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Ahn Y, Kang Y, Kye H, Kim MS, Lee WH, Kim BG. Exploring Pore Formation and Gas Sensing Kinetics Using Conjugated Polymer-Small Molecule Blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:31719-31728. [PMID: 38836704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Controlling miscibility between mixture components helps induce spontaneous phase separation into distinct domain sizes, thereby resulting in porous conjugated polymer (CP) films with different pore sizes after selective removal of auxiliary components. The miscibility of the CP mixture can be tailored by blending auxiliary model components designed by reflecting the difference in solubility parameters with the CP. The pore size increases as the difference in solubility parameters between the matrix CP and auxiliary component increases. Electrical properties are not critically damaged even after forming pores in the CP; however, excessive pore formation enables pores to spread to the vicinity of the dielectric layer of CP-based field-effect transistors (FETs), leading to partial loss of the carrier-transporting active channel in the FET. The porous structure is advantageous for not only increasing detection sensitivity but also improving the detection speed when porous CP films are applied to FET-based gas sensors for NO2 detection. The quantitative analysis of the response-recovery trend of the FET sensor using the Langmuir isotherm suggests that the response speed can be improved by more than 2.5 times with a 50-fold increase in NO2 sensitivity compared with pristine CP, which has no pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Ahn
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongkwon Kang
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kye
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seon Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Wi Hyoung Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gi Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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2
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Albano G, Portus L, Martinelli E, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Impact of Temperature on the Chiroptical Properties of Thin Films of Chiral Thiophene-based Oligomers. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300667. [PMID: 38339881 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
According to the theoretical model based on the Mueller matrix approach, the experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) for thin films of chiral organic dyes can be expressed as the sum of several contributions, two of which are the most significant: 1) an intrinsic component (CDiso) invariant upon sample orientation, reflecting the molecular and/or supramolecular chirality, due to 3D-chiral nanoscopic structures; 2) a non-reciprocal component (LDLB) which inverts its sign upon sample flipping, which arises from the interaction of linear dichroism and linear birefringence in locally anisotropic domains, expression of 2D-chiral micro/mesoscopic structures. In this work, we followed in parallel through ECD and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) the temperature evolution of the supramolecular arrangements of thin films of five structurally related chiral thiophene-based oligomers with different LDLB/CDiso ratio. By increasing the temperature, regardless of phase transitions observed by DSC analysis, systems with strong CDiso revealed no changes in the ECD spectrum, while compounds with dominant LDLB contribution underwent a gradual (and reversible) reduction of (apparent) ECD signals. These findings demonstrated that the concomitant occurrence of intrinsic and non-reciprocal components in the ECD spectrum of thin films of chiral organic dyes is strictly correlated with solid-state organizations of different stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Portus
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Albano G, Aronica LA, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Chiral diketopyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-based oligothiophenes: Synthesis and characterization of aggregated states in solution and thin films. Chirality 2024; 36:e23608. [PMID: 37424264 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we synthesized a family of three structurally related chiral oligothiophenes containing a 1,4-diketo-3,6-diarylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (DPP) unit as the central core; functionalized with the same (S)-3,7-dimethyl-1-octyl chains on the nitrogen atoms of lactam moieties, they only differ in the number of lateral thiophene units. The aggregation modes of these π-conjugated chiral systems were evaluated by means of UV-Vis absorption and ECD spectroscopies in conditions of solution aggregation (CHCl3 /MeOH mixtures) and as thin films, describing in particular the impact of the π-conjugation length on the chiroptical properties. Interestingly, we found that the variable number of thiophene units attached to the DPP core affects not only the propensity to aggregation but also the aggregates' helicity. ECD revealed information about the supramolecular arrangement of these molecules, that one would not obtain by using conventional optical spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. Thin film samples revealed very different aggregation modes with respect to solution aggregates, casting doubts on the common assumption that these latter may serve as simple models of the former ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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4
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Li Y, Shan X, Li S, Wang J, Li Z, Wang Z, Li X, Hong W, Li M, Ma Y. Nanoarchitectonics on Electrosynthesis and Assembly of Conjugated Metallopolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311778. [PMID: 37933712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to edge-on and face-on orientations, end-on uniaxial conjugated polymers have the theoretical possibility of providing a macroscopic crystalline film. However, their fabrication is insurmountable due to sluggishly thermodynamic equilibrium states. Herein, we report the programmatic pathway to fabricate nanoarchitectonics on end-on uniaxial conjugated metallopolymers by surface-initiated simultaneous electrosynthesis and assembly. Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) with bottom-up oriented electroactive molecules as a temple allows orientation, stacking, and reactive addition of monomers triggered by switching alternative redox reactions as well as crystallization of small molecules. Repeating the same reaction can repair the unreactive site on the SAM and dynamically and statistically ensure maximum iterative coverage with ideal linear coefficients between optical or electrical responses and iterative times. The resulting nanoarchitectonics on uniaxially assembled end-on polymers over centimeter-sized areas have a subnanometer-uniform morphology and exhibit ultrahigh modulus as well as an inorganic indium tin oxides and the highest conductance among conjugated molecular monolayers. Their memristive devices provide quantitative electrical and optical responses as a function of molecular length, bias, and iterative junctions. Precise processing of nanoarchitectonics as an electrically assisted assembly or printing technique can present sophisticated optoelectric functions and dimensional batch-to-batch consistency for micro-sized organic materials and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xuanyu Shan
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Shumu Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhikai Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhongqiang Wang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Mao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Albano G, Taddeucci A, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Spatially Resolved Chiroptical Spectroscopies Emphasizing Recent Applications to Thin Films of Chiral Organic Dyes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301982. [PMID: 37515814 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Instrumental techniques able to identify and structurally characterize the aggregation states in thin films of chiral organic π-conjugated materials, from the first-order supramolecular arrangement up to the microscopic and mesoscopic scale, are very helpful for clarifying structure-property relationships. Chiroptical imaging is currently gaining a central role, for its ability of mapping local supramolecular structures in thin films. The present review gives an overview of electronic circular dichroism imaging (ECDi), circularly polarized luminescence imaging (CPLi), and vibrational circular dichroism imaging (VCDi), with a focus on their applications on thin films of chiral organic dyes as case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Taddeucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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6
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The Impact of the Azo-Chromophore Sort on the Features of the Supramolecular Azopolyimide Films Desired to Be Used as Substrates for Flexible Electronics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315223. [PMID: 36499549 PMCID: PMC9738230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance supramolecular polyimide systems were synthesized via a simple and innovative approach using two types of azo-chromophores, leading to concomitant special properties: high thermostability, the ability to be processed in the form of films with high flexibility, adequate morphological features, and good structuring capacity via phase mask ultraviolet (UV) laser irradiation, induced by the presence of the azo groups (-N=N-). The dimension and the anisotropy degree of the micro/nano patterns obtained on the surface of the flexible films (determined by atomic force microscopy) depend on the azo-dye type used in the supramolecular azopolyimide synthesis, which were higher when the azo-chromophore containing a -cyano group (-C≡N) was used. The molecular dynamics method, an excellent tool for an in-depth examination of the intermolecular interactions, was used to explain the morphological aspects. Energetic, dynamic and structural parameters were calculated for the two systems containing azo-chromophores, as well as for the pristine polymer system. It was highlighted that the van der Waals forces make a major contribution to the intermolecular interactions. The results from the combination of the dynamic analysis and the concentration profile explain the better mobility of the polyimide chains with a maximum content of azo groups in the cis configuration compared to the other systems. Taking all these data into account, the surfaces of the films can be tuned as required for the proposed applications, namely as substrates for flexible electronis.
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7
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Crystallization of D-A Conjugated Polymers: A Review of Recent Research. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214612. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
D-A conjugated polymers are key materials for organic solar cells and organic thin-film transistors, and their film structure is one of the most important factors in determining device performance. The formation of film structure largely depends on the crystallization process, but the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers is not well understood. In this review, we attempted to achieve a clearer understanding of the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers. We first summarized the features of D-A conjugated polymers, which can affect their crystallization process. Then, the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers was discussed, including the possible chain conformations in the solution as well as the nucleation and growth processes. After that, the crystal structure of D-A conjugated polymers, including the molecular orientation and polymorphism, was reviewed. We proposed that the nucleation process and the orientation of the nuclei on the substrate are critical for the crystal structure. Finally, we summarized the possible crystal morphologies of D-A conjugated polymers and explained their formation process in terms of nucleation and growth processes. This review provides fundamental knowledge on how to manipulate the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers to regulate their film structure.
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8
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Control of Molecular Orientation and Carrier Transport of Thiophene-Based Semiconducting Polymer via Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles Fe3O4@C-Assisted Magnetic Alignment Method. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8060064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Realizing the high molecular orientation and structurally ordered microstructure of organic semiconductor polymer thin films is beneficial for enhancing the charge transport of conjugated polymers and achieving high-performance organic electronic devices. In this work, we successfully developed large-area highly aligned films of a thiophene-based polymer, namely poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl) thieno [3,2-b] thiophene) (PBTTT), using the magnetic alignment method at a low magnetic field (0.12 T), which was assisted by superparamagnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4@C. The aligned microstructure of the composite films is confirmed by systematic analysis that includes polarized optical microscopy, polarized UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, and an atomic force microscope. Organic field effect transistors based on magnetic aligned composite film exhibit a 2.8-fold improvement in carrier mobility compared with the unaligned films. We hold a formation mechanism that the rapid magnetically induced self-assembly property of Fe3O4@C and its intermolecular interaction with polymer chains are key to the new method of preparing oriented thin films.
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9
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Chew KW, Abdul Rahim NA, Teh PL, Abdul Hisam NS, Alias SS. Thermal Degradation of Photoluminescence Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) Solvent-Tuned Aggregate Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081615. [PMID: 35458365 PMCID: PMC9029415 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of the green emission spectrum during the decomposition of polyfluorenes (PFs) has impeded the development and commercialization of the materials. Herein, we constructed a solvent-tuned aggregated PFO film with the aim of retarding the material’s thermal degradation behavior which causes a significant decline in optical properties as a result of phase transformation. The tuning of the aggregate amount and distribution was executed by applying a poor alcohol-based solvent in chloroform. It emerges that at a lower boiling point methanol evaporates quickly, limiting the aggregate propagation in the film which gives rise to a more transparent film. Furthermore, because of the modulated β-phase conformation, the absorption spectra of PFO films were red-shifted and broadened. The increase in methanol percentage also led to a rise in β-phase percentage. As for the thermal degradation reactions, both pristine and aggregated PFO films exhibited apparent changes in the UV-Vis spectra and PL spectra. In addition, a 97:3 (chloroform:methanol) aggregated PFO film showed a more defined emission spectrum, which demonstrates that the existence of β-phase is able to suppress the unwanted green emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wei Chew
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (K.W.C.); (P.L.T.); (N.S.A.H.)
| | - Nor Azura Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (K.W.C.); (P.L.T.); (N.S.A.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pei Leng Teh
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (K.W.C.); (P.L.T.); (N.S.A.H.)
| | - Nurfatin Syafiqah Abdul Hisam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (K.W.C.); (P.L.T.); (N.S.A.H.)
| | - Siti Salwa Alias
- Advanced Optical Materials Research Group (AOMRG), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
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Li T, He Q, Guan Y, Liao J, He Y, Luo X, Cao W, Cui Z, Jia S, Liu A, Yao S, Guan X, Zhang H, Lu D. Influence of molecular weight and the change of solvent solubility on β conformation and chains condensed state structure for poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) in solution. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Cao X, Fan H. Formation of D-A conjugated polymer crystals: Diffusion and conformational transition theory. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Hicks GEJ, Li S, Obhi NK, Jarrett-Wilkins CN, Seferos DS. Programmable Assembly of π-Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006287. [PMID: 34085725 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugated polymers have numerous applications due to their advantageous optoelectronic and mechanical properties. These properties depend intrinsically on polymer ordering, including crystallinity, orientation, morphology, domain size, and π-π interactions. Programming, or deliberately controlling the composition and ordering of π-conjugated polymers by well-defined inputs, is a key facet in the development of organic electronics. Here, π-conjugated programming is described at each stage of material development, stressing the links between each programming mode. Covalent programming is performed during polymer synthesis such that complex architectures can be constructed, which direct polymer assembly by governing polymer orientation, π-π interactions, and morphological length-scales. Solution programming is performed in a solvated state as polymers dissolve, aggregate, crystallize, or react in solution. Solid-state programming occurs in the solid state and is governed by polymer crystallization, domain segregation, or gelation. Recent progress in programming across these stages is examined, highlighting order-dependent features and assembly techniques that are unique to π-conjugated polymers. This should serve as a guide for delineating the many ways of directing π-conjugated polymer assembly to control ordering, structure, and function, enabling the further development of organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garion E J Hicks
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sheng Li
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nimrat K Obhi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Charles N Jarrett-Wilkins
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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Horiuchi Y, Midori K, Kim HD, Ohkita H. Improved Hole-Transporting Properties in Conjugated Polymers Mixed with Polystyrene as an Insulating Polymer. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2021. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.34.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Horiuchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Koshiro Midori
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Hyung Do Kim
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Hideo Ohkita
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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14
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Vella JH, Huang L, Eedugurala N, Mayer KS, Ng TN, Azoulay JD. Broadband infrared photodetection using a narrow bandgap conjugated polymer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/24/eabg2418. [PMID: 34108215 PMCID: PMC8189577 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photodetection spanning the short-, mid-, and long-wave infrared (SWIR-LWIR) underpins modern science and technology. Devices using state-of-the-art narrow bandgap semiconductors require complex manufacturing, high costs, and cooling requirements that remain prohibitive for many applications. We report high-performance infrared photodetection from a donor-acceptor conjugated polymer with broadband SWIR-LWIR operation. Electronic correlations within the π-conjugated backbone promote a high-spin ground state, narrow bandgap, long-wavelength absorption, and intrinsic electrical conductivity. These previously unobserved attributes enabled the fabrication of a thin-film photoconductive detector from solution, which demonstrates specific detectivities greater than 2.10 × 109 Jones. These room temperature detectivities closely approach those of cooled epitaxial devices. This work provides a fundamentally new platform for broadly applicable, low-cost, ambient temperature infrared optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett H Vella
- Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Lifeng Huang
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Naresh Eedugurala
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Kevin S Mayer
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Tse Nga Ng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0407, USA
| | - Jason D Azoulay
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
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15
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Abdolmaleki H, Kidmose P, Agarwala S. Droplet-Based Techniques for Printing of Functional Inks for Flexible Physical Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006792. [PMID: 33772919 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Printed electronics (PE) is an emerging technology that uses functional inks to print electrical components and circuits on variety of substrates. This technology has opened up new possibilities to fabricate flexible, bendable, and form-fitting devices at low-cost and fast speed. There are different printing technologies in use, among which droplet-based techniques are of great interest as they provide the possibility of printing computer-controlled design patterns with high resolution, and greater production flexibility. Nanomaterial inks form the heart of this technology, enabling different functionalities. To this end, intensive research has been carried out on formulating inks with conductive, semiconductive, magnetic, piezoresistive, and piezoelectric properties. Here, a detailed landscape view on different droplet-based printing technologies (inkjet, aerosol jet, and electrohydrodynamic jet) is provided, with comprehensive discussion on their working principals. This is followed by a detailed research overview of different functional inks (metal, carbon, polymer, and ceramic). Different sintering methods and common substrates being used in printed electronics are also discussed, followed by an in-depth review of different physical sensors fabricated by droplet-based techniques. Finally, the challenges facing the field are considered and a perspective on possible ways to overcome them is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Abdolmaleki
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - Preben Kidmose
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - Shweta Agarwala
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
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Effects of MEH-PPV Molecular Ordering in the Emitting Layer on the Luminescence Efficiency of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092512. [PMID: 33923106 PMCID: PMC8123485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of molecular ordering on the electro-optical characteristics of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with an emission layer (EML) of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV). The EML was fabricated by a solution process which can make molecules ordered. The performance of the OLED devices with the molecular ordering method was compared to that obtained through fabrication by a conventional spin coating method. The turn-on voltage and the luminance of the conventional OLEDs were 5 V and 34.75 cd/m2, whereas those of the proposed OLEDs were 4.5 V and 120.3 cd/m2, respectively. The underlying mechanism of the higher efficiency with ordered molecules was observed by analyzing the properties of the EML layer using AFM, SE, XRD, and an LCR meter. We confirmed that the electrical properties of the organic thin film can be improved by controlling the molecular ordering of the EML, which plays an important role in the electrical characteristics of the OLED.
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17
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Jangizehi A, Schmid F, Besenius P, Kremer K, Seiffert S. Defects and defect engineering in Soft Matter. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10809-10859. [PMID: 33306078 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01371d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Soft matter covers a wide range of materials based on linear or branched polymers, gels and rubbers, amphiphilic (macro)molecules, colloids, and self-assembled structures. These materials have applications in various industries, all highly important for our daily life, and they control all biological functions; therefore, controlling and tailoring their properties is crucial. One way to approach this target is defect engineering, which aims to control defects in the material's structure, and/or to purposely add defects into it to trigger specific functions. While this approach has been a striking success story in crystalline inorganic hard matter, both for mechanical and electronic properties, and has also been applied to organic hard materials, defect engineering is rarely used in soft matter design. In this review, we present a survey on investigations on defects and/or defect engineering in nine classes of soft matter composed of liquid crystals, colloids, linear polymers with moderate degree of branching, hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers, conjugated polymers, polymeric networks, self-assembled amphiphiles and proteins, block copolymers and supramolecular polymers. This overview proposes a promising role of this approach for tuning the properties of soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jangizehi
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Albano G, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Chiroptical Properties in Thin Films of π-Conjugated Systems. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10145-10243. [PMID: 32892619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chiral π-conjugated molecules provide new materials with outstanding features for current and perspective applications, especially in the field of optoelectronic devices. In thin films, processes such as charge conduction, light absorption, and emission are governed not only by the structure of the individual molecules but also by their supramolecular structures and intermolecular interactions to a large extent. Electronic circular dichroism, ECD, and its emission counterpart, circularly polarized luminescence, CPL, provide tools for studying aggregated states and the key properties to be sought for designing innovative devices. In this review, we shall present a comprehensive coverage of chiroptical properties measured on thin films of organic π-conjugated molecules. In the first part, we shall discuss some general concepts of ECD, CPL, and other chiroptical spectroscopies, with a focus on their applications to thin film samples. In the following, we will overview the existing literature on chiral π-conjugated systems whose thin films have been characterized by ECD and/or CPL, as well other chiroptical spectroscopies. Special emphasis will be put on systems with large dissymmetry factors (gabs and glum) and on the application of ECD and CPL to derive structural information on aggregated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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19
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Lv Y, Yang X, Du W, Ma P, Wang H, Bonnefont A, Wright DS, Ruhlmann L, Zhang C. An Efficient Electrochromic Supercapacitor Based on Solution-Processable Nanoporous Poly{tris[4-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)phenyl]amine}. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3844-3854. [PMID: 32413249 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new green synthetic route to tris[4-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)phenyl]amine (TEPA) monomer has been developed and the molecular structure of TEPA has been determined by using single-crystal XRD. Solution-processable nanoporous poly{tris[4-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)phenyl]amine} (PTEPA) is prepared by a chemical oxidative polymerization in a microemulsion. Based on the distorted structure of TEPA in the solid state, it is proposed that dendritic PTEPA has a distorted 3 D conformation with multiple twisted channels and pores that are narrowed and blocked by bifurcation and distortion of PTEPA, which is consistent with the observed hierarchical pore structure. As a cathode material, PTEPA exhibits a discharge capacity of 89.5 mAh g-1 in the initial cycle with a highly sloping two-stage discharge curve and relatively stable cycling performance. Beyond its excellent energy storage properties, PTEPA also shows relatively good electrochromic performance. Furthermore, an efficient all-solid-state electrochromic supercapacitor (ECSC) with good electrochromic performance and high energy storage capacity (13.3 mF cm-2 ) is assembled from PTEPA and nanoporous graphene films. During charge-discharge processes, the color of the ECSC changes between yellow-green and steel blue. Thus, the energy storage level of the ECSC can be monitored by the corresponding color changes. The fabricated ECSC may have practical applications, for example, in self-powered electrochromic smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaokang Lv
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
- Institut de Chimie (UMR au CNRS n°7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Xing Yang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weishi Du
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Peihua Ma
- Shaoxing Jinye Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., No.173, Zhenghai Road, Binhai Industrial Zone, Keqiao District, Shaoxing, 312073, P.R. China
| | - Hu Wang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Antoine Bonnefont
- Institut de Chimie (UMR au CNRS n°7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Laurent Ruhlmann
- Institut de Chimie (UMR au CNRS n°7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Cheng Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
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20
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Sung Y, Shin EY, Noh YY, Lee JY. Flexible Bottom-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors Utilizing Stamped Polymer Layers from the Surface of Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25092-25099. [PMID: 32362121 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The facile sequential deposition of functional organic thin films by solution processes is critical for the development of a variety of high-performance organic devices without restriction in terms of materials and processes. Herein, we propose a simple fabrication process that entails stacking multiple layers of functional polymers to fabricate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). The process involves stamping organic semiconducting layers formed on the surface of water onto a commonly used polymeric dielectric layer. Our scheme makes it possible to independently optimize organic semiconductor films by controlling the solvent evaporation time during the process of film formation on the surface of water. This approach eliminates the need to be concerned about any interference with adjacent layers. Utilizing this process, the fabrication of high-performance bottom-gated OFETs is demonstrated on a glass and a flexible substrate. The OFETs consist of a vertically stacked diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer semiconducting layer on the poly(methyl methacrylate) film with a maximum hole mobility of 0.85 cm2/V s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoori Sung
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eul-Yong Shin
- Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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21
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Jang M, Huh YI, Chang M. Effects of Solvent Vapor Annealing on Morphology and Charge Transport of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) Films Incorporated with Preformed P3HT Nanowires. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051188. [PMID: 32456100 PMCID: PMC7284567 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We systematically studied the influence of solvent vapor annealing on the molecular ordering, morphologies, and charge transport properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films embedded with preformed crystalline P3HT nanowires (NWs). Solvent vapor annealing (SVA) with chloroform (CF) was found to profoundly impact on the structural and morphological changes, and thus on the charge transport characteristics, of the P3HT-NW-embedded P3HT films. With increased annealing time, the density of crystalline P3HT NWs was increased within the resultant films, and also intra- and intermolecular interactions of the corresponding films were significantly improved. As a result, the P3HT-NW-embedded P3HT films annealed with CF vapor for 20 min resulted in a maximized charge carrier mobility of ~0.102 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is higher than that of pristine P3HT films by 4.4-fold (μ = ~0.023 cm2 V−1 s−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingu Jang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Yang-Il Huh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-I.H.); (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.)
| | - Mincheol Chang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-I.H.); (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.)
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22
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Rasheed A, He W, Qian Y, Park H, Kang DJ. Flexible Supercapacitor-Type Rectifier-free Self-Charging Power Unit Based on a Multifunctional Polyvinylidene Fluoride-ZnO-rGO Piezoelectric Matrix. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:20891-20900. [PMID: 32298074 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of an effective mechanical to electrical energy conversion device and its functional integration with an energy storage device for self-powered portable gadgets are cutting-edge research fields. However, the generated power and the mechanical stability of these integrated devices are still not efficient to power up portable electronics. We fabricated a rectifier-free piezoelectric nanogenerator (NG) integrated with a supercapacitor (SC). A multifunctional composite matrix was prepared by the incorporation of ultrathin (<10 nm) ZnO nanoflakes and reduced graphene oxide in polyvinylidene fluoride to enhance the piezoelectric output characteristics and mechanical stability of the device while minimizing the additional energy losses during the integration. The as-fabricated SC-based power unit through the energy conversion and storage processes showed a remarkable self-charging performance. We obtained the maximum output voltage, current density, and power density of about 44 V, 1000 nA cm-2, and 193.6 μW cm-2 under the applied mechanical force of 10 N, respectively. The self-charging behavior of the device showed that it can store 1.5 × 10-3 mC within 100 s without resorting to a rectifier. We obtained the total energy density of about 10.34 mW h kg-1 under palm impact. Our results present a step forward in the development of the NG and SC-based flexible and self-charging devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Rasheed
- Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Course of Physics and Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen He
- Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Course of Physics and Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongteng Qian
- Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Course of Physics and Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunje Park
- Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Course of Physics and Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kang
- Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Course of Physics and Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
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23
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Tan A, Zhang P. Tailoring the growth and electronic structures of organic molecular thin films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:503001. [PMID: 31422957 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab3c22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the rapidly developing electronics industry, it has become increasingly necessary to explore materials that are cheap, flexible and versatile which have led to significant research efforts towards organic molecular thin films. Organic molecules are unique compared to their inorganic atomic counterparts as their properties can be tuned drastically through chemical functionalization, offering versatility, though their extended shape and weak intermolecular interactions bring significant challenges to the control of both the growth and the electronic structures of molecular thin films. In this paper, we will review the self-assembly process and how to establish long-range ordered organic molecular thin films. We will also discuss how the electronic structures of thin films are impacted by the molecule's local electrostatic environment and its interaction with the substrate, within the context of controlling interfacial energy level alignment between organic semiconductors and electrodes in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
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24
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Lenjani SV, Zerson M, Wang Q, Sommer M, Magerle R. Liquid-Crystalline Order and Film Thickness Determine the Semicrystalline Morphology in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1611-1616. [PMID: 35619397 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lyotropic liquid crystalline (LC) phases offer a means of controlling molecular order and orientation in thin films of conjugated polymers. Surface energy, surface-induced ordering, and film thickness are additional factors determining the molecular order in thin films. Through solvent vapor annealing and in situ atomic force microscopy in the swollen state, we show that in ultrathin films of a poly(dithiazolyldiketopyrrolopyrrole-tetrafluorobenzene) (PTzDPPTzF4) alternating copolymer stacks of monomolecular-thick layers with a 2.1 nm step height form, which resemble a lyotropic smectic LC phase. Within the smectic layers, the polymer backbones are aligned parallel to the film plane, with edge-on oriented diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) cores. Thicker films resemble a semicrystalline morphology with lamellae consisting of blocks. Such lamellae are typical for polymers crystallizing via Strobl's block-forming model. Our findings indicate that molecular order, molecular orientation, and the morphology of PTzDPPTzF4 copolymer films are tunable by LC order and by varying the film thickness according to the desired application of the particular organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Vazirieh Lenjani
- Chemische Physik, Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainerstr. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Mario Zerson
- Chemische Physik, Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainerstr. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Qian Wang
- Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Robert Magerle
- Chemische Physik, Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainerstr. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Jordan
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, Merced Merced California 95343
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, Merced Merced California 95343
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26
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Wolf CM, Kanekal KH, Yimer YY, Tyagi M, Omar-Diallo S, Pakhnyuk V, Luscombe CK, Pfaendtner J, Pozzo LD. Assessment of molecular dynamics simulations for amorphous poly(3-hexylthiophene) using neutron and X-ray scattering experiments. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:5067-5083. [PMID: 31183486 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00807a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular morphology and dynamics of conjugated polymers in the bulk solid state play a significant role in determining macroscopic charge transport properties. To understand this relationship, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanical calculations are used to evaluate local electronic properties. In this work, we investigate the importance of system and simulation parameters, such as force fields and equilibration methods, when simulating amorphous poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), a model semiconducting polymer. An assessment of MD simulations for five different published P3HT force fields is made by comparing results to experimental wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and to a broad range of quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) data. Moreover, an in silico analysis of force field parameters reveals that atomic partial charges and torsion potentials along the backbone and side chains have the greatest impact on structure and dynamics related to charge transport mechanisms in P3HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M Wolf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, USA.
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27
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Yan Y, Wu X, Chen Q, Liu Y, Chen H, Guo T. High-Performance Low-Voltage Flexible Photodetector Arrays Based on All-Solid-State Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Photosensing and Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20214-20224. [PMID: 31074275 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The identifying characteristic of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is the coupling between ionic and electronic charges within the entire volume of the channel. In this work, by taking advantage of the volumetric nature of the OECTs' response, a novel flexible photodetector is reported for the first time based on all-solid-state OECT with an excellent responsivity of up to 6.7 × 106 A/W, detectivity as high as 3.6 × 1013 Jones, and a fast response of ∼0.13 s in the visible range, which are superior to those of the majority of the reported organic phototransistors (OPTs) based on field-effect transistors (FETs) and even better than those of FET-based phototransistors with two-dimensional (MoS2 and graphene) and perovskite materials. The high performance of the devices was ascribed to the combination of the higher carrier mobility of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a channel and the volumetric nature of the OECTs' response, and the charge density of the volumetric channel was efficiently modulated by incident light compared to FETs. Moreover, OECT-based OPTs with quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS) as a light sensitizer were characterized under ultraviolet light, and they exhibited excellent photosensitivity, which further verified the superiority of OECT for phototransistors. Furthermore, a flexible image sensor was fabricated for the first time by integrating flexible OECTs-OPTs into a 10 × 10 array, which can clearly identify the target image under a bending state, indicating the great potential of OECTs-OPTs in the application of low-power, ultrasensitive flexible photodetectors and imaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Yan
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Qizhen Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Yaqian Liu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Huipeng Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Tailiang Guo
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
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28
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Selivanova M, Chuang CH, Billet B, Malik A, Xiang P, Landry E, Chiu YC, Rondeau-Gagné S. Morphology and Electronic Properties of Semiconducting Polymer and Branched Polyethylene Blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12723-12732. [PMID: 30854843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy for influencing the solid-state morphology of conjugated polymers was developed through physical blending with a low-molecular-weight branched polyethylene. This nontoxic and low-boiling-point additive was blended with a high-charge-mobility diketopyrrolopyrrole-based conjugated polymer, and a detailed investigation of the new blended materials was performed by various characterization tools, including X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Interestingly, the branched additive was shown to reduce the crystallinity of the conjugated polymer while promoting aggregation and phase separation in the solid state. Upon thermal removal of the olefinic additive, the thin films maintained a lower crystallinity and aggregated morphology in comparison to a nonblended polymer. The semiconducting performance of the new branched polyethylene/conjugated polymer blends was also investigated in organic field-effect transistors, which showed a stable charge mobility of around 0.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 without thermal annealing, independent of the blending ratio. Furthermore, using the new polyethylene-based additive, the concentration of a conjugated polymer required for the fabrication of organic field-effect transistor devices was reduced down to 0.05 wt %, without affecting charge transport, which represents a significant improvement compared to usual concentrations used for solution deposition. Our results demonstrate that the physical blending of a conjugated polymer with nontoxic, low-molecular-weight branched polyethylene is a promising strategy for the modification and fine-tuning of the solid-state morphology of conjugated polymers without sacrificing their charge-transport properties, thus creating new opportunities for the large-scale processing of organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Selivanova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe) , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Ching-Heng Chuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Blandine Billet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe) , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Aleena Malik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe) , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Peng Xiang
- PolyAnalytik Inc , 700 Collip Circle, Suite 202 , London , Ontario N6G 4X8 , Canada
| | - Eric Landry
- PolyAnalytik Inc , 700 Collip Circle, Suite 202 , London , Ontario N6G 4X8 , Canada
| | - Yu-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe) , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
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29
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Aggregate dispersions to enhance the intrachain order in surfactant-stabilized aqueous colloids of poly(3-hexylthiophene). J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Jang YJ, Jung YE, Kwon EH, Lee CY, Park YD. Built-in Water Capture in a Polythiophene Film Blended with Metal-Organic Frameworks. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yao CJ, Zhang HL, Zhang Q. Recent Progress in Thermoelectric Materials Based on Conjugated Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E107. [PMID: 30960091 PMCID: PMC6401909 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic thermoelectric (TE) materials can directly convert heat to electricity, and they are emerging as new materials for energy harvesting and cooling technologies. The performance of TE materials mainly depends on the properties of materials, including the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and thermal stability. Traditional TE materials are mostly based on low-bandgap inorganic compounds, such as bismuth chalcogenide, lead telluride, and tin selenide, while organic materials as promising TE materials are attracting more and more attention because of their intrinsic advantages, including cost-effectiveness, easy processing, low density, low thermal conductivity, and high flexibility. However, to meet the requirements of practical applications, the performance of organic TE materials needs much improvement. A variety of efforts have been made to enhance the performance of organic TE materials, including the modification of molecular structure, and chemical or electrochemical doping. In this review, we summarize recent progress in organic TE materials, and discuss the feasible strategies for enhancing the properties of organic TE materials for future energy-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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32
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Jo G, Jeong JW, Choi S, Kim H, Park JJ, Jung J, Chang M. Large-Scale Alignment of Polymer Semiconductor Nanowires for Efficient Charge Transport via Controlled Evaporation of Confined Fluids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1135-1142. [PMID: 30520290 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-range alignment of conjugated polymers is as critical as polymer chain packing for achieving efficient charge transport in polymer thin films used in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, the present study reports a facile, scalable strategy that enables the deposition of macroscopically aligned polymer semiconductor nanowire (NW)-array films with highly enhanced charge carrier mobility, using a modified controlled evaporative self-assembly (MCESA) technique. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on highly oriented poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-NW films exhibit more than 10-fold enhancement of carrier mobility, with the highest mobility of 0.13 cm2 V-1 s-1, compared to the OFETs based on pristine P3HT films. Significantly, large-area aligned P3HT NW-films, which are deposited over 12 arrays of transistors on a 4 in. wafer by an MCESA coating, result in lower device performance variation (i.e., standard deviation ≈ ±0.0172 (16%) cm2 V-1 s-1) as well as an excellent average device performance (i.e., average charge mobility ≈ 0.11 cm2 V-1 s-1), compared to those obtained using the conventional CESA coating, overcoming a critical challenge in the field of OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jaehan Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Hongik University , Sejong 30016 , South Korea
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33
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Costa C, Farinhas J, Velho MFG, Avó J, Matos M, Galvão AM, Charas A. Band-gap tunable thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline derivatives as non-fullerene acceptors in organic photovoltaic cells processed from low toxic ethanol/anisole mixtures. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02419k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New non-fullerene acceptors were combined with a new polythiophene donor and processed from solvent mixtures of low toxicity in organic photovoltaic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Costa
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural
| | - Joana Farinhas
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | | | - João Avó
- CQFM-IN and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- University of Lisbon
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Manuel Matos
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia, Química
| | - Adelino M. Galvão
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Ana Charas
- Instituto de Telecomunicações
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Lisboa
- Portugal
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34
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Sharp D, Taylor S, Andrews M, Boucher D. Impact of Varying Binary Solvent Gradients on the Solubility Parameters of Poly(3-hexylthiophene). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devin Sharp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - Sarah Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - McKenna Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - David Boucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
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35
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McBride M, Persson N, Keane D, Bacardi G, Reichmanis E, Grover MA. A Polymer Blend Approach for Creation of Effective Conjugated Polymer Charge Transport Pathways. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36464-36474. [PMID: 30273486 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of the distribution of polymer chain lengths on process-structure-property relationships in semiconducting organic electronics has remained elusive due to challenges in synthesizing targeted molecular weights ( Mw) and polydispersity indices. Here, a facile blending approach of various poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) molecular weights is used to investigate the impact of the distribution of polymer chain lengths on self-assembly into aggregates and associated charge transport properties. Low and high Mw samples were blended to form a highly polydisperse sample which was compared to a similar, medium Mw control. Self-assembly was induced by preprocessing the polymer solution with UV irradiation and subsequent solution aging before deposition via blade-coating. Superior charge carrier (hole) mobilities were observed for the blend and control samples. Furthermore, their solution lifetimes exceeded 14 days. UV-vis spectral analysis suggests that low Mw P3HT lacks the mesoscale crystallinity required for percolative charge transport. In contrast, when the Mw is too high, the polymer rapidly aggregates, leading to paracrystalline disorder and structural inhomogeneity that interrupts charge-transfer pathways. The role of grain boundaries, fibrillar order, and macroscale alignment is characterized via grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopic, and optical microscopic techniques. The results presented here provide additional guidance on the interplay between polymer solubility, self-assembly, network interconnectivity, and charge transport to enable robust polymer ink formulations with reliable and reproducible performance attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McBride
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Nils Persson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Danny Keane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Guillermo Bacardi
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Martha A Grover
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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36
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Freeman L, Miller P, Sapolsky M, Boucher D. p-Doping Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in Solvent Mixtures. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Freeman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - Paul Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - Marni Sapolsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - David Boucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
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37
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McFarland FM, Liu X, Zhang S, Tang K, Kreis NK, Gu X, Guo S. Electric field induced assembly of macroscopic fibers of poly(3-hexylthiophene). POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Solving Materials’ Small Data Problem with Dynamic Experimental Databases. Processes (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/pr6070079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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39
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Kim Y, Hwang H, Kim NK, Hwang K, Park JJ, Shin GI, Kim DY. π-Conjugated Polymers Incorporating a Novel Planar Quinoid Building Block with Extended Delocalization and High Charge Carrier Mobility. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706557. [PMID: 29682827 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two novel conjugated polymers incorporating quinoidal thiophene are successfully synthesized. By combining 1D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 2D nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy analyses, the isomeric form of the major quinoid monomer is clearly identified as the asymmetric Z, E-configuration. The quinoidal polymers are synthesized via Stille polymerization with thiophene or bithiophene. Both quinoidal polymers exhibit the low band gap of 1.45 eV and amphoteric redox behavior, indicating extended conjugation owing to the quinoidal backbone. These quinoidal polymers show ambipolar behaviors with high charge carrier mobilities when applied in organic field-effect transistors. In addition, the radial alignment of polymer chains achieved by off-center spin-coating leads to further improvement of device performance, with poly(quinoidal thiophene-bithiophene) exhibiting a high hole mobility of 8.09 cm2 V-1 s-1 , which is the highest value among the quinoidal polymers up to now. Microstructural alteration via thermal annealing or off-center spin-coating is found to beneficially affect charge transport. The enhancement of crystallinity with strong π-π interactions and the nanofibrillar structure arising from planar well-delocalized quinoid units is considered to be responsible for the high charge carrier mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunseul Kim
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansu Hwang
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Koo Kim
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Institute, LG Electronics, Seoul, 07796, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungtae Hwang
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Park
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-In Shin
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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40
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Sapolsky M, McFaddin J, Boucher D. Aggregation Behavior of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in Solvent Mixtures: Linear Solvation Energy Relationship (LSER) Modeling and COSMO-RS Calculations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marni Sapolsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - John McFaddin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
| | - David Boucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston SC 29401 USA
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