1
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Butnaru I, Damaceanu MD. The Synergistic Effect of Triazine and Phosphaphenanthrene Units on the Physico-Chemical Behavior of Polyimides. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104072. [PMID: 37241813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim to develop polymers with appealing, multifunctional characteristics, a series of polyimides were designed by anchoring 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) units on the main polymer chains containing 1,3,5-triazine and several flexible moieties, such as ether, hexafluoroisopropylidene, or isopropylidene. A detailed study was conducted to establish structure-property correlations, with a focus on the synergistic effectiveness of triazine and DOPO moieties on the overall features of polyimides. The results evidenced good solubility of the polymers in organic solvents, their amorphous nature with short-range regular-packed polymer chains, and high thermal stability with no glass transition temperature below 300 °C. Spectrophotometric measurements revealed the existence of a strong charge transfer complex in these polymers that led to a "black" appearance, which generated broad absorption bands spanning on the overall visible range. Nevertheless, these polymers displayed green light emission associated with 1,3,5-triazine emitter. The electrochemical characteristics of the polyimides in solid state demonstrated their strong n-type doping character induced by three different structural elements with electron-acceptance capability. The useful properties of these polyimides, including optical, thermal, electrochemical, aesthetics, and opaqueness, endow them with several possible applications in the microelectronic field, such as protecting layers for the inner circuits against UV light deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Butnaru
- Electroactive Polymers and Plasmochemistry Laboratory, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana-Dana Damaceanu
- Electroactive Polymers and Plasmochemistry Laboratory, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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2
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Characterization of rheological behavior and barrier property of PET bottle blended with silica–polystyrene nanocomposites. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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3
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Perin D, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Thermoplastic
self‐healing
polymer blends for structural composites: Development of polyamide 6 and cyclic olefinic copolymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Perin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - A. Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - A. Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
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4
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Guo Y, Rong H, Chen Z, Chen T, Yu Y, Zhang X, Chu Y, Zhang Q, Li C, Jiang J. A novel DOPO derivative containing multifunctional groups aiming to improve fire safety, thermal stability and curing state towards epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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5
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Xiang Y, Gao Y, Xu G, He M, Qin S, Yu J. Thermal degradation behavior and flame retardant properties of PET/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites*. Front Chem 2022; 10:1018998. [PMID: 36277341 PMCID: PMC9586204 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1018998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PET/DIDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites were prepared by melt blending of styrene bridged DOPO (DIDOPO) into polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The flame retardancy, rheological behavior, and thermal degradation behavior of the composite were characterized by vertical combustion test (UL-94), limit oxygen index test (LOI), rotational rheometer, and thermogravimetry (TG). The results showed that the flame retardant composite with V-0 grade was obtained when the amount of DIDOPO is 12.5wt%, and the corresponding LOI value was 56.87% higher than that of PET. The thermogravimetry-fourier infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) test results showed that DIDOPO could promote the degradation of PET/DIDOPO materials, and release phosphorus-containing free radicals to quench the flame, therefore slowing down the combustion process, and mainly playing the key flame retardant role in gas-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Xiang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Yun Gao
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Guomin Xu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Min He
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhao Qin, ; Jie Yu,
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhao Qin, ; Jie Yu,
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6
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Gao J, He W, Xiang Y, Long L, Qin S. Terminal group effects of DOPO-conjugated flame retardant on polyamide 6: Thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical performances. Front Chem 2022; 10:1002569. [PMID: 36247660 PMCID: PMC9554147 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1002569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two DOPO-conjugated flame retardants with or without amino terminal groups (DOPO-NH2 and DIDOPO, respectively) were synthesized and incorporated into polyamide 6 (PA6). Results demonstrated the DOPO-NH2 endowed superior thermal, flame retardant and mechanical performances to PA6 composites. With the same loading of 15 wt%, DOPO-NH2 can catalyze the PA6 matrix more effectively and result in more residues at high temperature. The PA6 composites containing DOPO-NH2 exhibited higher LOI (28.0%) compared to 25.0% for the sample containing DIDOPO, and the lower heat release capacity and peak heat release rate. Furthermore, the overall mechanical properties of PA6 composites containing DOPO-NH2 outperformed the samples containing DIDOPO, even superior to that for PA6. Such a significant difference can be mainly attributed to the existence of amino-terminal group, which can interact with carboxyl group in PA6 as confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis, improving the compatibility between the flame retardant and PA6 matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, Huanggang Normal University, Huangzhou, China
| | - Wentao He
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, Huanggang Normal University, Huangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wentao He,
| | - Yushu Xiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
| | - Lijuan Long
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
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7
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Synergistic Effects of DOPO-Based Derivative and Organo-Montmorillonite on Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122372. [PMID: 35745948 PMCID: PMC9227306 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP), as a general thermoplastic polymer, is broadly used in different fields. However, the high flammability, melt dripping and poor mechanical properties of PP are a constraint to the expansion of its applications. In this paper, PP composites containing a combination of a phenethyl-bridged DOPO derivative (PN-DOPO) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were prepared via melt blending. The synergistic effects of PN-DOPO and OMMT on the flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of PP composites were investigated systematically. The results showed that 20 wt% addition of PN-DOPO with OMMT improved the flame retardancy of PP composites. In particular, the introduction of 17 wt% PN-DOPO and 3 wt% OMMT increased the LOI values of the PP matrix from 17.2% to 23.6%, and the sample reached the V-0 level and reduced the heat release rate and total heat release. TGA indicated that OMMT could improve the thermal stability of the PP/PN-DOPO blends and promote the char residues of PP systems. Rheological behaviour showed a higher storage modulus, loss modulus and complex viscosity of PP/PN-DOPO/OMMT composites, suggesting a more effective network structure. In addition, the tensile strength, flexural properties and impact strength of the PP/PN-DOPO/OMMT composites actually increased for a good dispersion effect. Combined with the char layer analysis, the introduction of OMMT promoted more continuous and compact structural layers containing an aluminium-silicon barrier and phosphorus-containing carbonaceous char in the condensed phase. OMMT can improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of PP, and, thus, PN-DOPO/OMMT blends can serve as an efficient synergistic system for flame-retarded PP composites.
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8
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He W, Xu H, Song P, Xiang Y, Qin S. P, N-decorated halloysite nanotubes for flame retardancy enhancement of polyamide 6/aluminum diethylphosphinate. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Qian X, Liu Q, Zhang L, Li H, Liu J, Yan S. Synthesis of Reactive DOPO-Based Flame Retardant and Its Application in Rigid Polyisocyanurate-Polyurethane Foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Guo S, Xu J, Ni X. Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of a New Pentaerythritol-Derived Flame Retardant Used in Polyamide 66. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12887-12897. [PMID: 34056440 PMCID: PMC8154225 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A melting phosphorous-based flame retardant (FR) named as diphenyl phosphoryl (DPP)-PEPA is synthesized from 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-(2.2.2)-octane-4-methanol (PEPA) and diphenyl phosphoryl chloride. The melting DPP-PEPA FR possesses high thermostability with T 5wt% at 344 °C, which can match the melt-spinning of engineering plastics at high temperatures. The structure of DPP-PEPA is defined by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectrometry. The influences of DPP-PEPA on polyamide 6,6 (PA66) are assessed in terms of rheology parameters and crystallinity. It is observed that the flame retardancy of PA66 is greatly improved when DPP-PEPA is added to the PA66 resin. The results show that the modified PA66 has limited oxygen index as high as 29.4%, and the compact char layers are obviously formed on top of the burned samples. As compared to the pure PA66, the peak heat release rate and the average effective heat of combustion are decreased by 26.5 and 19.3%, respectively. It is obtained that the value of flame retardancy index is 1.4, indicating high efficiency of the entire flame retardancy. Moreover, pyrolysis of DPP-PEPA is carried out at different temperatures for identifying gaseous products and types of flame retardancy.
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11
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Zheng T, Wang W, Liu Y. A novel phosphorus‐nitrogen flame retardant for improving the flame retardancy of polyamide 6: Preparation, properties, and flame retardancy mechanism. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Wengui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yaochi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha China
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12
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Effects of innovative aromatic phosphorus containing flame-retardant polyols on rigid polyurethane foams. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Xue B, Li Y, Guo J, Sun J, Liu X, Li H, Gu X, Zhang S, Jiang S, Zhang Z. Enhancing flame retardant and antistatic properties of polyamide 6 by a grafted multiwall carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boqiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yuchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials Beijing China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Shengling Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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14
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Modified magnesium hydroxide encapsulated by melamine cyanurate in flame-retardant polyamide-6. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Lin B. Synthesis of a Flame Retardant and Hydrophobic Epoxy Resin with Multiple Elements Synergistic Effect for Tunnel Seepage Prevention Application. KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2020; 842:314-325. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.842.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP) mortar usually used to repair the cracking of concrete structure under damp environment, but EP is extremely flammable, thus it’s extremely imperative to design a novel multifunction EP grouting materials with flame retardancy and waterproofness for the practical application. Targeting ingenious decoration of EP grouting materials, multiple flame retardant elements (phosphorus, nitrogen and fluorine) are concurrently introduced into a fire retardant and the fire retardant defined as DDM-FNP. The obtained DDM-FNP/EP grouting composite possess high thermal stability, flame retardancy and hydrophobicity. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of DDM-FNP/EP composites has a significant improve, which is increased from 26.7 (EP-0) to 35.8 (EP-4). Composites with more than 10 wt% of DDM-FNP could pass UL-94 V-0 rating without dripping. Compared with EP-0, the PHRR and THR of EP-4 are decreased by 31.1% and 21.6%, respectively. In addition, due to the introduction of the F element, the water contact angle of EP composites is changed from 75.2° (hydrophilicity) to 98.6° (hydrophobicity) after the introduction of a certain amount of DDM-FNP flame retardant. Therefore, this work provide a new perspective to design a multifunction EP grouting composite and improve the value of practical application on seepage prevention of tunnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lin
- CCCC Second Highway Consultants Co., Ltd
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16
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Tang H, Zhou H. A novel nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron ionic pair compound toward fire safety and mechanical enhancement effect for epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
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17
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Flame retarded polyamide-6 composites via in situ polymerization of caprolactam with perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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18
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19
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Liu K, Li Y, Tao L, Liu C, Xiao R. Synthesis and characterization of inherently flame retardant polyamide 6 based on a phosphine oxide derivative. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Feng H, Qiu Y, Qian L, Chen Y, Xu B, Xin F. Flame Inhibition and Charring Effect of Aromatic Polyimide and Aluminum Diethylphosphinate in Polyamide 6. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E74. [PMID: 30960058 PMCID: PMC6402001 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An aromatic macromolecular polyimide (API) was synthesized and characterized, and used as a synergistic charring flame retardant in glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (GF/PA6). API and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) exhibited better flame inhibition behavior and synergistic charring flame retardant behavior compared with ADP alone. The 5%API/7%ADP/GF/PA6 sample achieved the lower peak value of the heat release rate (pk-HRR) at 497 kW/m² and produced higher residue yields of 36.1 wt.%, verifying that API and ADP have an outstanding synergistic effect on the barrier effect. The API/ADP system facilitated the formation of a carbonaceous, phosphorus and aluminum-containing compact char layer with increased barrier effect. FTIR spectra of the residue and real-time TGA-FTIR analysis on the evolved gases from PA6 composites revealed that API interacted with ADP/PA6 and locked in more P⁻O⁻C and P⁻O⁻Ar content, which is the main mechanism for improving flame inhibition and charring ability. In addition, the API/ADP system improved the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of GF/PA6 composites compared to ADP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Feng
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
- Fire Protection Engineering Department, China People's Police University, Hebei 065000, China.
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Fei Xin
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
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Qiu Y, Qian L, Feng H, Jin S, Hao J. Toughening Effect and Flame-Retardant Behaviors of Phosphaphenanthrene/Phenylsiloxane Bigroup Macromolecules in Epoxy Thermoset. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiu
- Engineering Laboratory of non-halogen flame retardants for polymers, School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
- National Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Engineering Laboratory of non-halogen flame retardants for polymers, School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Haisheng Feng
- Engineering Laboratory of non-halogen flame retardants for polymers, School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Shanglin Jin
- Engineering Laboratory of non-halogen flame retardants for polymers, School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Hao
- National Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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22
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Przystas A, Jovic M, Salmeia KA, Rentsch D, Ferry L, Mispreuve H, Perler H, Gaan S. Some Key Factors Influencing the Flame Retardancy of EDA-DOPO Containing Flexible Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1115. [PMID: 30961040 PMCID: PMC6403544 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of various additives (emulsifier, anti-dripping agent) and formulation procedures (pre-dispersion of solid additives in polyol via milling) which influence the flame retardancy of 6,6'-[ethan-1,2-diylbis(azandiyl)]bis(6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphin-6-oxid) (EDA-DOPO) containing flexible polyurethane foams has been investigated in this work. For comparison, the flame retardancy of two additional structurally-analogous bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-based compounds, i.e., ethanolamine-DOPO (ETA-DOPO) and ethylene glycol-DOPO (EG-DOPO) were also evaluated together with EDA-DOPO in flexible PU foams of various formulations. The flame retardancy of these three bridged-DOPO compounds depends on the type of PU formulation. For certain PU formulations containing EDA-DOPO, lower fire performance was observed. Addition of emulsifier and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to these PU formulations influenced positively the flame retardancy of EDA-DOPO/PU foams. In addition, dispersion of EDA-DOPO and PTFE via milling in polyol improved the flame retardancy of the PU foams. Mechanistic studies performed using a microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and its coupling to FTIR showed no difference in the combustion efficiency of the bridged-DOPO compounds in PU foams. From MCC experiments it can be concluded that these bridged-DOPO compounds and their decomposition products may work primarily in the gas phase as flame inhibitors. The physiochemical behavior of additives in PU formulation responsible for the improvement in the flame retardancy of PU foams was further investigated by studying the dripping behavior of the PU foams in the UL 94 HB test. A high-speed camera was used to study the dripping behavior in the UL 94 HB test and results indicate a considerable reduction of the total number of melt drips and flaming drips for the flame retardant formulations. This reduction in melt drips and flaming drips during the UL 94 HB tests help PU foams achieve higher fire classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Przystas
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Milijana Jovic
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Khalifah A Salmeia
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Rentsch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Ferry
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Ales, Université de Montpellier, 6 Avenue de Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France.
| | | | | | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Huo S, Wang J, Yang S, Cai H, Zhang B, Chen X, Wu Q, Yang L. Synergistic effect between a novel triazine-based flame retardant and DOPO/HPCP on epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Qilei Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfeng Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
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Huang W, He W, Long L, Yan W, He M, Qin S, Yu J. Highly efficient flame-retardant glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 6T system based on a novel DOPO-based derivative: Flame retardancy, thermal decomposition, and pyrolysis behavior. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Improved flame retardancy by synergy between cyclotetrasiloxane and phosphaphenanthrene/triazine compounds in epoxy thermoset. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wendels S, Chavez T, Bonnet M, Salmeia KA, Gaan S. Recent Developments in Organophosphorus Flame Retardants Containing P-C Bond and Their Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E784. [PMID: 28773147 PMCID: PMC5551827 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds containing P-C bonds are increasingly developed as flame retardant additives due to their excellent thermal and hydrolytic stability and ease of synthesis. The latest development (since 2010) in organophosphorus flame retardants containing P-C bonds summarized in this review. In this review, we have broadly classified such phosphorus compounds based on the carbon unit linked to the phosphorus atom i.e., could be a part of either an aliphatic or an aromatic unit. We have only considered those published literature where a P-C bond was created as a part of synthetic strategy to make either an intermediate or a final organophosphorus compound with an aim to use it as a flame retardant. General synthetic strategies to create P-C bonds are briefly discussed. Most popular synthetic strategies used for developing P-C containing phosphorus based flame retardants include Michael addition, Michaelis-Arbuzov, Friedels-Crafts and Grignard reactions. In general, most flame retardant derivatives discussed in this review have been prepared via a one- to two-step synthetic strategy with relatively high yields greater than 80%. Specific examples of P-C containing flame retardants synthesized via suitable synthetic strategy and their applications on various polymer systems are described in detail. Aliphatic phosphorus compounds being liquids or low melting solids are generally applied in polymers via coatings (cellulose) or are incorporated in the bulk of the polymers (epoxy, polyurethanes) during their polymerization as reactive or non-reactive additives. Substituents on the P atoms and the chemistry of the polymer matrix greatly influence the flame retardant behavior of these compounds (condensed phase vs. the gas phase). Recently, aromatic DOPO based phosphinate flame retardants have been developed with relatively higher thermal stabilities (>250 °C). Such compounds have potential as flame retardants for high temperature processable polymers such as polyesters and polyamides. A vast variety of P-C bond containing efficient flame retardants are being developed; however, further work in terms of their economical synthetic methods, detailed impact on mechanical properties and processability, long term durability and their toxicity and environmental impact is much needed for their potential commercial exploitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wendels
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Thiebault Chavez
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Bonnet
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Khalifah A Salmeia
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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28
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Qiu S, Wang X, Yu B, Feng X, Mu X, Yuen RKK, Hu Y. Flame-retardant-wrapped polyphosphazene nanotubes: A novel strategy for enhancing the flame retardancy and smoke toxicity suppression of epoxy resins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 325:327-339. [PMID: 27932036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The structure of polyphosphazene nanotubes (PZS) is similar to that of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) before modification. For applications of CNTs in polymer composites, surface wrapping is an economically attractive route to achieve functionalized nanotubes. Based on this idea, functionalized polyphosphazene nanotubes (FR@PZS) wrapped with a cross-linked DOPO-based flame retardant (FR) were synthesized via one-step strategy and well characterized. Then, the obtained FR@PZS was introduced into epoxy resin (EP) to investigate flame retardancy and smoke toxicity suppression performance. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that FR@PZS significantly enhanced the thermal stability of EP composites. Cone calorimeter results revealed that incorporation of FR@PZS obviously improved flame retardant performance of EP, for example, 46.0% decrease in peak heat release rate and 27.1% reduction in total heat release were observed in the case of epoxy composite with 3wt% FR@PZS. The evolution of toxic CO and other volatile products from the EP decomposition was significantly suppressed after the introduction of FR@PZS, Therefore, the smoke toxicity associates with burning EP was reduced. The presence of both PZS and a DOPO-based flame retardant was probably responsible for this substantial diminishment of fire hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuilai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Xiaming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Richard K K Yuen
- USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
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Ávila-Zárraga JG, Pérez I, Beristain E, Gavilan I, Romero M. One-pot synthesis of new 6-(alkylamine)dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine-6-oxides. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1265651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Pérez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México D.F., México
| | - Erick Beristain
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México D.F., México
| | - Irma Gavilan
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México D.F., México
| | - Moises Romero
- Facultad de Química, Universidad del Estado de México, PaseoColón/Paseo Tollocan, Mexico
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30
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Butnaru I, Bruma M, Gaan S. Phosphine oxide based polyimides: structure–property relationships. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI flame retardance has been influenced by the variation of flexible segments leading to a reduction of THR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Butnaru
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Iasi
- Romania
- Laboratory for Advanced Fibers
- Empa
| | - Maria Bruma
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Laboratory for Advanced Fibers
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- St. Gallen 9014
- Switzerland
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31
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Dong C, Wirasaputra A, Luo Q, Liu S, Yuan Y, Zhao J, Fu Y. Intrinsic Flame-Retardant and Thermally Stable Epoxy Endowed by a Highly Efficient, Multifunctional Curing Agent. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E1008. [PMID: 28774127 PMCID: PMC5456980 DOI: 10.3390/ma9121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to realize flame retardancy of epoxy without suffering much detriment in thermal stability. To solve the problem, a super-efficient phosphorus-nitrogen-containing reactive-type flame retardant, 10-(hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazinine-10-oxide (HB-DPPA) is synthesized and characterized. When it is used as a co-curing agent of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (DDM) for curing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), the cured epoxy achieves UL-94 V-0 rating with the limiting oxygen index of 29.3%. In this case, the phosphorus content in the system is exceptionally low (0.18 wt %). To the best of our knowledge, it currently has the highest efficiency among similar epoxy systems. Such excellent flame retardancy originates from the exclusive chemical structure of the phenophosphazine moiety, in which the phosphorus element is stabilized by the two adjacent aromatic rings. The action in the condensed phase is enhanced and followed by pressurization of the pyrolytic gases that induces the blowing-out effect during combustion. The cone calorimeter result reveals the formation of a unique intumescent char structure with five discernible layers. Owing to the super-efficient flame retardancy and the rigid molecular structure of HB-DPPA, the flame-retardant epoxy acquires high thermal stability and its initial decomposition temperature only decreases by 4.6 °C as compared with the unmodified one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Alvianto Wirasaputra
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qinqin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yanchao Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yi Fu
- Silverage Engineering Plastics (Dongguan) Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523187, China.
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32
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Salmeia KA, Gaan S, Malucelli G. Recent Advances for Flame Retardancy of Textiles Based on Phosphorus Chemistry. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8090319. [PMID: 30974592 PMCID: PMC6432008 DOI: 10.3390/polym8090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims at updating the progress on the phosphorus-based flame retardants specifically designed and developed for fibers and fabrics (particularly referring to cotton, polyester and their blends) over the last five years. Indeed, as clearly depicted by Horrocks in a recent review, the world of flame retardants for textiles is still experiencing some changes that are focused on topics like the improvement of its effectiveness and the replacement of toxic chemical products with counterparts that have low environmental impact and, hence, are more sustainable. In this context, phosphorus-based compounds play a key role and may lead, possibly in combination with silicon- or nitrogen-containing structures, to the design of new, efficient flame retardants for fibers and fabrics. Therefore, this review thoroughly describes the advances and the potentialities offered by the phosphorus-based products recently developed at a lab-scale, highlighting the current limitations, open challenges and some perspectives toward their possible exploitation at a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalifah A Salmeia
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland.
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland.
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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33
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Kim W, Hoang D, Vothi H, Nguyen C, Giang T, An H, Kim J. Synthesis, flame retardancy, and thermal degradation behaviors of novel organo-phosphorus compounds derived from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Ge H, Wang W, Pan Y, Yu X, Hu W, Hu Y. An inherently flame-retardant polyamide containing a phosphorus pendent group prepared by interfacial polymerization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17108g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherent flame retardation has the advantage that it will allow polymers to impart the flame retardancy permanently, and the introduction of a few weight percent of the flame retardant unit can lead to improvements in the overall flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Anhui 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Anhui 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Anhui 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Anhui 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Anhui 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Anhui 230026
- P. R. China
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