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Li H, Tuo X, Xing Z, Guo B, Yu J, Guo Z. Conductive polycarbonate composites prepared by a ternary polymer blend approach involving sea‐island‐type interfacial carbon black networks. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xinlin Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Bao‐Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhao‐Xia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing P. R. China
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Ahmadian Hoseini AH, Erfanian E, Kamkar M, Sundararaj U, Liu J, Arjmand M. Waste to Value-Added Product: Developing Electrically Conductive Nanocomposites Using a Non-Recyclable Plastic Waste Containing Vulcanized Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152427. [PMID: 34372031 PMCID: PMC8348210 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study intends to show the potential application of a non-recyclable plastic waste towards the development of electrically conductive nanocomposites. Herein, the conductive nanofiller and binding matrix are carbon nanotubes (CNT) and polystyrene (PS), respectively, and the waste material is a plastic foam consisting of mainly vulcanized nitrile butadiene rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Two nanocomposite systems, i.e., PS/Waste/CNT and PS/CNT, with different compositions were melt-blended in a mixer and characterized for electrical properties. Higher electrical conduction and improved electromagnetic interference shielding performance in PS/Waste/CNT system indicated better conductive network of CNTs. For instance, at 1.0 wt.% CNT loading, the PS/Waste/CNT nanocomposites with the plastic waste content of 30 and 50 wt.% conducted electricity 3 and 4 orders of magnitude higher than the PS/CNT nanocomposite, respectively. More importantly, incorporation of the plastic waste (50 wt.%) reduced the electrical percolation threshold by 30% in comparison with the PS/CNT nanocomposite. The enhanced network of CNTs in PS/Waste/CNT samples was attributed to double percolation morphology, evidenced by optical images and rheological tests, caused by the excluded volume effect of the plastic waste. Indeed, due to its high content of vulcanized rubber, the plastic waste did not melt during the blending process. As a result, CNTs concentrated in the PS phase, forming a denser interconnected network in PS/Waste/CNT samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elnaz Erfanian
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.E.); (U.S.)
| | - Milad Kamkar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (A.H.A.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.E.); (U.S.)
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (A.H.A.H.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (A.H.A.H.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (M.A.)
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Kim JH, Hong JS, Ishigami A, Kurose T, Ito H, Ahn KH. Effect of Melt-Compounding Protocol on Self-Aggregation and Percolation in a Ternary Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12123041. [PMID: 33353124 PMCID: PMC7766847 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A ternary composite of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(caprolactone) (PCL), and carbon black (CB) shows the PCL-induced CB self-aggregation and percolation formation when the amount of the PCL phase as the secondary phase is as small as the amount of CB. Furthermore, when the drop size of the PCL phase becomes smaller, the ternary composite forms a percolation of high order structure, resulting in a remarkable enhancement of the electrical conductivity (~4 × 10-2 S/m with 4 wt.% CB). To further control the percolation structure, the composite fabrication is controlled by splitting a typical single-step mixing process into two steps, focusing on the dispersion of the secondary PCL phase and the CB particles separately. Under the single-step mixing protocol, the ternary composite shows a structure with greater CB aggregation in the form of a high aspect ratio and large aggregates (aggregate perimeter~aggregate size 0.7). Meanwhile, the two-step mixing process causes the CB aggregates to expand and create a higher structure (aggregate perimeter~aggregate size 0.8). The reduced size of the secondary phase under a mixing condition with high shear force prior to the addition of CB provides a larger interfacial area for CB to diffuse into the PCL phase during the subsequent mixing step, resulting in a further expansion of CB aggregation throughout the composite. The particle percolation of such a high order structure is attributed to high storage modulus (G'), high Young's modulus, high dielectric loss (ε″), and negative-positive switching of dielectric constant at high frequency (of 103 Hz) of composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Joung Sook Hong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.H.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (A.I.); (T.K.); (H.I.)
| | - Takashi Kurose
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (A.I.); (T.K.); (H.I.)
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (A.I.); (T.K.); (H.I.)
| | - Kyung Hyun Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.H.A.)
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Arvinte A, Sesay AM, Virtanen V. Designing carbon reinforced PMMA composites for integrated electrodes as electrochemical detectors in PMMA microchips. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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High positive temperature coefficient effect of resistivity in conductive polystyrene/polyurethane composites with ultralow percolation threshold of MWCNTs via interpenetrating structure. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wei Fang, Fan X, Jiao H, Jin Z, Yuan W, Zhang A, Zhou T. Characterization and Properties of Thermoplastic Polyether Elastomer/Polyoxymethylene Blends Prepared by Melt-Mixing Method. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x20010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang QY, Li HS, Guo BH, Guo ZX, Yu J. Facile Preparation of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials Enabled by Constructing Interconnected Network of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in a Miscible Polymeric Blend. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Conductive nylon-MXD6 composites prepared by melt compounding associated with formation of carbon black-covered PET domains serving as big conductive particles. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Folorunso O, Hamam Y, Sadiku R, Ray SS, Joseph AG. Parametric Analysis of Electrical Conductivity of Polymer-Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081250. [PMID: 31362397 PMCID: PMC6722708 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem associated with mixtures of fillers and polymers is that they result in mechanical degradation of the material (polymer) as the filler content increases. This problem will increase the weight of the material and manufacturing cost. For this reason, experimentation on the electrical conductivities of the polymer-composites (PCs) is not enough to research their electrical properties; models have to be adopted to solve the encountered challenges. Hitherto, several models by previous researchers have been developed and proposed, with each utilizing different design parameters. It is imperative to carry out analysis on these models so that the suitable one is identified. This paper indeed carried out a comprehensive parametric analysis on the existing electrical conductivity models for polymer composites. The analysis involves identification of the parameters that best predict the electrical conductivity of polymer composites for energy storage, viz: (batteries and capacitor), sensors, electronic device components, fuel cell electrodes, automotive, medical instrumentation, cathode scanners, solar cell, and military surveillance gadgets applications. The analysis showed that the existing models lack sufficient parametric ability to determine accurately the electrical conductivity of polymer-composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladipo Folorunso
- French South African Institute of Technology (F'SATI)/Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Yskandar Hamam
- French South African Institute of Technology (F'SATI)/Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Électrotechnique et Électronique, Cité Descartes, 2 Boulevard Blaise Pascal, Noisy-le-Grand, 93160 Paris, France
| | - Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute of Nanoengineering Research (INER)/Department of Chemical, Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Adekoya Gbolahan Joseph
- Institute of Nanoengineering Research (INER)/Department of Chemical, Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Arroyo J, Ryan C. Incorporation of Carbon Nanofillers Tunes Mechanical and Electrical Percolation in PHBV:PLA Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1371. [PMID: 30961296 PMCID: PMC6401940 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobased fillers, such as bio-derived cellulose, lignin byproducts, and biochar, can be used to modify the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of polymer composites. Biochar (BioC), in particular, is of interest for enhancing thermal and electrical conductivities in composites, and can potentially serve as a bio-derived graphitic carbon alternative for certain composite applications. In this work, we investigate a blended biopolymer system: poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and addition of carbon black (CB), a commonly used functional filler as a comparison for Kraft lignin-derived BioC. We present calculations and experimental results for phase-separation and nanofiller phase affinity in this system, indicating that the CB localizes in the PHBV phase of the immiscible PHBV:PLA blends. The addition of BioC led to a deleterious reaction with the biopolymers, as indicated by blend morphology, differential scanning calorimetry showing significant melting peak reduction for the PLA phase, and a reduction in melt viscosity. For the CB nanofilled composites, electrical conductivity and dynamic mechanical analysis supported the ability to use phase separation in these blends to tune the percolation of mechanical and electrical properties, with a minimum percolation threshold found for the 80:20 blends of 1.6 wt.% CB. At 2% BioC (approximately the percolation threshold for CB), the 80:20 BioC nanocomposites had a resistance of 3.43 × 10 8 Ω as compared to 2.99 × 10 8 Ω for the CB, indicating that BioC could potentially perform comparably to CB as a conductive nanofiller if the processing challenges can be overcome for higher BioC loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Arroyo
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University, P. O. Box 173800, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Cecily Ryan
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University, P. O. Box 173800, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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Duan L, D'hooge DR, Spoerk M, Cornillie P, Cardon L. Facile and Low-Cost Route for Sensitive Stretchable Sensors by Controlling Kinetic and Thermodynamic Conductive Network Regulating Strategies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:22678-22691. [PMID: 29808670 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive conductive polymer composites (CPCs) are designed employing a facile and low-cost extrusion manufacturing process for both low- and high-strain sensing in the field of, for example, structural health/damage monitoring and human body movement tracking. Focus is on the morphology control for extrusion-processed carbon black (CB)-filled CPCs, utilizing binary and ternary composites based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and olefin block copolymer (OBC). The relevance of the correct CB amount, kinetic control through a variation of the compounding sequence, and thermodynamic control induced by annealing is highlighted, considering a wide range of experimental (e.g., static and dynamic resistance/scanning electron microscopy/rheological measurements) and theoretical analyses. High CB mass fractions (20 m %) are needed for OBC (or TPU)-CB binary composites but only lead to an intermediate sensitivity as their conductive network is fully packed and therefore difficult to be truly destructed. Annealing is needed to enable a monotonic increase of the relative resistance with respect to strain. With ternary composites, a much higher sensitivity with a clearer monotonic increase results, provided that a low CB mass fraction (10-16 m %) is used and annealing is applied. In particular, with CB first dispersed in OBC and annealing, a less compact, hence, brittle conductive network (10-12 m % CB) is obtained, allowing high-performance sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Duan
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering , Ghent University , Technologiepark 915 , Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052 , Belgium
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering , Ghent University , Technologiepark 914 , Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052 , Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering , Ghent University , Technologiepark 907 , Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052 , Belgium
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering , Ghent University , Technologiepark 915 , Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052 , Belgium
- Institute of Polymer Processing , Montanuniversitaet Leoben , A-8700 Leoben , Austria
| | - Pieter Cornillie
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering , Ghent University , Technologiepark 915 , Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052 , Belgium
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