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Dielectric Properties of Shrinkage-Free Poly(2-Oxazoline) Networks from Renewable Resources. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081263. [PMID: 33924619 PMCID: PMC8070125 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of this study, the dielectric and physicochemical properties of poly(2-oxazoline) (POx) networks from renewable resources were compared with those of fossil-based polyamide 12 (PA 12) networks. POx was synthesized by the energy-efficient, microwave-assisted copolymerization of 2-oxazoline monomers, which were derived from fatty acids of coconut and castor oil. For the preparation of composites, aluminum nitride nanoparticles n-AlN and microparticles μ-AlN as well as hexagonal boron nitride BN submicroparticles were used. Additionally, 0, 15, or 30 wt.% of a spiroorthoester (SOE) were added as an expanding monomer aiming to reduce the formation of shrinkage-related defects. For the crosslinking of the polymers and the SOE as well as the double ring-opening reaction of the SOE, a thermally triggered dual-cure system was developed. The fully-cured blends and composites containing SOEs exhibited lower densities than their fully-cured SOE-free analogues, which was indicative of a lower extent of shrinkage (or even volumetric expansion) during the curing reaction, which is referred to as relative expansion RE. The RE amounted to values in the range of 0.46 to 2.48 for PA 12-based samples and 1.39 to 7.50 vol.% for POx-based samples. At 40 Hz, the “green” POx networks show low loss factors, which are competitive to those of the fossil-based PA 12.
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2
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Abbrent S, Mahun A, Smrčková MD, Kobera L, Konefał R, Černoch P, Dušek K, Brus J. Copolymer chain formation of 2-oxazolines by in situ 1H-NMR spectroscopy: dependence of sequential composition on substituent structure and monomer ratios. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10468-10478. [PMID: 35423552 PMCID: PMC8695665 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01509e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ 1H NMR characterization of copolymerization reactions of various 2-oxazoline monomers at different molar ratios offers detailed insight into the build-up and composition of the polymer chains. Various 2-oxazolines were copolymerized in one single solvent, butyronitrile, with 2-dec-9'-enyl-2-oxazoline, where the double bond allows for post-polymerization modification and can function as a crosslinking unit to form polymer networks. The types of the monomers and their molar ratios in the feed have a strong effect on the microstructure of the forming copolymer chains. Copolymers comprising 2-dec-9'-enyl-2-oxazoline and either 2-ethyl-, 2-isopropyl-, 2-butyl-, 2-heptyl, 2-nonyl- or 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline, show significant differences in sequential structure of copolymers ranging from block to gradient and random ordering of the monomer units. 1H NMR was found to be a powerful tool to uncover detailed oxazoline copolymerization kinetics and evolution of chain composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Abbrent
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Andrii Mahun
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Hlavova 8 128 40 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Dušková Smrčková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kobera
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Rafał Konefał
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Peter Černoch
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Karel Dušek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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3
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Černoch P, Jager A, Černochová Z, Sincari V, Albuquerque LJC, Konefal R, Pavlova E, Giacomelli FC, Jager E. Engineering of pH-triggered nanoplatforms based on novel poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate] diblock copolymers with tunable morphologies for biomedical applications. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CROP and RAFT polymerization was used to produce PMeOxm-b-PDPAn block copolymers. The microfluid technique enabled the manufacturing of pH-triggered nanoplatforms with different morphologies as driven by the overall molecular weight of the chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Černoch
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16206 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Jager
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16206 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Zulfiya Černochová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16206 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Sincari
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16206 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Rafal Konefal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16206 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16206 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Fernando C. Giacomelli
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas
- Universidade Federal do ABC
- Santo André 09210-580
- Brazil
| | - Eliezer Jager
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16206 Prague
- Czech Republic
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Windberger MS, Dimitriou E, Rendl S, Wewerka K, Wiesbrock F. Temperature-Triggered/Switchable Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010065. [PMID: 33375238 PMCID: PMC7796255 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pronouncedly low thermal conductivity of polymers in the range of 0.1–0.2 W m−1 K−1 is a limiting factor for their application as an insulating layer in microelectronics that exhibit continuously higher power-to-volume ratios. Two strategies can be applied to increase the thermal conductivity of polymers; that is, compounding with thermally conductive inorganic materials as well as blending with aromatic units arranged by the principle of π-π stacking. In this study, both strategies were investigated and compared on the example of epoxy-amine resins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO), respectively. These two diepoxy compounds were cured with mixtures of the diamines isophorone diamine (IPDA) and o-dianisidine (DAN). The epoxy-amine resins were cured without filler and with 5 wt.-% of SiO2 nanoparticles. Enhanced thermal conductivity in the range of 0.4 W·m−1·K−1 was observed exclusively in DEO-based polymer networks that were cured with DAN (and do not contain SiO2 fillers). This observation is argued to originate from π-π stacking of the aromatic units of DAN enabled by the higher flexibility of the aliphatic carbon chain of DEO compared with that of BADGE. The enhanced thermal conductivity occurs only at temperatures above the glass-transition point and only if no inorganic fillers, which disrupt the π-π stacking of the aromatic groups, are present. In summary, it can be argued that the bisphenol-free epoxy-amine resin with an epoxy compound derivable from natural resources shows favorably higher thermal conductivity in comparison with the petrol-based bisphenol-based epoxy/amine resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sebastian Windberger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.W.); (E.D.); (S.R.)
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Evgenia Dimitriou
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.W.); (E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Sarah Rendl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.W.); (E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Karin Wewerka
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.W.); (E.D.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-3842-42962-42
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Amirova A, Rodchenko S, Kurlykin M, Tenkovtsev A, Krasnou I, Krumme A, Filippov A. Synthesis and Investigation of Thermo-Induced Gelation of Partially Cross-Linked Poly-2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline in Aqueous Media. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E698. [PMID: 32245164 PMCID: PMC7182854 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-soluble, partially cross-linked poly-2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline combining the properties of chemical and physical gels was synthesized by a two-step procedure. Thermally induced sol-gel transition in its aqueous solution was studied by rheology, light scattering, and turbidimetry. It was demonstrated that the synthesized product is bimodal; it consists of linear and cross-linked components. The cross-linked components are responsible for the gelation, while the linear ones abate the viscosity growth. Heating the solution above the phase transition temperature leads to the self-assembly of the particles into a physical gel. The combination of chemical and physical cross-linking was found to be a prospective route for thermosensitive gel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Amirova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr., 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Serafim Rodchenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr., 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Mikhail Kurlykin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr., 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Andrey Tenkovtsev
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr., 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Illia Krasnou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia
| | - Andres Krumme
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia
| | - Alexander Filippov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr., 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia
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Eibel A, Marx P, Jin H, Tsekmes IA, Mühlbacher I, Smit JJ, Kern W, Wiesbrock F. Enhancement of the Insulation Properties of Poly(2-oxazoline)-co-Polyester Networks by the Addition of Nanofillers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700681. [PMID: 29292560 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Copoly(2-nonyl-2-oxazoline)-stat-poly(2-dec-9'enyl-2-oxazoline)s can be crosslinked by the thiol-ene reaction with glycol dimercaptoacetate. The copoly(2-oxazoline)-stat-copolyester is tested as dielectric for high-voltage applications, either as unfilled resin or as composite with nanoscaled fillers of silica, alumina, and hexagonal boron nitride. During AC voltage tests, all materials have an average breakdown strength of 45-50 kV mm-1 . For DC voltage tests, samples with SiO2 (hBN) have an average breakdown strength of ≈100 (80) kV mm-1 , while the unfilled copoly(2-oxazoline) has an average breakdown strength of ≈60 kV mm-1 . Permittivity measurements at 20 °C and 50 Hz reveal that all nanocomposites are dielectrics (D = 0.06-0.08), while the unfilled copoly(2-oxazoline)s has a high loss factor of D = 8.43. This phenomenon can be retraced to the phase separation in the crosslinked copolymer, the M-OH functionality of silica and alumina particles, and models of polymer-particle interactions such as the Tanaka model, revealing that the nanofillers reduce the interfacial and dipolar polarizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Eibel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Marx
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria.,Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Huifei Jin
- Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, CD2628, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Inge Mühlbacher
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Johan J Smit
- Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, CD2628, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria.,Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
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7
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Marx P, Wanner AJ, Zhang Z, Jin H, Tsekmes IA, Smit JJ, Kern W, Wiesbrock F. Effect of Interfacial Polarization and Water Absorption on the Dielectric Properties of Epoxy-Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E195. [PMID: 30970872 PMCID: PMC6431941 DOI: 10.3390/polym9060195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Five types of nanofillers, namely, silica, surface-silylated silica, alumina, surface-silylated alumina, and boron nitride, were tested in this study. Nanocomposites composed of an epoxy/amine resin and one of the five types of nanoparticles were tested as dielectrics with a focus on (i) the surface functionalization of the nanoparticles and (ii) the water absorption by the materials. The dispersability of the nanoparticles in the resin correlated with the composition (OH content) of their surfaces. The interfacial polarization of the thoroughly dried samples was found to increase at lowered frequencies and increased temperatures. The β relaxation, unlike the interfacial polarization, was not significantly increased at elevated temperatures (below the glass-transition temperature). Upon the absorption of water under ambient conditions, the interfacial polarization increased significantly, and the insulating properties decreased or even deteriorated. This effect was most pronounced in the nanocomposite containing silica, and occurred as well in the nanocomposites containing silylated silica or non-functionalized alumina. The alternating current (AC) breakdown strength of all specimens was in the range of 30 to 35 kV·mm-1. In direct current (DC) breakdown tests, the epoxy resin exhibited the lowest strength of 110 kV·mm-1; the nanocomposite containing surface-silylated alumina had a strength of 170 kV·mm-1. In summary, water absorption had the most relevant impact on the dielectric properties of nanocomposites containing nanoparticles, the surfaces of which interacted with the water molecules. Nanocomposites containing silylated alumina particles or boron nitride showed the best dielectric properties in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Marx
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL), Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel Straße 2, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| | - Andrea J Wanner
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL), Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel Straße 2, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| | - Zucong Zhang
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL), Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| | - Huifei Jin
- Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft CD2628, The Netherlands.
| | - Ioannis-Alexandros Tsekmes
- Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft CD2628, The Netherlands.
- Prysmian Cables and Systems B.V., Schieweg 9, Delft AN2627, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan J Smit
- Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft CD2628, The Netherlands.
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL), Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel Straße 2, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL), Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
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Luef KP, Petit C, Ottersböck B, Oreski G, Ehrenfeld F, Grassl B, Reynaud S, Wiesbrock F. UV-mediated thiol-ene click reactions for the synthesis of drug-loadable and degradable gels based on copoly(2-oxazoline)s. Eur Polym J 2017; 88:701-712. [PMID: 28316339 PMCID: PMC5349497 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An 80-membered library of gels composed of monofunctional 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline and 2-nonyl-2-oxazoline and one of four selected difunctional 2-oxazolines (containing either ether or ester bonds) were synthesized by microwave-assisted ring-opening polymerizations. The difunctional 2-oxazolines were prepared from the thiol-ene reaction of glycol dimercaptoacetate or 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol and 2-but-3'-enyl-2-oxazoline or 2-dec-9'-enyl-2-oxazoline. 53 of the gels exhibited glass-transition temperatures, which ranged from -5.9 to 45.3 °C. 13 Derivatives exhibited glass-transition temperatures in the range from 20 to 30 °C, which renders them stiff at room temperature and flexible at body temperature. The gels that did not contain any 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline acted as lipogels, whereas the gels that did not contain any 2-nonyl-2-oxazoline acted as hydrogels; all other gels may be classified as amphigels. The swelling degrees were measured by gravimetry and maximum swelling degrees of 6 (in water) were observed for the gels with the lowest degrees of crosslinking. In a second approach, the synthesis of crosslinked networks had been achieved by performing the polymeranalogous thiol-ene reaction of copoly(2-oxazoline)s containing olefinic side-chains and glycol dimercaptoacetate. This soft strategy enabled the straightforward loading of such gels with active pharmaceutical ingredients without altering them. This method delivered gels with selected composition exhibiting a targeted disc-shape and loaded with active pharmaceutical ingredients from one-step syntheses. The maximum swelling degrees of these specimens were found to be in accordance with the ones from the first route investigated. Preliminary degradation studies were performed at 25 °C; these types of gels were found to be degraded in alkaline media as well as by esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus P. Luef
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700
Leoben, Austria
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz
University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Charlotte Petit
- IPREM, UMR 5254 UPPA/CNRS, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue Du
Président Angot, 64053 Pau CEDEX 09, France
| | - Bettina Ottersböck
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700
Leoben, Austria
| | - Gernot Oreski
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700
Leoben, Austria
| | - Francis Ehrenfeld
- IPREM, UMR 5254 UPPA/CNRS, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue Du
Président Angot, 64053 Pau CEDEX 09, France
| | - Bruno Grassl
- IPREM, UMR 5254 UPPA/CNRS, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue Du
Président Angot, 64053 Pau CEDEX 09, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- IPREM, UMR 5254 UPPA/CNRS, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue Du
Président Angot, 64053 Pau CEDEX 09, France
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700
Leoben, Austria
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In-situ preparation of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)/clay nanocomposites via living cationic ring-opening polymerization. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Wiesbrock F. Interdisciplinary Approaches towards Materials with Enhanced Properties for Electrical Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E307. [PMID: 30974581 PMCID: PMC6432120 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The internationally growing demand for electrical energy is one of the most prominent triggers stimulating research these days.[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
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