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Wang P, Wang Z, Zhang M, Yan X, Xia J, Zhao J, Yang Y, Gao X, Wu Q, Gong D, Yu P, Zeng Z. Effect of Pretreatments on the Chemical, Bioactive and Physicochemical Properties of Cinnamomum camphora Seed Kernel Extracts. Foods 2024; 13:2064. [PMID: 38998569 PMCID: PMC11241286 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum camphora seed kernels (CCSKs) are rich in phytochemicals, especially plant extracts. Phytochemicals play a vital role in therapy due to their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Extracts from CCSK can be obtained through multiple steps, including pretreatment, extraction and purification, and the purpose of pretreatment is to separate the oil from other substances in CCSKs. However, C. camphora seed kernel extracts (CKEs) were usually considered as by-products and discarded, and their potential bioactive values were underestimated. Additionally, little has been known about the effect of pretreatment on CKE. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pretreatment methods (including the solvent extraction method, cold pressing method, aqueous extraction method and sub-critical fluid extraction method) on the extraction yields, phytochemical profiles, volatile compounds and antioxidant capacities of different CKE samples. The results showed that the CKE samples were rich in phenolic compounds (15.28-20.29%) and alkaloids (24.44-27.41%). The extraction yield, bioactive substances content and in vitro antioxidant capacity of CKE pretreated by the sub-critical fluid extraction method (CKE-SCFE) were better than CKEs obtained by other methods. CKE pretreated by the solvent extraction method (CKE-SE) showed the best lipid emulsion protective capacity. Moreover, the volatile substances composition of the CKE samples was greatly influenced by the pretreatment method. The results provided a fundamental basis for evaluating the quality and nutritional value of CKE and increasing the economic value of by-products derived from CCSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Manqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xianghui Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jiaheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Junxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yujing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiansi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qifang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Deming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- New Zealand Institute of Natural Medicine Research, 8 Ha Crescent, Auckland 2104, New Zealand
| | - Ping Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zheling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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Yohannes L, Amare DE, Feleke H. Microbiological quality of edible vegetable oils produced and marketed in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:509. [PMID: 38703327 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Edible oils are imported and produced in Ethiopia, notably in Gondar, and their production has expanded considerably in recent years. The expansion of locally produced edible vegetable oils with severe quality control, substandard edible oil production, and quality deterioration may contribute to the contamination of microbes, which may cause public health problems. This study determines the microbiological quality of edible vegetable oils being produced and marketed in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, in 2021. A laboratory-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from May to July 2021 in Gondar City. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect 17 edible vegetable oil samples. Aseptically collected samples were analyzed in the microbiology lab room. The microbiological quality of vegetable oil was assessed using standard microbiological procedures and techniques. The collected data were entered into a Microsoft Excel 2016 spreadsheet and Stata Version 14. A non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess significant variation. Seventeen edible vegetable oil samples were examined and found to contain a varying number of bacteria, yeast, and molds. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the identified bacteria, whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigatus were the identified fungi. Total coliform and fecal coliform isolates were also identified in the oil samples. A level of microbial contamination that has public health importance was observed in some of the oil samples analyzed, and the isolated microorganisms indicate unhygienic handling, processing, and storage practices in the oil production and market sites. The introduction of strict rules, regulations, and updated manufacturing technologies and processes to ensure food safety and quality is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamrot Yohannes
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Dagnachew Eyachew Amare
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemariam Feleke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Odinot E, Bisotto-Mignot A, Frezouls T, Bissaro B, Navarro D, Record E, Cadoret F, Doan A, Chevret D, Fine F, Lomascolo A. A New Phenolic Acid Decarboxylase from the Brown-Rot Fungus Neolentinus lepideus Natively Decarboxylates Biosourced Sinapic Acid into Canolol, a Bioactive Phenolic Compound. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:181. [PMID: 38391667 PMCID: PMC10886158 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed meal (RSM) is a cheap, abundant and renewable feedstock, whose biorefinery is a current challenge for the sustainability of the oilseed sector. RSM is rich in sinapic acid (SA), a p-hydroxycinnamic acid that can be decarboxylated into canolol (2,6-dimethoxy-4-vinylphenol), a valuable bioactive compound. Microbial phenolic acid decarboxylases (PADs), mainly described for the non-oxidative decarboxylation of ferulic and p-coumaric acids, remain very poorly documented to date, for SA decarboxylation. The species Neolentinus lepideus has previously been shown to biotransform SA into canolol in vivo, but the enzyme responsible for bioconversion of the acid has never been characterized. In this study, we purified and characterized a new PAD from the canolol-overproducing strain N. lepideus BRFM15. Proteomic analysis highlighted a sole PAD-type protein sequence in the intracellular proteome of the strain. The native enzyme (NlePAD) displayed an unusual outstanding activity for decarboxylating SA (Vmax of 600 U.mg-1, kcat of 6.3 s-1 and kcat/KM of 1.6 s-1.mM-1). We showed that NlePAD (a homodimer of 2 × 22 kDa) is fully active in a pH range of 5.5-7.5 and a temperature range of 30-55 °C, with optima of pH 6-6.5 and 37-45 °C, and is highly stable at 4 °C and pH 6-8. Relative ratios of specific activities on ferulic, sinapic, p-coumaric and caffeic acids, respectively, were 100:24.9:13.4:3.9. The enzyme demonstrated in vitro effectiveness as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of canolol in aqueous medium from commercial SA, with a molar yield of 92%. Then, we developed processes to biotransform naturally-occurring SA from RSM into canolol by combining the complementary potentialities of an Aspergillus niger feruloyl esterase type-A, which is able to release free SA from the raw meal by hydrolyzing its conjugated forms, and NlePAD, in aqueous medium and mild conditions. NlePAD decarboxylation of biobased SA led to an overall yield of 1.6-3.8 mg canolol per gram of initial meal. Besides being the first characterization of a fungal PAD able to decarboxylate SA, this report shows that NlePAD is very promising as new biotechnological tool to generate biobased vinylphenols of industrial interest (especially canolol) as valuable platform chemicals for health, nutrition, cosmetics and green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Odinot
- OléoInnov, 19 Rue du Musée, F-13001 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandra Bisotto-Mignot
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 BBF Fungal Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Toinou Frezouls
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 BBF Fungal Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 BBF Fungal Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - David Navarro
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 BBF Fungal Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Eric Record
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 BBF Fungal Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Cadoret
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 BBF Fungal Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Annick Doan
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 BBF Fungal Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Chevret
- INRAE, UMR1319 MICALIS Institute, PAPPSO, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Frédéric Fine
- TERRES INOVIA, Parc Industriel, 11 Rue Monge, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Anne Lomascolo
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 BBF Fungal Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13009 Marseille, France
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Sousa D, Simões L, Oliveira R, Salgado JM, Cambra-López M, Belo I, Dias A. Evaluation of biotechnological processing through solid-state fermentation of oilseed cakes on extracts bioactive potential. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:1293-1307. [PMID: 37566297 PMCID: PMC10460375 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed cakes (OC) are natural sources of lignocellulosic biomass, produced every year in large amounts. In addition to their main applications as animal feed, plant or soil fertilizer, and compost, they present enormous potential for being used in biotechnological processes for the obtainment and extraction of valuable bioactive compounds. This work evaluated the effect of solid-state fermentation on the bioactive properties of extracts obtained from the bioprocessing of OC and evaluated the effect of solvents on the recovery of compounds with higher bioactive potential. A general decrease of EC50 values was observed for fermented extracts obtained using a mixture of water/methanol (1:1) as extraction solvent. A decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration was observed for fermented water extracts compared to non-fermented. Additionally, growth inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes was observed when using aqueous methanolic fermented extracts. These extracts also exhibited a higher percentage of growth reduction against phytopathogenic fungi, and some extracts exhibited increased protection against genotoxic agents such as camptothecin and bisphenol A. It was demonstrated that bioprocessing of OC through SSF is an effective approach to obtaining valuable compounds with bioactive properties for use in the food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sousa
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luara Simões
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Oliveira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Salgado
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Biotecnia Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Campus Agua, As Lagoas S/N, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Maria Cambra-López
- Institute of Animal Science Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Belo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alberto Dias
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Cravotto C, Claux O, Bartier M, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Tabasso S. Leading Edge Technologies and Perspectives in Industrial Oilseed Extraction. Molecules 2023; 28:5973. [PMID: 37630225 PMCID: PMC10459726 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in the world's population and per capita wealth, oil producers must not only increase edible oil production but also meet the demand for a higher quality and variety of products. Recently, the focus has shifted from single processing steps to the entire vegetable oil production process, with an emphasis on introducing innovative technologies to improve quality and production efficiency. In this review, conventional methods of oilseed storage, processing and extraction are presented, as well as innovative processing and extraction techniques. Furthermore, the parameters most affecting the products' yields and quality at the industrial level are critically described. The extensive use of hexane for the extraction of most vegetable oils is undoubtedly the main concern of the whole production process in terms of health, safety and environmental issues. Therefore, special attention is paid to environmentally friendly solvents such as ethanol, supercritical CO2, 2-methyloxolane, water enzymatic extraction, etc. The state of the art in the use of green solvents is described and an objective assessment of their potential for more sustainable industrial processes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cravotto
- GREEN Extraction Team, INRAE, UMR 408, Avignon Université, F-84000 Avignon, France;
| | - Ombéline Claux
- Pennakem Europa (EcoXtract®), 224 Avenue de la Dordogne, F-59944 Dunkerque, France; (O.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Mickaël Bartier
- Pennakem Europa (EcoXtract®), 224 Avenue de la Dordogne, F-59944 Dunkerque, France; (O.C.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Silvia Tabasso
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy;
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Pavlopoulos DT, Myrtsi ED, Tryfinopoulou P, Iliopoulos V, Koulocheri SD, Haroutounian SA. Phytoestrogens as Biomarkers of Plant Raw Materials Used for Fish Feed Production. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083623. [PMID: 37110857 PMCID: PMC10144496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensive use of plant materials as a sustainable alternative for fish feed production, combined with their phytochemical content, which affects the growth and production characteristics of farmed fishes, necessitates their monitoring for the presence of raw materials of plant origin. This study reported herein concerns the development, validation and application of a workflow using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantification of 67 natural phytoestrogens in plant-derived raw materials that were used to produce fish feeds. Specifically, we verified the presence of 8 phytoestrogens in rapeseed meal samples, 20 in soybean meal samples, 12 in sunflower meal samples and only 1 in wheat meal samples in quantities enabling their efficient incorporation into clusters. Among the various constituents, the soybean phytoestrogens daidzein, genistein, daidzin, glycitin, apigenin, calycosin and coumestrol, as well as the sunflower neochlorogenic, caffeic and chlorogenic phenolic acids, displayed the highest correlations with their origin descriptions. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the studied samples, based on their phytoestrogen contents, led to the efficient clustering of raw materials. The accuracy and efficiency of this clustering were tested through the incorporation of additional samples of soybean meal, wheat meal and maize meal, which verified the utilization of the phytoestrogen content as a valuable biomarker for the discrimination of raw materials used for fish feed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios T Pavlopoulos
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni D Myrtsi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Paschalitsa Tryfinopoulou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilios Iliopoulos
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia D Koulocheri
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Serkos A Haroutounian
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
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Rathore D, Sevda S, Prasad S, Venkatramanan V, Chandel AK, Kataki R, Bhadra S, Channashettar V, Bora N, Singh A. Bioengineering to Accelerate Biodiesel Production for a Sustainable Biorefinery. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:618. [PMID: 36354528 PMCID: PMC9687738 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel is an alternative, carbon-neutral fuel compared to fossil-based diesel, which can reduce greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. Biodiesel is a product of microorganisms, crop plants, and animal-based oil and has the potential to prosper as a sustainable and renewable energy source and tackle growing energy problems. Biodiesel has a similar composition and combustion properties to fossil diesel and thus can be directly used in internal combustion engines as an energy source at the commercial level. Since biodiesel produced using edible/non-edible crops raises concerns about food vs. fuel, high production cost, monocropping crisis, and unintended environmental effects, such as land utilization patterns, it is essential to explore new approaches, feedstock and technologies to advance the production of biodiesel and maintain its sustainability. Adopting bioengineering methods to produce biodiesel from various sources such as crop plants, yeast, algae, and plant-based waste is one of the recent technologies, which could act as a promising alternative for creating genuinely sustainable, technically feasible, and cost-competitive biodiesel. Advancements in genetic engineering have enhanced lipid production in cellulosic crops and it can be used for biodiesel generation. Bioengineering intervention to produce lipids/fat/oil (TGA) and further their chemical or enzymatic transesterification to accelerate biodiesel production has a great future. Additionally, the valorization of waste and adoption of the biorefinery concept for biodiesel production would make it eco-friendly, cost-effective, energy positive, sustainable and fit for commercialization. A life cycle assessment will not only provide a better understanding of the various approaches for biodiesel production and waste valorization in the biorefinery model to identify the best technique for the production of sustainable biodiesel, but also show a path to draw a new policy for the adoption and commercialization of biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Rathore
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Surajbhan Sevda
- Environmental Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Shiv Prasad
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, Delhi, India
| | - Veluswamy Venkatramanan
- School of Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi 110068, Delhi, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Chandel
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), University of São Paulo (USP), Estrada Municipal do Campinho, Lorena 12602-810, SP, Brazil
| | - Rupam Kataki
- Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Sudipa Bhadra
- Environmental Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Veeranna Channashettar
- Environmental and Industrial Biotechnology Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Bora
- Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Anoop Singh
- Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, Technology Bhawan, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110016, Delhi, India
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