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A green protocol for the electrochemical synthesis of a fluorescent dye with antibacterial activity from imipramine oxidation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4921. [PMID: 35318352 PMCID: PMC8941072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of imipramine (IMP) has been studied in aqueous solutions by cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential coulometry techniques. Our voltammetric results show a complex behavior for oxidation of IMP at different pH values. In this study, we focused our attention on the electrochemical oxidation of IMP at a pH of about 5. Under these conditions, our results show that the oxidation of IMP leads to the formation of a unique dimer of IMP (DIMP). The structure of synthesized dimer is fully characterized by UV-visible, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry techniques. It seems that the first step in the oxidation of IMP is the cleavage of the alkyl group (formation of IMPH). After this, a domino oxidation-hydroxylation-dimerization-oxidation reaction, converts IMPH to (E)-10,10',11,11'-tetrahydro-[2,2'-bidibenzo[b,f]azepinylidene]-1,1'(5H,5'H)-dione (DIMP). The synthesis of DIMP is performed in an aqueous solution under mild conditions, without the need for any catalyst or oxidant. Based on our electrochemical findings as well as the identification of the final product, a possible reaction mechanism for IMP oxidation has been proposed. Conjugated double bonds in the DIMP structure cause the compound to become colored with sufficient fluorescence activity (excitation wave-length 535 nm and emission wave-length 625 nm). Moreover, DIMP has been evaluated for in vitro antibacterial. The antibacterial tests indicated that DIMP showed good antibacterial performance against all examined gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei).
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Kuo CW, Chang JC, Chang JK, Huang SW, Lee PY, Wu TY. Electrosynthesis of Electrochromic Polymer Membranes Based on 3,6-Di(2-thienyl)carbazole and Thiophene Derivatives. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:125. [PMID: 33572342 PMCID: PMC7916168 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Five carbazole-containing polymeric membranes (PDTC, P(DTC-co-BTP), P(DTC-co-BTP2), P(DTC-co-TF), and P(DTC-co-TF2)) were electrodeposited on transparent conductive electrodes. P(DTC-co-BTP2) shows a high ΔT (68.4%) at 855 nm. The multichromic properties of P(DTC-co-TF2) membrane range between dark yellow, yellowish-green, gunmetal gray, and dark gray in various reduced and oxidized states. Polymer-based organic electrochromic devices are assembled using 2,2'-bithiophene- and 2-(2-thienyl)furan-based copolymers as anodic membranes, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT-PSS) as the cathodic membrane. P(DTC-co-TF)/PEDOT-PSS electrochromic device (ECD) displays a high transmittance change (ΔT%) (43.4%) at 627 nm as well as a rapid switching time (less than 0.6 s) from a colored to a bleached state. Moreover, P(DTC-co-TF2)/PEDOT-PSS ECD shows satisfactory optical memory (the transmittance change is less than 2.9% in the colored state) and high coloration efficiency (512.6 cm2 C-1) at 627 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wen Kuo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan; (C.-W.K.); (S.-W.H.)
| | - Jui-Cheng Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (J.-C.C.); (P.-Y.L.)
- Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kuei Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan; (C.-W.K.); (S.-W.H.)
| | - Pei-Ying Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (J.-C.C.); (P.-Y.L.)
| | - Tzi-Yi Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (J.-C.C.); (P.-Y.L.)
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Wang Y, Niu H, Lu Q, Zhang W, Qiao X, Niu H, Zhang Y, Wang W. From aerospace to screen: Multifunctional poly(benzoxazine)s based on different triarylamines for electrochromic, explosive detection and resistance memory devices. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 225:117524. [PMID: 31525631 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Four kinds of main-chain benzoxazine polymers (PBZ) containing triarylamine (TAA) units were synthesized by Mannich reaction and characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) techniques, etc. Thermal, optical, photophysical and electrochemical properties were studied. The 50% of char residue is left in N2 at 800 °C. The polymers are soluble in common organic solvents and easily spin-coated onto indium‑tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates. All the polymers have voltage window ranging from 0 to 1.8 V, and the colors change from yellowish to dark red when voltage is applied. Meanwhile, device assembled from polymer exhibit significant color changes. Furthermore, the polymers also have promising potential application in explosive detection and resistance memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Chemical, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Haiying Niu
- Daxinganlingshiyan Middle School, Heilongjiang Province 16500, PR China
| | - Qingyi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Chemical, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Chemical, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Chemical, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Haijun Niu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Chemical, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, PR China.
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Chemical, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, PR China.
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, PR China.
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Drewniak A, Tomczyk MD, Knop K, Walczak KZ, Ledwon P. Multiple Redox States and Multielectrochromism of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers with Aromatic Diimide Pendant Groups. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drewniak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mateusz D. Tomczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Karol Knop
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Z. Walczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Ledwon
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Applications of Copolymers Consisting of 2,6-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)pyridine and 3,6-di(2-thienyl)carbazole Units as Electrodes in Electrochromic Devices. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12081251. [PMID: 30995740 PMCID: PMC6515360 DOI: 10.3390/ma12081251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of carbazole-based polymers (PdCz, P(dCz2-co-dTC1), P(dCz2-co-dTC2), P(dCz1-co-dTC2), and PdTC) were deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive electrodes using electrochemical polymerization. The as-prepared P(dCz2-co-dTC2) displayed a high ΔT (57.0%) and multichromic behaviors ranging from yellowish green, greenish gray, gray to purplish gray in different redox states. Five organic electrochromic devices (ECDs) were built using dCz- and dTC-containing homopolymers and copolymers as anodic materials, and poly(3,4-(2,2-dimethylpropylenedioxy)thiophene) (PProdot-Me2) as the cathodic material. The P(dCz2-co-dTC2)/PProdot-Me2 ECD presented remarkable electrochromic behaviors from the bleached to colored states. Moreover, P(dCz2-co-dTC2)/PProdot-Me2 ECD displayed a high optical contrast (ΔT, 45.8%), short switching time (ca. 0.3 s), high coloration efficiency (528.8 cm2 C−1) at 580 nm, and high redox cycling stability.
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Lu Q, Cai W, Zhang X, Yang C, Ge H, Chen Y, Niu H, Wang W. Multifunctional polymers for electrochromic, memory device, explosive detection and photodetector: Donor-acceptor conjugated isoindigo derivatives with strong fluorescence. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Qian L, Lv X, Ouyang M, Tameev A, Katin K, Maslov M, Bi Q, Huang C, Zhu R, Zhang C. Fast Switching Properties and Ion Diffusion Behavior of Polytriphenylamine Derivative with Pendent Ionic Liquid Unit. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32404-32412. [PMID: 30178666 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel triphenylamine derivative-linked ionic liquid unit, 1-(6-((4-(bis(4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)amino)benzoyl)oxy)hexyl)-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (TTPAC6IL-BF4), was designed and synthesized successfully, and its corresponding polymer PTTPAC6IL-BF4 was obtained by the electropolymerization method. The highest occupied molecular orbital energy band of TTPAC6IL-BF4 is higher and the onset oxidative potential lower compared with that of 6-bromohexyl 4-(bis(4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)amino) benzoate (TTPAC6Br) without modifying the ionic liquid unit. Both PTTPAC6IL-BF4 and PTTPAC6Br show similar color change and optical contrast under different redox states. However, PTTPAC6IL-BF4 presents a faster electrochromic switching time than PTTPAC6Br owing to the improved ionic conductivity and ion diffusion coefficient with the introduction of a pendent ionic liquid unit. It is more intriguing that PTTPAC6IL-BF4 could show electrochromism under different potentials even without supplying any additional electrolyte. The particular behavior further proves that BF4- ions around imidazole cations at the side chain may participate in balancing the charge of the polymer backbone when redox reaction happens, resulting in faster movement of ions during the doping process. The results imply that introducing an ionic liquid unit to the side chain is an efficient method to improve the switching time of conjugated polymers and would be inspirational for the design and preparation of novel bifunctional electrochromic polymeric electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qian
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Lv
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Mi Ouyang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Alexey Tameev
- The Laboratory for Electronic and Photonic Processes in Polymer Nanocomposites , A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119071 , Russia
| | - Konstantin Katin
- Nanoengineering in Electronics, Spintronics and Photonics Institute , National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) , Moscow 115409 , Russia
| | - Mikhail Maslov
- Nanoengineering in Electronics, Spintronics and Photonics Institute , National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) , Moscow 115409 , Russia
| | - Qian Bi
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Conghui Huang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
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Kuo CW, Wu BW, Chang JK, Chang JC, Lee LT, Wu TY, Ho TH. Electrochromic Devices Based on Poly(2,6-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)pyridine)-Type Polymer Films and PEDOT-PSS. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E604. [PMID: 30966638 PMCID: PMC6403788 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2,6-Di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)pyridine (DiCP) was synthesized and its corresponding homopolymer (PDiCP) and copolymers (P(DiCP-co-CPDT), P(DiCP-co-CPDT2), P(DiCP-co-CPDTK), and P(DiCP-co-CPDTK2)) were synthesized electrochemically. The anodic copolymer with DiCP:cyclopentadithiophene ketone (CPDTK) = 1:1 feed molar ratio showed high transmittance change (ΔT%) and colouration efficiency (η), which were measured as 39.5% and 184.1 cm² C-1 at 1037 nm, respectively. Electrochromic devices (ECDs) were composed of PDiCP, P(DiCP-co-CPDT), P(DiCP-co-CPDT2), P(DiCP-co-CPDTK), and P(DiCP-co-CPDTK2) as anodically-colouring polymers, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT-PSS) as cathodically-colouring polymers. P(DiCP-co-CPDTK)/PEDOT-PSS ECD showed light silverish-yellow at 0.0 V, light grey at 0.7 V, grey at 1.3 V, light greyish blue at 1.7 V, and greyish blue at 2.0 V. Moreover, P(DiCP-co-CPDTK)/PEDOT-PSS ECD presented high ΔT (38.2%) and high η (633.8 cm² C-1) at 635 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wen Kuo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Wei Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Kuei Chang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Cheng Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Ting Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Tzi-Yi Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Han Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan.
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Feng F, Kong L, Du H, Zhao J, Zhang J. Donor-Acceptor-Type Copolymers Based on 3,4-Propylenedioxy-thiophene and 5,6-Difluorobenzotriazole: Synthesis and Electrochromic Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E427. [PMID: 30966462 PMCID: PMC6415233 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three solution-processable D-A-type conjugated polymers P1, P2 and P3 were successfully synthesized via the Pd-catalyzed Stille cross-coupling copolymerization approach, with 6,8-Dibromo-3,3-bis-decyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4] dioxepine (M1) and 2,5-Bis(trimethylstannanyl)thiophene (M3) as the donor units and 4,7-Dibromo-5,6-difluoro-2-(2-hexyl-decyl)-2H-benzotriazole (M2) as the acceptor unit, wherein the feed ratio of the three units was 1:3:4 (M1:M2:M3, the same below), 1:1:2 and 3:1:4 for P1, P2, and P3, respectively. The results obtained by our test showed that the feed ratio between the D and A units had a significant effect on both the electrochemical and the spectroelectrochemical properties of the three polymers. The copolymers exhibited a gradually deepening red color in neutral state with the increase of M1 content and then turned to a transmissive grey color in the oxidation state. Also, three copolymers showed good performance in electrochromic parameters, which mainly consists of optical contrast, response time, and coloration efficiency. In general, the excellent electrochromic performances of the copolymers make them outstanding candidates for electrochromic material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanda Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Lingqian Kong
- Dongchang College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Hongmei Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
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Yi S, Deng W, Sun S, Lan L, He Z, Yang W, Zhang B. Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Large Band-Gap Polytriphenylamines for Polymer Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltages. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E52. [PMID: 30966088 PMCID: PMC6415081 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two large band-gap polymers (PTPACF and PTPA2CF) based on polytriphenylamine derivatives with the introduction of electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl groups were designed and prepared by Suzuki polycondensation reaction. The chemical structures, thermal, optical and electrochemical properties were characterized in detail. From the UV-visible absorption spectra, the PTPACF and PTPA2CF showed the optical band gaps of 2.01 and 2.07 eV, respectively. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement displayed the deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels of -5.33 and -5.38 eV for PTPACF and PTPA2CF, respectively. The hole mobilities, determined by field-effect transistor characterization, were 2.5 × 10-3 and 1.1 × 10-3 cm² V-1 S-1 for PTPACF and PTPA2CF, respectively. The polymer solar cells (PSCs) were tested under the conventional device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer:PC71BM/PFN/Al. All of the PSCs showed the high open circuit voltages (Vocs) with the values approaching 1 V. The PTPACF and PTPA2CF based PSCs gave the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 3.24% and 2.40%, respectively. Hence, it is a reliable methodology to develop high-performance large band-gap polymer donors with high Vocs through the feasible side-chain modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wanyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Sheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Linfeng Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhicai He
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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