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Gorgun E, Ali A, Islam MS. Biocomposites of Poly(Lactic Acid) and Microcrystalline Cellulose: Influence of the Coupling Agent on Thermomechanical and Absorption Characteristics. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:11523-11533. [PMID: 38496940 PMCID: PMC10938393 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-based green biocomposites were developed using a solution casting technique. Essentially, the bonding between PLA and MCC is quite feeble; therefore, the current study is conducted to strengthen the bonding by incorporating a coupling agent, thereby enhancing the overall quality of the biocomposites. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the influence of combined coupling agents-maleic anhydride (MAH) and maleic acid (MA) (MAH-MA)-on the properties of polylactic acid (PLA)/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) biocomposites. The investigation also encompassed an examination of the impact of MCC loading (2, 3, and 5% w/w) into a PLA matrix. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination revealed the interfacial interaction and adhesion among MCC, PLA, and coupling agents and the formation of biocomposites. The incorporation of MAH-MA led to improved mechanical properties of the PLA/MCC biocomposites. Furthermore, the incorporation of MAH-MA into the PLA/3 wt % MCC composite exhibited enhancements in both the tensile strength and tensile modulus, accompanied by a reduced elongation at break. In addition, it is worth noting that the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of the PLA composite with 3% w/w of MCC and MAH-MA displayed a significant decrease in weight beyond a temperature threshold of 492.65 °C. The water absorption demonstrates that the incorporation of MAH-MA into the PLA/MCC composite led to advantageous water barrier characteristics. The observed improvements were attributed to the efficient dispersion of MCC at the most favorable amount of coupling agents, along with the chemical interactions involving grafting and esterification between MCC and the MAH-MA coupling agent. Furthermore, the incorporation of MAH-MA into the PLA/3% (w/w) MCC composite exhibited enhancements in both the tensile strength and tensile modulus, accompanied by a reduction in the elongation percentage at break. The experimental results about water absorption demonstrate that the incorporation of MAH-MA into the PLA/MCC composite led to advantageous water barrier characteristics. These improvements were attributed to good MCC dispersion and the chemical interactions involving grafting and esterification between the MCC and the MAH-MA coupling agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Gorgun
- Department
of Railway Systems, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58040, Turkey
| | - Alamry Ali
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering
in Al-Kharj Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Saiful Islam
- Department
of Chemistry, Bangladesh Army University
of Engineering and Technology, Natore 6431, Bangladesh
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2
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Lim CSS, Chan EWC, Wong CW. Acetic acid as a protic solvent for reducing sulphuric acid concentrations in the production of cellulose nanocrystals alongside transition metal co-catalysts. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129303. [PMID: 38216018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) conventionally involve highly concentrated sulphuric acid, which typically resulted in the formation of undesirable by-products. Although less corrosive mineral acids have been explored as alternatives, high concentrations are still required. In this study, CNC was successfully isolated from Leucaena leucocephala wood using mild sulphuric acid with acetic acid as protic solvent, and it was further studied with the addition of Lewis acids in the form of multivalent transition metal salts as co-catalyst. Selected divalent and trivalent transition metal salts including (Cr(NO3)3, Fe(NO3)3, Co(NO3)2, and Ni(NO3)2) were investigated. The morphology, chemical structure, particle size, and physicochemical properties of the CNCs were determined. Controlled depolymerization of cellulose was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Rod-like morphology for all CNCs was obtained during the hydrolysis process with the smallest CNC particles found at an average length of 278.1 ± 35.1 nm and a diameter of 13.4 ± 3.0 nm. The results showed that higher valence state metal ions resulted in better cellulose hydrolysis efficiency. In addition, the use of transition metal salt as a co-catalyst improved production efficiency and minimised carbonization of CNC while maintaining desired crystallinity and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Shu Shien Lim
- Department of Food Science with Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eric Wei Chiang Chan
- Department of Food Science with Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chen Wai Wong
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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3
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Grafting natural nicotinamide on tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils to prepare flexible and transparent nanocomposite films with fascinating mechanical strength and UV shielding performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1633-1640. [PMID: 36270399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Light pollution from ultraviolet (UV) radiation is gaining growing concerns, as the emissions and burning of fossil fuels destroyed the ozone layer. Seeking a solution against skin exposure to excessive radiation is an urgent requirement. In this study, nicotinamide (NA), the main component of vitamin B3, was introduced as a new modifier into Tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNFs) together with the physical cross-linking with tannin acid (TA) to improve anti-UV performance of the nanocomposite films. Incorporation of NA into the films presents distinguished UV shielding capability UVB wavelength range from 200 nm to 320 nm (NTA1-5) due to the introduced functional groups like CO and benzene rings. Moreover, mechanical properties were notably enhanced, which overcome the low strength of common nanocellulosic materials. The stress increased from 69.8 MPa to 116.3 MPa, and the toughness can reach 131.58 MJ/m3 by tuning the additional amount of NA. Meanwhile, TGA and DTG analysis demonstrated that the incorporation of amide bonds and TA into the composite films greatly improved the thermal stability. Thus, the proposed materials fabricated from natural biomolecules show great potential in serving as new kinds of UV-resistant products in the application areas of sunscreen, protective clothing, and building materials.
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Mugwagwa LR, Chimphango AFA. Predicting mechanical properties of hemicellulose-based films reinforced with acetylated nanocellulose. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Sunthar TPM, Boschetto F, Doan HN, Honma T, Kinashi K, Adachi T, Marin E, Zhu W, Pezzotti G. Antibacterial Property of Cellulose Acetate Composite Materials Reinforced with Aluminum Nitride. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1292. [PMID: 34827230 PMCID: PMC8637303 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose acetate (CA) is a synthetic compound that is derived from the acetylation of cellulose. CA is well known as it has been used for many commercial products such as textiles, plastic films, and cigarette filters. In this research, antibacterial CA composites were produced by addition of aluminum nitride (AlN) at different weight percentage, from 0 wt. % to 20 wt. %. The surface characterization was performed using laser microscope, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The mechanical and thermal properties of the composite were analyzed. Although the mechanical strength tended to decrease as the concentration of AlN increased and needed to be optimized, the melting temperature (Tm) and glass transition temperature (Tg) showed a shift toward higher values as the AlN concentration increased leading to an improvement in thermal properties. AlN additions in weight percentages >10 wt. % led to appreciable antibacterial properties against S. epidermidis and E. coli bacteria. Antibacterial CA/AlN composites with higher thermal stability have potential applications as alternative materials for plastic packaging in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thefye P. M. Sunthar
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (F.B.); (T.H.); (E.M.); (W.Z.); (G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi dori, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (F.B.); (T.H.); (E.M.); (W.Z.); (G.P.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Hoan Ngoc Doan
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.N.D.); (K.K.)
| | - Taigi Honma
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (F.B.); (T.H.); (E.M.); (W.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Kenji Kinashi
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.N.D.); (K.K.)
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (F.B.); (T.H.); (E.M.); (W.Z.); (G.P.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (F.B.); (T.H.); (E.M.); (W.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (F.B.); (T.H.); (E.M.); (W.Z.); (G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi dori, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Fardioui M, Mekhzoum MEM, Qaiss AEK, Bouhfid R. Photoluminescent biocomposite films of chitosan based on styrylbenzothiazolium-g-cellulose nanocrystal for anti-counterfeiting applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:981-989. [PMID: 34197851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, novel photoluminescent and transparent biocomposite films based on chitosan reinforced with styrylbenzothiazolium-g-cellulose nanocrystal for anti-counterfeiting applications were successfully prepared by casting solvent. Three novel styrylbenzothiazolium derivatives were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation and characterized by FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR and photoluminescence analysis. These photochromic compounds have been used to functionalize cellulose nanocrystal and the resulting fluorescent photonic materials were characterized by FTIR, 13C-CP/MAS NMR as well as photoluminescent analysis to confirm the successful grafting. It can be concluded that the addition of 5 wt% of fluorescent modified CNC to chitosan matrix increase the photoluminescent properties as well as improved the mechanical properties of the Cs/CNC-dye biocomposite films. These photoluminescent biocomposite film hold promising applicative value in anti-counterfeiting material in large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Fardioui
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Composites et Nanocomposites Center, Rabat Design Center, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El Mehdi Mekhzoum
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Composites et Nanocomposites Center, Rabat Design Center, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abou El Kacem Qaiss
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Composites et Nanocomposites Center, Rabat Design Center, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Bouhfid
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Composites et Nanocomposites Center, Rabat Design Center, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
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8
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Ou Z, Zhou Q, Rao X, Yang H, Huo C, Du X. Cellulose Isolated From Waste Rubber Wood and Its Application in PLA Based Composite Films. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:666399. [PMID: 33869162 PMCID: PMC8044414 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.666399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste rubber wood (RW) is the castoff of rubber plantation with abundant reservation but without high-value utilization. In this study, cellulose with high purity has been efficiently isolated from waste RW and further processed into cellulose nanocrystals. By means of acetylation, more hydrophobic cellulose-based products, namely acetylated rubber wood cellulose (Ac-RWC) and acetylated rubber wood cellulose nanocrystals (Ac-RW-CNC) had been attempted as reinforcing fillers for fabricating two series of PLA-based composite films via spin coating instead of currently prevailing melt compounding technique. To ensure a uniformed dispersion of fillers in PLA matrix, the addition of reinforcing filler should be equal to or less than 5% based on the film dry weight. Compared with pure PLA film, the Ac-RWC reinforced PLA composite films are more thermally stable, while the Ac-RW-CNC reinforced PLA composite films on the other hand exhibit more enhanced performance in mechanical properties and the degree of crystallinity. The highest tensile strength (55.0 MPa) and Young's modulus (3.9 GPa) were achieved for 5%Ac-RW-CNC/PLA composite film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ou
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xin Rao
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chunqing Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xueyu Du
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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9
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Xu P, Zhang D, Shao Z, Chen D. Cellulose acetate‐based separators prepared by a reversible acetylation process for high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Xu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Dalun Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Ziqiang Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Dejia Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing P.R. China
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10
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A Review: Research Progress in Modification of Poly (Lactic Acid) by Lignin and Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050776. [PMID: 33802505 PMCID: PMC7959458 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the depletion of petroleum energy, the possibility of prices of petroleum-based materials increasing, and increased environmental awareness, biodegradable materials as a kind of green alternative have attracted more and more research attention. In this context, poly (lactic acid) has shown a unique combination of properties such as nontoxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and good workability. However, examples of its known drawbacks include poor tensile strength, low elongation at break, poor thermal properties, and low crystallization rate. Lignocellulosic materials such as lignin and cellulose have excellent biodegradability and mechanical properties. Compounding such biomass components with poly (lactic acid) is expected to prepare green composite materials with improved properties of poly (lactic acid). This paper is aimed at summarizing the research progress of modification of poly (lactic acid) with lignin and cellulose made in in recent years, with emphasis on effects of lignin and cellulose on mechanical properties, thermal stability and crystallinity on poly (lactic acid) composite materials. Development of poly (lactic acid) composite materials in this respect is forecasted.
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11
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Zheng J, Aziz T, Fan H, Haq F, Ullah Khan F, Ullah R, Ullah B, Saeed Khattak N, Wei J. Synergistic impact of cellulose nanocrystals with multiple resins on thermal and mechanical behavior. Z PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) surface modified with phenolic and acrylic resins were investigated for different properties such as thermally stability and adhesive property, the mechanical properties of CNCs and interactions of the resulting materials at a micro-level are very important. Phenolic resins are of great interest due to their smooth structure, low thermal conductivity and good thermal insulation. However, the high spray rates and poor mechanical properties limit its use for external insulation of buildings. Acrylic resins are used as a matrix resin for adhesives and composites due to their adhesion, mechanical properties, and their good chemical resistance. The brittleness of acrylic resins makes them less attractive than the structural materials, being much harder. For this reason, most of the resins are modified with suitable elastomers, which act as hardeners. Therefore, treatment of these compounds is necessary. In this research paper, the effect of CNCs surface on phenolic and acrylic resins were investigated to obtain an optimized surface using three different weight (wt%) ratios of CNCs. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-rays diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the structure, and investigate different properties of CNCs. Furthermore, the Zwick/Roell Z020 model was used to investigate the adhesion properties of the phenolic and acrylic resins with CNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyuan Zheng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310027, China
| | - Tariq Aziz
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310027, China
| | - Hong Fan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310027, China
| | - Fazal Haq
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310027, China
| | - Farman Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu , 28000, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Lakki Marwat , Lakki Marwat 28420, KPK , Pakistan
| | - Roh Ullah
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT) , Haidian , China
| | - Bakhtar Ullah
- Institute of Advanced Study , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | | | - Jiao Wei
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310027, China
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12
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Izevbekhai OU, Gitari WM, Tavengwa NT, Ayinde WB, Mudzielwana R. Application of synthesized acetylated silica in the remediation of oily wastewater. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2020.1797273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oisaemi Uduagele Izevbekhai
- Environmental Remediation and Nano Sciences Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Wilson Mugera Gitari
- Environmental Remediation and Nano Sciences Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | | | - Wasiu Babatunde Ayinde
- Environmental Remediation and Nano Sciences Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Rabelani Mudzielwana
- Environmental Remediation and Nano Sciences Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
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13
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Yetiş F, Liu X, Sampson WW, Gong RH. Acetylation of lignin containing microfibrillated cellulose and its reinforcing effect for polylactic acid. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Aziz T, Fan H, Zhang X, Haq F, Ullah A, Ullah R, Khan FU, Iqbal M. Advance Study of Cellulose Nanocrystals Properties and Applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2020; 28:1117-1128. [DOI: 10.1007/s10924-020-01674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
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15
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Luo W, Cheng L, Yuan C, Wu Z, Yuan G, Hou M, Chen JY, Luo C, Li W. Preparation, characterization and evaluation of cellulose nanocrystal/poly(lactic acid) in situ nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:469-479. [PMID: 31078594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in situ nanocomposite scaffolds were fabricated by in situ polymerization of lactic acid and CNC which was directly utilized as aqueous suspension, followed by a process of thermally induced phase separation. The CNC/PLA in situ nanocomposite porous scaffolds were characterized by mechanical test, protein adsorption, hemolysis test, in vitro degradation measurement, TEM, FTIR, SEM and WAXD. Compared to the PLA scaffold, the CNC/PLA in situ nanocomposite scaffolds showed a greatly increased compression modulus, an improved hemocompatibility and protein adsorption capacity. The inclusion of CNCs boosted the in vitro degradation of the in situ nanocomposite porous scaffolds and facilitated the deposition of Ca2+, CO32-, PO43- ions in simulated body fluid. Furthermore, cell cultures were carried out on the CNC/PLA in situ nanocomposite porous scaffolds. In comparison with the PLA scaffold, the in situ nanocomposite scaffolds improved cell attachment and enhanced cell proliferation, denoting low cytotoxicity and good cytocompatibility. It can therefore be concluded that such scaffolds with excellent mechanical property, biocompatibility, biomineralization capacity and bioactivity hold great potential for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Lianghao Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhiping Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Guangming Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Mingxi Hou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jonathan Y Chen
- School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chunyi Luo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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16
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Anžlovar A, Kunaver M, Krajnc A, Žagar E. Nanocomposites of LLDPE and Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals Prepared by Melt Processing. Molecules 2018; 23:E1782. [PMID: 30029544 PMCID: PMC6100424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were surface modified by esterification in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 25 °C using different catalysts and anhydrides bearing different alkyl side chain lengths. Unmodified and acetic anhydride (AcAnh)-modified CNCs were studied as potential nanofillers for linear low-density poly(ethylene) (LLDPE). Nanocomposites were prepared by melt processing. Determination of the size and size distribution of CNCs in the nanocomposites by SEM revealed an enhanced compatibility of the AcAnh-modified CNCs with the LLDPE matrix, since the average size of the aggregates of the modified CNCs (0.5⁻5 μm) was smaller compared to that of the unmodified CNCs (2⁻20 μm). Tensile test experiments revealed an increase in the nanocomposites' stiffness and strain at break-by 20% and up to 90%, respectively-at the CNC concentration of 5 wt %, which is close to the critical percolation concentration. Since the CNC nanofiller simultaneously reduced LLDPE crystallinity, the reinforcement effect of CNCs was hampered. Therefore, the molding temperature was increased to 120 °C, and, in this way, the greatest increase of the Young's modulus was achieved (by ~45%). Despite the enhanced compatibility of the AcAnh-modified CNCs with the LLDPE matrix, no additional effect on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites was observed in comparison to the unmodified CNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alojz Anžlovar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matjaž Kunaver
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Andraž Krajnc
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Chin KM, Sung Ting S, Ong HL, Omar M. Surface functionalized nanocellulose as a veritable inclusionary material in contemporary bioinspired applications: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Mern Chin
- School of Bioprocess Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP); Arau Perlis 02600 Malaysia
| | - Sam Sung Ting
- School of Bioprocess Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP); Arau Perlis 02600 Malaysia
| | - Hui Lin Ong
- School of Materials Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP); Arau Perlis 02600 Malaysia
| | - Mf Omar
- School of Materials Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP); Arau Perlis 02600 Malaysia
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