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Ambrico A, Larocca V, Trupo M, Martino M, Magarelli RA, Spagnoletta A, Balducchi R. A New Method for Selective Extraction of Torularhodin from Red Yeast Using CO 2-SFE Technique. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04884-9. [PMID: 38386146 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Torularhodin is a dark pink colored carotenoid belonging to the xanthophylls group that can be biologically synthesized by red yeasts, especially by Rhodotorula and Sporobolomyces genera. The growing interest in this molecule is due to its biological activities such as antioxidant, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer. To satisfy potential commercial markets, numerous methods have been proposed to develop a cost-effective and environmentally friendly downstream process for the purification of torularhodin. However, obtaining high purity products without resorting to the use of toxic solvents, which can leave residues in the final preparations, remains a major challenge. In this context, the present study aimed to develop a new efficient method for the isolation of torularhodin from the red yeast Rhodotorula strain ELP2022 by applying the extraction technique with supercritical CO2 (CO2-SFE) in two sequential steps. In particular, in the first step, the dried lysed biomass of yeast was subjected to the action of CO2 in supercritical conditions (CO2SC) as sole solvent for extraction of apolar carotenoids. In the second step, the residual biomass was subjected to the action of CO2SC using ethanol as a polar co-solvent for the extraction of torularhodin. Both steps were carried out at different operating parameters of temperature (40 and 60 °C) and pressure (from 300 to 500 bar) with a constant CO2 flow of 6 L min-1. Regardless of the operating conditions used, this method allowed to obtain an orange-colored oily extract and a red-colored extract after the first and second step, respectively. In all trials, torularhodin represented no less than 95.2% ± 0.70 of the total carotenoids in the red extracts obtained from the second step. In particular, the best results were obtained by performing both steps at 40 °C and 300 bar, and the maximum percentage of torularhodin achieved was 97.9% ± 0.88. Since there are no data on the selective recovery of torularhodin from red yeast using the SFE technique, this study may be a good starting point to optimize and support the development of industrial production of torularhodin by microbial synthesis. This new method can significantly reduce the environmental impact of torularhodin recovery and can be considered an innovation for which an Italian patent application has been filed. In a circular bioeconomy approach, this method will be validated up to a pilot scale, culturing the strain Rhodotorula spp. ELP2022 on low-cost media derived from agri-food wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ambrico
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Larocca
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Mario Trupo
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy.
| | - Maria Martino
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Rosaria Alessandra Magarelli
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Roberto Balducchi
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
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Tirado DF, Cabañas A, Calvo L. Modelling and Scaling-Up of a Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions Process. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11041063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical CO2 (scCO2) is utilized in the supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE) to swiftly extract the organic phase (O) from an O/W emulsion. The dissolved substances in the organic phase precipitate into small particles and remain suspended in the water (W) with the aid of a surfactant. The process can be continuously conducted using a packed column in a counter-current flow of the emulsion and scCO2, at moderate pressure (8–10 MPa) and temperature (37–40 °C). To ensure the commercial viability of this technique, the organic solvent must be separated from the CO2 to facilitate the recirculation of both streams within the process while minimizing environmental impact. Thus, the aim of this work was to design a plant to produce submicron materials using SFEE, integrating the recovery of both solvents. First, experimental equilibrium data of the ternary system involved (CO2/ethyl acetate/water) were fitted with a proper thermodynamic model. Then, simulations of the whole integrated process at different scales were carried out using Aspen Plus®, along with economical evaluations. This work proposes the organic solvent separation with a distillation column. Thus, the two solvents can be recovered and recycled to the process in almost their entirety. Furthermore, the particles in the aqueous raffinate are produced free of solvents and sterilized for further safe use. The costs showed an important economy scale-up. This work could ease the transfer of the SFEE technology to the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Tirado
- Dirección Académica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede de La Paz, La Paz 202017, Colombia
| | - Albertina Cabañas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Calvo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Design and Engineering of "Green" Nanoemulsions for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Bakuchiol Achieved in a Sustainable Manner: A Novel Eco-Friendly Approach to Bioretinol. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810091. [PMID: 34576253 PMCID: PMC8472396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we establish novel "environmentally-friendly" oil-in-water nanoemulsions to enhance the transdermal delivery of bakuchiol, the so-called "bioretinol" obtained from powdered Psoralea corylifolia seeds via a sustainable process, i.e., using a supercritical fluid extraction approach with pure carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). According to Green Chemistry principles, five novel formulations were stabilized by "green" hybrid ionic surfactants such as coco-betaine-surfactin molecules obtained from coconut and fermented rapeseed meal. Preliminary optimization studies involving three dispersion stability tests, i.e., centrifugation, heating, and cooling cycles, indicated the most promising candidates for further physicochemical analysis. Finally, nanoemulsion colloidal characterization provided by scattering (dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering as well as backscattering), microscopic (transmission electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy), and spectroscopic (UV-Vis spectroscopy) methods revealed the most stable nanocarrier for transdermal biological investigation. In vitro, topical experiments provided on human skin cell line HaCaT keratinocytes and normal dermal NHDF fibroblasts indicated high cell viability upon treatment of the tested formulation with a final 0.02-0.2 mg/mL bakuchiol concentration. This excellent biocompatibility was confirmed by ex vivo and in vivo tests on animal and human skin tissue. The improved permeability and antiaging potential of the bakuchiol-encapsulated rich extract were observed, indicating that the obtained ecological nanoemulsions are competitive with commercial retinol formulations.
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Liu G, Li J, Deng S. Applications of Supercritical Anti-Solvent Process in Preparation of Solid Multicomponent Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040475. [PMID: 33915815 PMCID: PMC8067079 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid multicomponent systems (SMS) are gaining an increasingly important role in the pharmaceutical industry, to improve the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In recent years, various processes have been employed for SMS manufacturing. Control of the particle solid-state properties, such as size, morphology, and crystal form is required to optimize the SMS formulation. By utilizing the unique and tunable properties of supercritical fluids, supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) process holds great promise for the manipulation of the solid-state properties of APIs. The SAS techniques have been developed from batch to continuous mode. Their applications in SMS preparation are summarized in this review. Many pharmaceutical co-crystals and solid dispersions have been successfully produced via the SAS process, where the solid-state properties of APIs can be well designed by controlling the operating parameters. The underlying mechanisms on the manipulation of solid-state properties are discussed, with the help of on-line monitoring and computational techniques. With continuous researching, SAS process will give a large contribution to the scalable and continuous manufacturing of desired SMS in the near future.
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Supercritical Carbon Dioxide(s-CO2) Power Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery: A Review from Thermodynamic Perspective. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical CO2 power cycles have been deeply investigated in recent years. However, their potential in waste heat recovery is still largely unexplored. This paper presents a critical review of engineering background, technical challenges, and current advances of the s-CO2 cycle for waste heat recovery. Firstly, common barriers for the further promotion of waste heat recovery technology are discussed. Afterwards, the technical advantages of the s-CO2 cycle in solving the abovementioned problems are outlined by comparing several state-of-the-art thermodynamic cycles. On this basis, current research results in this field are reviewed for three main applications, namely the fuel cell, internal combustion engine, and gas turbine. For low temperature applications, the transcritical CO2 cycles can compete with other existing technologies, while supercritical CO2 cycles are more attractive for medium- and high temperature sources to replace steam Rankine cycles. Moreover, simple and regenerative configurations are more suitable for transcritical cycles, whereas various complex configurations have advantages for medium- and high temperature heat sources to form cogeneration system. Finally, from the viewpoints of in-depth research and engineering applications, several future development directions are put forward. This review hopes to promote the development of s-CO2 cycles for waste heat recovery.
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Micro- and Macroscale Consequences of Interactions between CO2 and Shale Rocks. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13051167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In carbon storage activities, and in shale oil and gas extraction (SOGE) with carbon dioxide (CO2) as stimulation fluid, CO2 comes into contact with shale rock and its pore fluid. As a reactive fluid, the injected CO2 displays a large potential to modify the shale’s chemical, physical, and mechanical properties, which need to be well studied and documented. The state of the art on shale–CO2 interactions published in several review articles does not exhaust all aspects of these interactions, such as changes in the mechanical, petrophysical, or petrochemical properties of shales. This review paper presents a characterization of shale rocks and reviews their possible interaction mechanisms with different phases of CO2. The effects of these interactions on petrophysical, chemical and mechanical properties are highlighted. In addition, a novel experimental approach is presented, developed and used by our team to investigate mechanical properties by exposing shale to different saturation fluids under controlled temperatures and pressures, without modifying the test exposure conditions prior to mechanical and acoustic measurements. This paper also underlines the major knowledge gaps that need to be filled in order to improve the safety and efficiency of SOGE and CO2 storage.
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