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Huskić M, Kepić D, Kleut D, Mozetič M, Vesel A, Anžlovar A, Bogdanović DB, Jovanović S. The Influence of Reaction Conditions on the Properties of Graphene Oxide. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:281. [PMID: 38334554 PMCID: PMC10856647 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The present study focuses on correlations between three parameters: (1) graphite particle size, (2) the ratio of graphite to oxidizing agent (KMnO4), and (3) the ratio of graphite to acid (H2SO4 and H3PO4), with the reaction yield, structure, and properties of graphene oxide (GO). The correlations are a challenge, as these three parameters can hardly be separated from each other due to the variations in the viscosity of the system. The larger the graphite particles, the higher the viscosity of GO. Decreasing the ratio of graphite to KMnO4 from 1:4 to 1:6 generally leads to a higher degree of oxidation and a higher reaction yield. However, the differences are very small. Increasing the graphite-to-acid-volume ratio from 1 g/60 mL to 1 g/80 mL, except for the smallest particles, reduced the degree of oxidation and slightly reduced the reaction yield. However, the reaction yield mainly depends on the extent of purification of GO by water, not on the reaction conditions. The large differences in the thermal decomposition of GO are mainly due to the bulk particle size and less to other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Huskić
- Faculty of Polymer Technology, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | - Dejan Kepić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia (S.J.)
| | - Duška Kleut
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia (S.J.)
| | - Miran Mozetič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Alenka Vesel
- Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Alojz Anžlovar
- National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | | | - Svetlana Jovanović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia (S.J.)
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Anžlovar A, Pavlica DJ, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Dynamic Properties of Di(cyclopentadienecarboxylic Acid) Dimethyl Esters. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14980. [PMID: 37834428 PMCID: PMC10573197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Di(cyclopentadienecarboxylic acid) dimethyl ester (DCPDME) is a potential dynamic covalent system. When such molecules are used as dynamic crosslinkers in polymers, understanding the reversibility of cyclopentadiene dimerization is crucial to determine optimal melt processing conditions. To this end, we synthesized DCPDME, which consists of three regioisomers with different physicochemical properties, which were investigated by isolating them and further characterizing them using 1H NMR, FTIR and DSC. There have been many attempts to improve the synthesis process to increase the reaction yield and purity of isomer 3, and this goal remains a challenge today. In this work, we show that pure isomers 1 and 2 irreversibly convert to the more stable DCPDME isomer 3 at temperatures between 120 and 140 °C in N2. This shows that isolation of the pure isomer 3 from the DCPDME isomer mixture is not necessary. The DCPDME isomer 3 is reversibly cleaved to the monomeric cyclopentadienecarboxylic acid methyl ester (CPME), as confirmed with GC-MS and the resulting mass spectrum. The conversion of DCPDME isomers 1 and 2 to isomer 3 was confirmed by heating the synthesized mixture of DCPDME isomers at 135 °C for 5 min in N2, producing an almost pure isomer 3 which increased its synthesis yield by 35%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alojz Anžlovar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjan Jan Pavlica
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Anžlovar A, Žagar E. Cellulose Structures as a Support or Template for Inorganic Nanostructures and Their Assemblies. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:1837. [PMID: 35683693 PMCID: PMC9182054 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer and deserves the special attention of the scientific community because it represents a sustainable source of carbon and plays an important role as a sustainable energent for replacing crude oil, coal, and natural gas in the future. Intense research and studies over the past few decades on cellulose structures have mainly focused on cellulose as a biomass for exploitation as an alternative energent or as a reinforcing material in polymer matrices. However, studies on cellulose structures have revealed more diverse potential applications by exploiting the functionalities of cellulose such as biomedical materials, biomimetic optical materials, bio-inspired mechanically adaptive materials, selective nanostructured membranes, and as a growth template for inorganic nanostructures. This article comprehensively reviews the potential of cellulose structures as a support, biotemplate, and growing vector in the formation of various complex hybrid hierarchical inorganic nanostructures with a wide scope of applications. We focus on the preparation of inorganic nanostructures by exploiting the unique properties and performances of cellulose structures. The advantages, physicochemical properties, and chemical modifications of the cellulose structures are comparatively discussed from the aspect of materials development and processing. Finally, the perspective and potential applications of cellulose-based bioinspired hierarchical functional nanomaterials in the future are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alojz Anžlovar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Anžlovar A, Primožič M, Švab I, Leitgeb M, Knez Ž, Žagar E. Polyolefin/ZnO Composites Prepared by Melt Processing. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132432. [PMID: 31269674 PMCID: PMC6651218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites of polyolefin matrices (HDPE and PP) were prepared by melt processing using two commercially available nano ZnO powders (Zinkoxyd aktiv and Zano 20). The mechanical and thermal properties, UV-Vis stability, and antibacterial activity of composites were studied. Tensile testing revealed that both nano ZnO types have no particular effect on the mechanical properties of HDPE composites, while some positive trends are observed for the PP-based composites, but only when Zano 20 was used as a nanofiller. Minimal changes in mechanical properties of composites are supported by an almost unaffected degree of crystallinity of polymer matrix. All polyolefin/ZnO composites exposed to artificial sunlight for 8–10 weeks show more pronounced color change than pure matrices. This effect is more evident for the HDPE than for the PP based composites. Color change also depends on the ZnO concentration and type; composites with Zano 20 show more intense color changes than those prepared with Zinkoxyd aktiv. Results of the antibacterial properties study show very high activity of polyolefin/ZnO composites against Staphylococcus aureus regardless of the ZnO surface modification, while antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli shows only the composites prepared with unmodified ZnO. This phenomenon is explained by different membrane structure of gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alojz Anžlovar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mateja Primožič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Švab
- ISOKON d.o.o., Industrijska cesta 16, SI-3210 Slovenske Konjice, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Anžlovar A, Kunaver M, Krajnc A, Žagar E. Nanocomposites of LLDPE and Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals Prepared by Melt Processing. Molecules 2018; 23:E1782. [PMID: 30029544 PMCID: PMC6100424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were surface modified by esterification in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 25 °C using different catalysts and anhydrides bearing different alkyl side chain lengths. Unmodified and acetic anhydride (AcAnh)-modified CNCs were studied as potential nanofillers for linear low-density poly(ethylene) (LLDPE). Nanocomposites were prepared by melt processing. Determination of the size and size distribution of CNCs in the nanocomposites by SEM revealed an enhanced compatibility of the AcAnh-modified CNCs with the LLDPE matrix, since the average size of the aggregates of the modified CNCs (0.5⁻5 μm) was smaller compared to that of the unmodified CNCs (2⁻20 μm). Tensile test experiments revealed an increase in the nanocomposites' stiffness and strain at break-by 20% and up to 90%, respectively-at the CNC concentration of 5 wt %, which is close to the critical percolation concentration. Since the CNC nanofiller simultaneously reduced LLDPE crystallinity, the reinforcement effect of CNCs was hampered. Therefore, the molding temperature was increased to 120 °C, and, in this way, the greatest increase of the Young's modulus was achieved (by ~45%). Despite the enhanced compatibility of the AcAnh-modified CNCs with the LLDPE matrix, no additional effect on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites was observed in comparison to the unmodified CNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alojz Anžlovar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matjaž Kunaver
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Andraž Krajnc
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Huskić M, Bolka S, Vesel A, Mozetič M, Anžlovar A, Vizintin A, Žagar E. One-step surface modification of graphene oxide and influence of its particle size on the properties of graphene oxide/epoxy resin nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kunaver M, Anžlovar A, Žagar E. The fast and effective isolation of nanocellulose from selected cellulosic feedstocks. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 148:251-8. [PMID: 27185138 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A new process for the production of nanocellulose from selected cellulose-containing natural materials has been developed. The liquefaction reaction, using glycols and mild acid catalysis (methane sulphonic acid), was applied to four model materials, namely cotton linters, spruce wood, eucalyptus wood and Chinese silver grass. The process contains only four steps, the milling, the glycolysis reaction, centrifugation and final rinsing with an organic solvent. The nanocrystalline cellulose recovery was between 56% and 75%. The crystallinity index was greater than that of the starting materials due to the liquefaction of lignin, hemicelluloses and amorphous cellulose. The final product was a stable, highly concentrated nanocrystalline cellulose suspension in the organic medium. The liquid residue, after the liquefaction of the cotton linters contained significant quantities of levulinic acid. Different sugars were identified in the liquid residues that were derived from cellulose and hemicelluloses during the liquefaction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Kunaver
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Alojz Anžlovar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Kovačič S, Anžlovar A, Erjavec B, Kapun G, Matsko NB, Žigon M, Žagar E, Pintar A, Slugovc C. Macroporous ZnO foams by high internal phase emulsion technique: synthesis and catalytic activity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:19075-81. [PMID: 25335099 DOI: 10.1021/am5050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Zinc(II) oxide nanoparticles were used for the stabilization of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)-water-based high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs), which were subsequently cured using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The morphology of the resulting ZnO-pDCPD nanocomposite foams was investigated in correlation to the nanoparticle loading and nanoparticle surface chemistry. While hydrophilic ZnO nanoparticles were found to be unsuitable for stabilizing the HIPE, oleic acid coated, yet hydrophobic ZnO nanoparticles were effective HIPE stabilizers, yielding polymer foams with ZnO nanoparticles located predominately at their surface. These inorganic/organic hybrid foam-materials were subsequently calcined at 550 °C for 15 min to obtain inorganic macroporous ZnO foams with a morphology reminiscent to the original hybrid foam, and a specific surface area of 1.5 m(2) g(-1). Longer calcination time (550 °C, 15 h) resulted in a sea urchin like morphology of the ZnO foams, characterized by higher specific surface area of 5.5 m(2) g(-1). The latter foam type showed an appealing catalytic performance in the catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) process for the destruction of bisphenol A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastijan Kovačič
- National Institute of Chemistry , Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Kos T, Anžlovar A, Žagar E, Crnjak-Orel Z, Žigon M. PMMA-b-PMAA diblock copolymer as a reactive polymeric surfactant for the functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles. Acta Chim Slov 2014; 61:497-505. [PMID: 25286205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the efficiency of poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(methacrylic acid) (PMMA-b-PMAA) diblock copolymers as reactive polymeric surfactants for the functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) of diameters ranging from 20 to 80 nm. PMMA-b-PMAA with molar masses in the range of 20.000 and 30.000 g/mol and PMAA content between 3 and 30 mol % were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) showed efficient coverage of the particle surface with a polymer layer and infrared (IR) spectroscopy provided evidence of interaction of the PMAA segment (anchoring chains) with the NP surface. As demonstrated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV-vis spectroscopy, the amphiphilic PMMA-b-PMAA block copolymers prevented agglomeration of ZnO NPs to great extent and thus increased transparency of ZnO suspensions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and PMMA/ZnO nanocomposites in the visible light region. We also demonstrated the importance of the length of PMAA segment for ZnO surface functionalization. Optimal UV-vis performance of suspensions of functionalized NPs in THF as well as of PMMA/ZnO nanocomposites was achieved with PMMA-b-PMAA block copolymers containing 3 and 15 mol % of anchoring PMAA segment.
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Kos T, Anžlovar A, Pahovnik D, Žagar E, Orel ZC, Žigon M. Zinc-Containing Block Copolymer as a Precursor for the in Situ Formation of Nano ZnO and PMMA/ZnO Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž Kos
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alojz Anžlovar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence PoliMaT, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence PoliMaT, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia
| | - Zorica Crnjak Orel
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence PoliMaT, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia
| | - Majda Žigon
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence PoliMaT, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia
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Anžlovar A, Orel ZC, Žigon M. Poly(methyl methacrylate) composites prepared by in situ polymerization using organophillic nano-to-submicrometer zinc oxide particles. Eur Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Čulin J, Šmit I, Veksli Z, Anžlovar A, Žigon M. Phase morphology of functionalized polyester polyurethanes. Effect of functional group concentration. POLYM INT 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Čulin J, Andreis M, Veksli Z, Anžlovar A, Žigon M. ESR-spin labelling study of semi-interpenetrating networks and polymer mixtures based on functionalized polyurethanes and polymethacrylates. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Čulin J, Šmit I, Andreis M, Veksli Z, Anžlovar A, Žigon M. Motional heterogeneity and phase separation of semi-interpenetrating networks and mixtures based on functionalised polyurethane and polymethacrylate prepolymers. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Čulin J, Andreis M, Šmit I, Veksli Z, Anžlovar A, Žigon M. Motional heterogeneity and phase separation of functionalized polyester polyurethanes. Eur Polym J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Čulin J, Frka S, Andreis M, Šmit I, Veksli Z, Anžlovar A, Žigon M. Motional heterogeneity of segmented polyurethane–polymethacrylate mixtures: an influence of functional groups concentration. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Anžlovar A, Anzur I, Malavašič T. Kinetics of formation of polyurethane/polymethylmethacrylate grafted semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on the functional prepolymers. Polym Bull (Berl) 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s002890050157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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