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Bartschmid T, Menath J, Roemling L, Vogel N, Atalay F, Farhadi A, Bourret GR. Au Nanoparticles@Si Nanowire Oligomer Arrays for SERS: Dimers Are Best. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:41379-41389. [PMID: 39057191 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of vertically aligned silicon nanowire (VA-SiNW) oligomer arrays coated with Au nanoparticle (NP) monolayers via a combination of colloidal lithography, metal-assisted chemical etching, and directed NP assembly. Arrays of SiNW monomers (i.e., isolated NWs), dimers, and tetramers are synthesized, decorated with AuNPs, and tested for their performance in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The ∼20 nm AuNPs easily enter within the ca. 40 nm gaps of the SiNW oligomers, thus reaching the hot spot region. At 785 nm excitation, the AuNPs@SiNW dimer arrays provide the highest Raman signal, in agreement with electromagnetic simulations showing a high electric field enhancement at the Au/Si interface within the dimer gap region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Bartschmid
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob Haringer Strasse 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes Menath
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Roemling
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Furkan Atalay
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob Haringer Strasse 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Amin Farhadi
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob Haringer Strasse 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gilles R Bourret
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob Haringer Strasse 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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2
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Förster C, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Recent developments in visible light induced polymerization towards its application to nanopores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1554-1568. [PMID: 36655782 PMCID: PMC9904278 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Visible light induced polymerizations are a strongly emerging field in recent years. Besides the often mild reaction conditions, visible light offers advantages of spatial and temporal control over chain growth, which makes visible light ideal for functionalization of surfaces and more specifically of nanoscale pores. Current challenges in nanopore functionalization include, in particular, local and highly controlled polymer functionalizations. Using spatially limited light sources such as lasers or near field modes for light-induced polymer functionalization is envisioned to allow local functionalization of nanopores and thereby improve nanoporous material performance. These light sources are usually providing visible light while classical photopolymerizations are mostly based on UV-irradiation. In this review, we highlight developments in visible light induced polymerizations and especially in visible light induced controlled polymerizations as well as their potential for nanopore functionalization. Existing examples of visible light induced polymerizations in nanopores are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Förster
- Macromolecular Chemistry – Smart Membranes, Technische Universität Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermanyannette.andrieu-brunsen@.tu-darmstadt.de
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Macromolecular Chemistry – Smart Membranes, Technische Universität Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermanyannette.andrieu-brunsen@.tu-darmstadt.de
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3
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Pardehkhorram R, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Pushing the limits of nanopore transport performance by polymer functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5188-5204. [PMID: 35394003 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01164f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the design and performance of biological pores, polymer functionalization of nanopores has emerged as an evolving field to advance transport performance within the last few years. This feature article outlines developments in nanopore functionalization and the resulting transport performance including gating based on electrostatic interaction, wettability and ligand binding, gradual transport controlled by polymerization as well as functionalization-based asymmetric nanopore and nanoporous material design going towards the transport direction. Pushing the limits of nanopore transport performance and thus reducing the performance gap between biological and technological pores is strongly related to advances in polymerization chemistry and their translation into nanopore functionalization. Thereby, the effect of the spatial confinement has to be considered for polymer functionalization as well as for transport regulation, and mechanistic understanding is strongly increased by combining experiment and theory. A full mechanistic understanding together with highly precise nanopore structure design and polymer functionalization is not only expected to improve existing application of nanoporous materials but also opens the door to new technologies. The latter might include out of equilibrium devices, ionic circuits, or machine learning based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Pardehkhorram
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Smart Membranes, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Smart Membranes, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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4
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Förster C, Veith L, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Visible light induced RAFT for asymmetric functionalization of silica mesopores. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27109-27113. [PMID: 36276013 PMCID: PMC9501659 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05422a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One key feature for bioinspired transport design through nanoscale pores is nanolocal, asymmetric as well as multifunctional nanopore functionalization. Here, we use a visible-light induced, controlled photo electron/energy transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization for asymmetric polymer placement into mesoporous silica thin films including asymmetric polymer sequence design. We report the asymmetric silica mesopore functionalization and local polymer sequence control of orthogonally charged stimuli-responsive polymers and their influence on ionic transport.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Förster
- Macromolecular Chemistry–Smart Membranes, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, German
| | - Lothar Veith
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Macromolecular Chemistry–Smart Membranes, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, German
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5
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Menath J, Eatson J, Brilmayer R, Andrieu-Brunsen A, Buzza DMA, Vogel N. Defined core-shell particles as the key to complex interfacial self-assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2113394118. [PMID: 34949640 PMCID: PMC8719876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113394118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-dimensional self-assembly of colloidal particles serves as a model system for fundamental studies of structure formation and as a powerful tool to fabricate functional materials and surfaces. However, the prevalence of hexagonal symmetries in such self-assembling systems limits its structural versatility. More than two decades ago, Jagla demonstrated that core-shell particles with two interaction length scales can form complex, nonhexagonal minimum energy configurations. Based on such Jagla potentials, a wide variety of phases including cluster lattices, chains, and quasicrystals have been theoretically discovered. Despite the elegance of this approach, its experimental realization has remained largely elusive. Here, we capitalize on the distinct interfacial morphology of soft particles to design two-dimensional assemblies with structural complexity. We find that core-shell particles consisting of a silica core surface functionalized with a noncrosslinked polymer shell efficiently spread at a liquid interface to form a two-dimensional polymer corona surrounding the core. We controllably grow such shells by iniferter-type controlled radical polymerization. Upon interfacial compression, the resulting core-shell particles arrange in well-defined dimer, trimer, and tetramer lattices before transitioning into complex chain and cluster phases. The experimental phase behavior is accurately reproduced by Monte Carlo simulations and minimum energy calculations, suggesting that the interfacial assembly interacts via a pairwise-additive Jagla-type potential. By comparing theory, simulation, and experiment, we narrow the Jagla g-parameter of the system to between 0.9 and 2. The possibility to control the interaction potential via the interfacial morphology provides a framework to realize structural features with unprecedented complexity from a simple, one-component system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Menath
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jack Eatson
- G. W. Gray Centre for Advanced Materials, Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Brilmayer
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Smart Membranes, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Smart Membranes, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Martin A Buzza
- G. W. Gray Centre for Advanced Materials, Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
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6
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Layer-selective functionalisation in mesoporous double layer via iniferter initiated polymerisation for nanoscale step gradient formation. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Baig MM, Yousuf MA, Alsafari IA, Ali M, Agboola PO, Shakir I, Haider S, Warsi MF. New mesostructured origami silica matrix: a nano-platform for highly retentive and pH-controlled delivery system. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.1902176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Mahmood Baig
- Department of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Yousuf
- Department of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim A. Alsafari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Philips O. Agboola
- College of Engineering Al-Muzahmia Branch, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Shakir
- Sustainable Energy Technologies (SET) Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Farooq Warsi
- Department of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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8
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Recent trends in nanopore polymer functionalization. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 63:200-209. [PMID: 32387643 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional nanopores play an essential role in many biotechnological applications such as sensing, or drug delivery. Prominent examples are polymer functionalized ceramic or solid state nanopores. Intensive research efforts led to a discovery of a plethora of polymer functionalized nanopores demonstrating gated molecular transport upon basically all common stimuli. Nevertheless, nature's biological pore transport precision is unreached. This can be, among others, ascribed to limits in design precision especially with respect to functionalization. Recent trends in polymer functionalized nanopores address the role of confinement and polymerization control, strategies toward more sustainable reaction conditions, such as visible light initiation and strategies toward nanoscale local placement of polymer functionalization. The resulting multi-stimuli responsive nanopore performance enables concerted release or transport, side selective separation and selective detection.
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Herzog N, Hübner H, Rüttiger C, Gallei M, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Functional Metalloblock Copolymers for the Preparation and In Situ Functionalization of Porous Silica Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4015-4024. [PMID: 32267702 PMCID: PMC7360126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive mesoporous silica films were prepared by evaporation-induced self-assembly through the physical entrapment of a functional metalloblock copolymer structuring agent, which simultaneously served to functionalize the mesopore. After end-functionalization with a silane group, the applied functional metalloblock copolymers were covalently integrated into the silica mesopore wall. In addition, they were partly degraded after the formation of the mesoporous film, which enabled the precise design of accessible mesopores. These polymer-silica hybrid materials exhibited remarkable and gating ionic permselectivity and offer the potential for highly precise pore filling design and combination with high-throughput printing techniques. This in situ functionalization strategy of mesoporous silica using responsive metalloblock copolymers has the potential to improve how we approach the design of complex architectures at the nanoscale for tailored transport. This functionalization strategy paves the way for a variety of technologies based on molecular transport in nanoscale pores, including separation, sensing, catalysis, and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Herzog
- Ernst-Berl
Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hanna Hübner
- Chair
in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Rüttiger
- Ernst-Berl
Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Chair
in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Ernst-Berl
Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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10
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John D, Mohammadi R, Vogel N, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Surface-Plasmon- and Green-Light-Induced Polymerization in Mesoporous Thin Silica Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1671-1679. [PMID: 32045256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The near-field of surface plasmon resonances at planar metal surfaces is confined to the nanoscale, but its resonance wavelength is located in the visible light range, making it interesting for confining polymer functionalization of surfaces but incompatible with the majority of polymerization reactions. Here, fluorescein as a polymerization initiator allowing dye-sensitized polymerization with green light (438-540 nm) is demonstrated to allow polymer functionalization of mesoporous films deposited onto planar silver metal layers. The fluorescein-induced polymer functionalization of mesoporous silica films is investigated with respect to the influence of irradiation power and irradiation time and its potential to generate polymer gradients. Finally, the polymer functionalization of mesoporous films upon surface-plasmon-initiated polymerization is demonstrated. Polymer functionalization thereby determines pH-responsive ionic mesopore accessibility. Consequently, these results present a sound basis for further nanoscale near-field-induced polymer functionalization of porous films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel John
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Institute of Particle Technology , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 4 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 4 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie , Technische Universität Darmstadt , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
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11
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Tom JC, Appel C, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Fabrication and in situ functionalisation of mesoporous silica films by the physical entrapment of functional and responsive block copolymer structuring agents. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8077-8083. [PMID: 31583395 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00872a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive mesoporous silica films were prepared by evaporation-induced self-assembly through the physical entrapment of a functional block copolymer structuring agent, which simultaneously serves to functionalise the mesopore. These polymer-silica hybrid materials exhibit remarkable ionic permselectivity under highly filled conditions, and offer the potential for local polymer functionalisation for enhanced and tunable ionic permselectivity. This innovative and simple approach for the in situ functionalisation of mesoporous silica has the potential to improve how we approach the design of complex architectures at the nanoscale for enhanced transport, and is thus relevant for a variety of technologies based on molecular transport in nanoscale pores including separation, sensing, catalysis, and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Tom
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 12, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Christian Appel
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, Darmstadt 64289, Germany.
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 12, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
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12
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Brilmayer R, Hess C, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Influence of Chain Architecture on Nanopore Accessibility in Polyelectrolyte Block-Co-Oligomer Functionalized Mesopores. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902710. [PMID: 31448574 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized ordered mesoporous silica materials are commonly investigated for applications such as drug release, sensing, and separation processes. Although, various homopolymer functionalized responsive mesopores are reported, little focus has been put on copolymers in mesopores. Mesoporous silica films are functionalized with responsive and orthogonally charged block-co-oligomers. Responsive 2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphate (DMAEMA-b-MEP) block-co-oligomers are introduced into mesoporous films using controlled photoiniferter initiated polymerization. This approach allows a very flexible charge composition design. The obtained block-co-oligomer functionalized mesopores show a complex gating behavior indicating a strong interplay between the different blocks emphasizing the strong influence of charge distribution inside mesopores on ionic pore accessibility. For example, in contrast to mesopores functionalized with zwitterionic polymers, DMAEMA-b-MEP block-co-oligomer functionalized mesopores, containing two oppositely charged blocks, do not show bipolar ion exclusion, demonstrating the influence of the chain architecture on mesopore accessibility. Furthermore, ligand binding-based selective gating is strongly influenced by this chain architecture as demonstrated by an expansion of pore accessibility states for block-co-oligomer functionalized mesopores as compared to the individual polyelectrolyte functionalization for calcium induced gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brilmayer
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Hess
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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