanical behavior of a pre-stretched commercial poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This is to simulate the scenario in many applications. Although this is a very important topic in engineering practice, it has rarely been touched upon so far. The shape memory performance is characterized in terms of the shape fixity ratio (after up to one year of storage) and shape recovery ratio (upon heating to previous programming temperature). Programming in the mode of uniaxial tension is carried out at a temperature within the glass transition range to one of four prescribed programming strains (namely 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Also investigated is the residual strain after heating for shape recovery. The characterization of the mechanical behavior of programmed samples after storage for up to three months is via cyclic uniaxial tensile test. It is concluded that from an engineering application point view, for this particular PMMA, programming should be done at higher temperatures (i.e., above its Tg of 110 °C) in order to not only achieve reliable and better shape memory performance, but also minimize the influence of storage on the shape memory performance and mechanical behavior of the programmed material. This finding provides a useful guide for engineering applications of shape memory polymers, in particular based on the multiple-shape memory effect, temperature memory effect, and/or low temperature programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Wang
- Jiangsu key laboratory of advanced structural materials & application technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China; (C.W.); (Y.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Yuming Dai
- Jiangsu key laboratory of advanced structural materials & application technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China; (C.W.); (Y.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Bo Kou
- Jiangsu key laboratory of advanced structural materials & application technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China; (C.W.); (Y.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Wei Min Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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17
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Lai SM, Guo GL, Han KT, Huang PS, Huang ZL, Jiang MJ, Zou YR. Properties and characterization of near infrared-triggered natural rubber (NR)/carnauba wax (CW)/carbon nanotube (CNT) shape memory bio-nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Effect of Moisture on Shape Memory Polyurethane Polymers for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12020244. [PMID: 30642087 PMCID: PMC6356422 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extrusion-based additive manufacturing (EBAM) or 3D printing is used to produce customized prototyped parts. The majority of the polymers used with EBAM show moisture sensitivity. However, moisture effects become more pronounced in polymers used for critical applications, such as biomedical stents, sensors, and actuators. The effects of moisture on the manufacturing process and the long-term performance of Shape Memory Polyurethane (SMPU) have not been fully investigated in the literature. This study focuses primarily on block-copolymer SMPUs that have two different hard/soft (h/s) segment ratios. It investigates the effect of moisture on the various properties via studying: (i) the effect of moisture trapping within these polymers and the consequences when manufacturing; (ii) and the effect on end product performance of plasticization by moisture. Results indicate that higher h/s SMPU shows higher microphase separation, which leads to an increase of moisture trapping within the polymer. Understanding moisture trapping is critical for EBAM parts due to an increase in void content and a decrease in printing quality. The results also indicate a stronger plasticizing effect on polymers with lower h/s ratio but with a more forgiving printing behavior compared to the higher h/s ratio.
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19
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Li M, Guan Q, Dingemans TJ. High-Temperature Shape Memory Behavior of Semicrystalline Polyamide Thermosets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:19106-19115. [PMID: 29742899 PMCID: PMC5994727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We have explored semicrystalline poly(decamethylene terephthalamide) (PA 10T) based thermosets as single-component high-temperature (>200 °C) shape memory polymers (SMPs). The PA 10T thermosets were prepared from reactive thermoplastic precursors. Reactive phenylethynyl (PE) functionalities were either attached at the chain termini or placed as side groups along the polymer main chain. The shape fixation and recovery performance of the thermoset films were investigated using a rheometer in torsion mode. By controlling the Mn of the reactive oligomers, or the PE concentration of the PE side-group functionalized copolyamides, we were able to design dual-shape memory PA 10T thermosets with a broad recovery temperature range of 227-285 °C. The thermosets based on the 1000 g mol-1 reactive PE precursor and the copolyamide with 15 mol % PE side groups show the highest fixation rate (99%) and recovery rate (≥90%). High temperature triple-shape memory behavior can be achieved as well when we use the melt transition ( Tm ≥ 200 °C) and the glass transition ( Tg = ∼125 °C) as the two switches. The recovery rate of the two recovery steps are highly dependent on the crystallinity of the thermosets and vary within a wide range of 74%-139% and 40-82% for the two steps, respectively. Reversible shape memory events could also be demonstrated when we perform a forward and backward deformation in a triple shape memory cycle. We also studied the angular recovery velocity as a function of temperature, which provides a thermokinematic picture of the shape recovery process and helps to program for desired shape memory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- National Engineering
Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- Faculty
of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute
(DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Qingbao Guan
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, Soochow
University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Theo J. Dingemans
- Faculty
of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, 1113
Murray Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
- E-mail: (T.J.D.)
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20
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Anokhin DV, Gorbunova MA, Estrin YI, Komratova VV, Badamshina ER. The role of fast and slow processes in the formation of structure and properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:31769-31776. [PMID: 27841401 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05895g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New multi-blocked thermoplastic polymers containing rigid polyurethane-urea and soft polydiethylene glycol adipate blocks have been synthesized. Basic features of their structure formation have been revealed. Three types of supramolecular organization have been found, which define the behavior of samples under heating and deformation conditions. The shape memory effect has been interpreted through the transition of one type of morphology to another. The variation of the functional characteristics of the material was addressed in the process of long-time storage at room temperature. The changes of physical-mechanical and thermodynamical properties of the materials were related to structural evolution within 60 months of storage. The competing role of crystallization and phase separation was proposed to explain the unusual mechanical behavior of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Anokhin
- IPCP RAS, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, 141432, Russia. and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, GSP-1, 1-51 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M A Gorbunova
- IPCP RAS, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, 141432, Russia.
| | - Ya I Estrin
- IPCP RAS, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, 141432, Russia.
| | - V V Komratova
- IPCP RAS, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, 141432, Russia.
| | - E R Badamshina
- IPCP RAS, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, 141432, Russia.
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21
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22
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Imre B, Gojzewski H, Check C, Chartoff R, Vancso GJ. Properties and Phase Structure of Polycaprolactone-Based Segmented Polyurethanes with Varying Hard and Soft Segments: Effects of Processing Conditions. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Imre
- School of Chemical Biological and Environmental Engineering; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Hubert Gojzewski
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Twente; Drienerlolaan 5 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Casey Check
- Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon (CAMCOR); University of Oregon; Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Richard Chartoff
- School of Chemical Biological and Environmental Engineering; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Twente; Drienerlolaan 5 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
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23
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Walczak J, Chrzanowski M, Krucińska I. Research on a Nonwoven Fabric Made from Multi-Block Biodegradable Copolymer Based on l-Lactide, Glycolide, and Trimethylene Carbonate with Shape Memory. Molecules 2017; 22:E1325. [PMID: 28796171 PMCID: PMC6152114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented paper concerns scientific research on processing a poly(lactide-co-glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) copolymer (PLLAGLTMC) with thermally induced shape memory and a transition temperature around human body temperature. The material in the literature called terpolymer was used to produce smart, nonwoven fabric with the melt blowing technique. Bioresorbable and biocompatible terpolymers with shape memory have been investigated for its medical applications, such as cardiovascular stents. There are several research studies on shape memory in polymers, but this phenomenon has not been widely studied in textile products made from shape memory polymers (SMPs). The current research aims to explore the characteristics of the PLLAGLTMC nonwoven fabric in detail and the mechanism of its shape memory behavior. In this study, the nonwoven fabric was subjected to thermo-mechanical, morphological, and shape memory analysis. The thermo-mechanical and structural properties were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopic examination, and mercury porosimetry measurements. Eventually, the gathered results confirmed that the nonwoven fabric possessed characteristics that classified it as a smart material with potential applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Walczak
- Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz 90-924, Poland.
| | - Michał Chrzanowski
- Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz 90-924, Poland.
| | - Izabella Krucińska
- Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz 90-924, Poland.
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24
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Merlettini A, Gigli M, Ramella M, Gualandi C, Soccio M, Boccafoschi F, Munari A, Lotti N, Focarete ML. Thermal Annealing to Modulate the Shape Memory Behavior of a Biobased and Biocompatible Triblock Copolymer Scaffold in the Human Body Temperature Range. Biomacromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Merlettini
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Gigli
- Department
of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Ramella
- Department
of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli
17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Gualandi
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences
and Technologies and Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research
(HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 41/E 40064, Ozzano dell’Emilia,
Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Department
of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Department
of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli
17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Munari
- Department
of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Department
of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences
and Technologies and Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research
(HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 41/E 40064, Ozzano dell’Emilia,
Bologna, Italy
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25
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Xiao H, Ma C, Le X, Wang L, Lu W, Theato P, Hu T, Zhang J, Chen T. A Multiple Shape Memory Hydrogel Induced by Reversible Physical Interactions at Ambient Condition. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E138. [PMID: 30970817 PMCID: PMC6432359 DOI: 10.3390/polym9040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multiple shape memory hydrogel is fabricated based on two reversible physical interactions. The multiple shape memory property is endowed by a simple treatment of soaking in NaOH or NaCl solutions to form chitosan microcrystal or chain-entanglement crosslinks as temporary junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201 Ningbo, China.
| | - Chunxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201 Ningbo, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Le
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201 Ningbo, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201 Ningbo, China.
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201 Ningbo, China.
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tuoping Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China.
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201 Ningbo, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201 Ningbo, China.
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26
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Belmonte A, Russo C, Ambrogi V, Fernández-Francos X, De la Flor S. Epoxy-Based Shape-Memory Actuators Obtained via Dual-Curing of Off-Stoichiometric "Thiol⁻Epoxy" Mixtures. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9030113. [PMID: 30970791 PMCID: PMC6431884 DOI: 10.3390/polym9030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, epoxy-based shape-memory actuators have been developed by taking advantage of the sequential dual-curing of off-stoichiometric “thiol–epoxy” systems. Bent-shaped designs for flexural actuation were obtained thanks to the easy processing of these materials in the intermediate stage (after the first curing process), and successfully fixed through the second curing process. The samples were programmed into a flat temporary-shape and the recovery-process was analyzed in unconstrained, partially-constrained and fully-constrained conditions using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). Different “thiol–epoxy” systems and off-stoichiometric ratios were used to analyze the effect of the network structure on the actuation performance. The results evidenced the possibility to take advantage of the flexural recovery as a potential actuator, the operation of which can be modulated by changing the network structure and properties of the material. Under unconstrained-recovery conditions, faster and narrower recovery-processes (an average speed up to 80%/min) are attained by using materials with homogeneous network structure, while in partially- or fully-constrained conditions, a higher crosslinking density and the presence of crosslinks of higher functionality lead to a higher amount of energy released during the recovery-process, thus, increasing the work or the force released. Finally, an easy approach for the prediction of the work released by the shape-memory actuator has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Belmonte
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Claudio Russo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Piazzale Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Piazzale Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Xavier Fernández-Francos
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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27
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Wu XL, Huang WM, Lu HB, Wang CC, Cui HP. Characterization of polymeric shape memory materials. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2015-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
After a short discussion of various shape memory related phenomena and the basic working mechanisms behind the shape memory effect (SME) in polymeric shape memory materials (SMMs), standard techniques and procedures to characterize these types of materials are reviewed in details (including the concerns in the selection of testing methods and parameters). Although the focus of this paper is on the heating-responsive SME, important issues in the chemo-responsive SME are addressed. Furthermore, some other shape memory related phenomena, such as various kinds of temperature memory effect (TME), and multiple-SME etc., and optimization of the shape memory performance of a shape memory polymer (SMP) via tailoring the programming parameters are included.
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28
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Wei W, Shi A, Wu T, Wei J, Guo J. Thermo-responsive shape and optical memories of photonic composite films enabled by glassy liquid crystalline polymer networks. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:8534-8541. [PMID: 27714369 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel shape and optical memories of a photonic composite film based on a silica opal photonic crystal (PC) template and a liquid crystal polymer network (LCN). Here, the photonic composite film was fabricated by introducing a LCN precursor into a silica opal PC template, followed by UV photo-polymerization and then by the removal of the template. The obtained bilayer-structure photonic film was found to spontaneously form a three-dimensional (3D) temporary bending shape in response to heating, and thus the corresponding reflection color of the photonic composite film shows a blue shift during bending deformation. The inherent mechanisms of these two observations could be attributed to the variations of the LC molecule orientation and the light reflection in the photonic composite film during the thermal process. More intriguingly, the resulting temporary bending shape was fixed by applying mechanical force during slowly cooling down to the room temperature or autonomously fixed by a rapid cooling in liquid nitrogen. Additionally, this temporary state could restore back to the permanent flat shape when the film is cooled from the heat source without an external force. Finally, more complex 3D shape-memory samples could also be achieved by simply controlling the LC alignment or designing the sample geometry. This work opens up a new way to develop a novel shape-memory polymer photonic film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyuan Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Anshi Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Tianhang Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Jinbao Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
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29
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Abstract
Driven by the increasing demand for micro-/nano-technologies, stimuli-responsive shape memory materials at nanoscale have recently attracted great research interests. However, by reducing the size of conventional shape memory materials down to approximately nanometre range, the shape memory effect diminishes. Here, using density functional theory calculations, we report the discovery of a shape memory effect in a two-dimensional atomically thin graphene oxide crystal with ordered epoxy groups, namely C8O. A maximum recoverable strain of 14.5% is achieved as a result of reversible phase transition between two intrinsically stable phases. Our calculations conclude co-existence of the two stable phases in a coherent crystal lattice, giving rise to the possibility of constructing multiple temporary shapes in a single material, thus, enabling highly desirable programmability. With an atomic thickness, excellent shape memory mechanical properties and electric field stimulus, the discovery of a two-dimensional shape memory graphene oxide opens a path for the development of exceptional micro-/nano-electromechanical devices. When reducing the size of shape memory materials to the nanoscale regime, the memory effect tends to diminish. Here, the authors report a theoretical proposal of a shape memory graphene oxide with ordered epoxy groups retaining excellent programmability and actuation capabilities.
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30
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Xi Wang T, Min Huang W, Chen H, Xiao R, Bo Lu H, Feng Kang S. Temperature memory effect and its stability revealed via differential scanning calorimetry in ethylene-vinyl acetate within glass transition range. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xi Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Wei Min Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Hongmei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Sichuan Normal University; Chengdu 610066 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Institute of Soft Matter Mechanics, College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210098 China
| | - Hai Bo Lu
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150080 China
| | - Shu Feng Kang
- Shenzhen Woer Heat-Shrinkable Material Co. Ltd; Shenzhen 518118 China
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31
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Chan BQY, Low ZWK, Heng SJW, Chan SY, Owh C, Loh XJ. Recent Advances in Shape Memory Soft Materials for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:10070-10087. [PMID: 27018814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart and adaptive materials able to recover their shape through an external stimulus. This functionality, combined with the good biocompatibility of polymers, has garnered much interest for biomedical applications. In this review, we discuss the design considerations critical to the successful integration of SMPs for use in vivo. We also highlight recent work on three classes of SMPs: shape memory polymers and blends, shape memory polymer composites, and shape memory hydrogels. These developments open the possibility of incorporating SMPs into device design, which can lead to vast technological improvements in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Qi Yu Chan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Zhi Wei Kenny Low
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Sylvester Jun Wen Heng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Cally Owh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute , 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751, Singapore
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32
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Sun L, Wang TX, Leow WC, Huang WM, Cui H, Gao XY. Temperature memory effect in differential scanning calorimeter test in thermoplastic polyurethane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-016-0958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Dailing EA, Nair DP, Setterberg WK, Kyburz KA, Yang C, D’Ovidio T, Anseth KS, Stansbury JW. Combined, Independent Small Molecule Release and Shape Memory via Nanogel-Coated Thiourethane Polymer Networks. Polym Chem 2016; 7:816-825. [PMID: 27066114 PMCID: PMC4822555 DOI: 10.1039/c5py01464f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Drug releasing shape memory polymers (SMPs) were prepared from poly(thiourethane) networks that were coated with drug loaded nanogels through a UV initiated, surface mediated crosslinking reaction. Multifunctional thiol and isocyanate monomers were crosslinked through a step-growth mechanism to produce polymers with a homogeneous network structure that exhibited a sharp glass transition with 97% strain recovery and 96% shape fixity. Incorporating a small stoichiometric excess of thiol groups left pendant functionality for a surface coating reaction. Nanogels with diameter of approximately 10 nm bearing allyl and methacrylate groups were prepared separately via solution free radical polymerization. Coatings with thickness of 10-30 μm were formed via dip-coating and subsequent UV-initiated thiol-ene crosslinking between the SMP surface and the nanogel, and through inter-nanogel methacrylate homopolymerization. No significant change in mechanical properties or shape memory behavior was observed after the coating process, indicating that functional coatings can be integrated into an SMP without altering its original performance. Drug bioactivity was confirmed via in vitro culturing of human mesenchymal stem cells with SMPs coated with dexamethasone-loaded nanogels. This article offers a new strategy to independently tune multiple functions on a single polymeric device, and has broad application toward implantable, minimally invasive medical devices such as vascular stents and ocular shunts, where local drug release can greatly prolong device function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Dailing
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Devatha P. Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Whitney K. Setterberg
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Kyle A. Kyburz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Tyler D’Ovidio
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
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Kwon SH, Piao SH, Choi HJ. Electric Field-Responsive Mesoporous Suspensions: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 5:2249-2267. [PMID: 28347119 PMCID: PMC5304764 DOI: 10.3390/nano5042249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper briefly reviews the fabrication and electrorheological (ER) characteristics of mesoporous materials and their nanocomposites with conducting polymers under an applied electric field when dispersed in an insulating liquid. Smart fluids of electrically-polarizable particles exhibit a reversible and tunable phase transition from a liquid-like to solid-like state in response to an external electric field of various strengths, and have potential applications in a variety of active control systems. The ER properties of these mesoporous suspensions are explained further according to their dielectric spectra in terms of the flow curve, dynamic moduli, and yield stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyuk Kwon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
| | - Shang Hao Piao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
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35
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Hager MD, Bode S, Weber C, Schubert US. Shape memory polymers: Past, present and future developments. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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36
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Ahmed AS, Ramanujan RV. Magnetic Field Triggered Multicycle Damage Sensing and Self Healing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13773. [PMID: 26348284 PMCID: PMC4562241 DOI: 10.1038/srep13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional materials inspired by biological structures have attracted great interest, e.g. for wearable/ flexible "skin" and smart coatings. A current challenge in this area is to develop an artificial material which mimics biological skin by simultaneously displaying color change on damage as well as self healing of the damaged region. Here we report, for the first time, the development of a damage sensing and self healing magnet-polymer composite (Magpol), which actively responds to an external magnetic field. We incorporated reversible sensing using mechanochromic molecules in a shape memory thermoplastic matrix. Exposure to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) triggers shape recovery and facilitates damage repair. Magpol exhibited a linear strain response upto 150% strain and complete recovery after healing. We have demonstrated the use of this concept in a reusable biomedical device i.e., coated guidewires. Our findings offer a new synergistic method to bestow multifunctionality for applications ranging from medical device coatings to adaptive wing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anansa S. Ahmed
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - R. V. Ramanujan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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37
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Chen Y, Chen K, Wang Y, Xu C. Biobased Heat-Triggered Shape-Memory Polymers Based on Polylactide/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Blend System Fabricated via Peroxide-Induced Dynamic Vulcanization: Co-continuous Phase Structure, Shape Memory Behavior, and Interfacial Compatibilization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Chen
- The
Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education,
China, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kunling Chen
- The
Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education,
China, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Youhong Wang
- The
Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education,
China, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- The
Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education,
China, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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38
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39
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Shao LN, Dai J, Zhang ZX, Yang JH, Zhang N, Huang T, Wang Y. Thermal and electroactive shape memory behaviors of poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic polyurethane blend induced by carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectively located CNTs endowed the PLLA/TPU/CNT blend composites with good shape memory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-na Shao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jian Dai
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Zhi-xing Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jing-hui Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Ting Huang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
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40
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Huang M, Dong X, Wang L, Gao Y, Wang D. Superior shape memory properties and microstructure evolution of poly(ether-b-amide12) elastomer enhanced by poly(ε-caprolactone). RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06409k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While the recovery ratio of PEBA decreases marginally with PCL content, the maximum recovery stresses (σmax) increase greatly despite of the deformation temperature, indicating an enhancement of the recovery stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoming Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Xia Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Lili Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Yunyun Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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41
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Basfar A, Lotfy S. Radiation-crosslinking of shape memory polymers based on poly(vinyl alcohol) in the presence of carbon nanotubes. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Zhou Y, Huang WM. Shape Memory Effect in Polymeric Materials: Mechanisms and Optimization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.piutam.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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44
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Razzaq MY, Behl M, Nöchel U, Lendlein A. Magnetically controlled shape-memory effects of hybrid nanocomposites from oligo(ω-pentadecalactone) and covalently integrated magnetite nanoparticles. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Advanced Shape Memory Technology to Reshape Product Design, Manufacturing and Recycling. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6082287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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46
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Brostowitz NR, Weiss RA, Cavicchi KA. Facile Fabrication of a Shape Memory Polymer by Swelling Cross-Linked Natural Rubber with Stearic Acid. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:374-377. [PMID: 35590749 DOI: 10.1021/mz500131r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A facile method was developed for fabrication of a robust shape memory polymer by swelling cross-linked natural rubber with stearic acid. Commercial rubber bands were swollen in molten stearic acid at 75 °C (35 wt % stearic acid loading). When cooled the crystallization of the stearic acid formed a percolated network of crystalline platelets. The microscopic crystals and the cross-linked rubber produce a temporary network and a permanent network, respectively. These two networks allow thermal shape memory cycling with deformation and recovery above the melting point of stearic acid and fixation below that point. Under manual, strain-controlled, tensile deformation the shape memory rubber bands exhibited fixity and recovery of 100% ± 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Brostowitz
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - R. A. Weiss
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Kevin A. Cavicchi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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47
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Li X, Liu T, Wang Y, Pan Y, Zheng Z, Ding X, Peng Y. Shape memory behavior and mechanism of poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer networks in the presence of star poly(ethylene glycol). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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48
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Ecker M, Pretsch T. Multifunctional poly(ester urethane) laminates with encoded information. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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