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Baldacchino F, Spagnoletta A, Lamaj F, Vitale ML, Verrastro V. Validation of Diets with Tomato Pomace in Complete Cycle Breeding of Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Insects 2024; 15:287. [PMID: 38667417 PMCID: PMC11050266 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
By-product-based diets have the potential to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758) production. However, evaluations of the efficacy of new diets are generally focused on larval performance, while the effect on adults is poorly understood. This aim of this study was to evaluate diets enriched with tomato pomace over a complete breeding cycle. The results showed that when used as an oviposition substrate, all the tested diets, including tomato pomace (T), outperformed the control bran-yeast diet (WY, 95:5 ratio), possibly due to the presence of cholesterol and linoleic acid. The adults fed with the bran-tomato pomace-brewer's spent grain diet (WTB, 50:27:23 ratio), the bran-tomato pomace-yeast diet (WTY, 50:41:9 ratio), and the bran-tomato pomace diet (WT, 50:50 ratio) produced significantly more larvae than those fed with the WY diet. The WTB diet (despite being yeast-free) performed similarly to the WY control diet during the subsequent larval growth phase, making it suitable for the entire production cycle. In conclusion, the results show that tomato pomace can be used a valid by-product in the formulation of efficient diets for the breeding of T. molitor and also provide an alternative to expensive yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Baldacchino
- Laboratory of Bioproducts and Bioprocess, ENEA-. Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. Jonica 106, km 419.5, I-75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- Laboratory of Bioproducts and Bioprocess, ENEA-. Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. Jonica 106, km 419.5, I-75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Flutura Lamaj
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy; (F.L.); (M.L.V.); (V.V.)
| | - Maria Luisa Vitale
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy; (F.L.); (M.L.V.); (V.V.)
| | - Vincenzo Verrastro
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy; (F.L.); (M.L.V.); (V.V.)
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Ambrico A, Larocca V, Trupo M, Martino M, Magarelli RA, Spagnoletta A, Balducchi R. A New Method for Selective Extraction of Torularhodin from Red Yeast Using CO 2-SFE Technique. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04884-9. [PMID: 38386146 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Torularhodin is a dark pink colored carotenoid belonging to the xanthophylls group that can be biologically synthesized by red yeasts, especially by Rhodotorula and Sporobolomyces genera. The growing interest in this molecule is due to its biological activities such as antioxidant, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer. To satisfy potential commercial markets, numerous methods have been proposed to develop a cost-effective and environmentally friendly downstream process for the purification of torularhodin. However, obtaining high purity products without resorting to the use of toxic solvents, which can leave residues in the final preparations, remains a major challenge. In this context, the present study aimed to develop a new efficient method for the isolation of torularhodin from the red yeast Rhodotorula strain ELP2022 by applying the extraction technique with supercritical CO2 (CO2-SFE) in two sequential steps. In particular, in the first step, the dried lysed biomass of yeast was subjected to the action of CO2 in supercritical conditions (CO2SC) as sole solvent for extraction of apolar carotenoids. In the second step, the residual biomass was subjected to the action of CO2SC using ethanol as a polar co-solvent for the extraction of torularhodin. Both steps were carried out at different operating parameters of temperature (40 and 60 °C) and pressure (from 300 to 500 bar) with a constant CO2 flow of 6 L min-1. Regardless of the operating conditions used, this method allowed to obtain an orange-colored oily extract and a red-colored extract after the first and second step, respectively. In all trials, torularhodin represented no less than 95.2% ± 0.70 of the total carotenoids in the red extracts obtained from the second step. In particular, the best results were obtained by performing both steps at 40 °C and 300 bar, and the maximum percentage of torularhodin achieved was 97.9% ± 0.88. Since there are no data on the selective recovery of torularhodin from red yeast using the SFE technique, this study may be a good starting point to optimize and support the development of industrial production of torularhodin by microbial synthesis. This new method can significantly reduce the environmental impact of torularhodin recovery and can be considered an innovation for which an Italian patent application has been filed. In a circular bioeconomy approach, this method will be validated up to a pilot scale, culturing the strain Rhodotorula spp. ELP2022 on low-cost media derived from agri-food wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ambrico
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Larocca
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Mario Trupo
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy.
| | - Maria Martino
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Rosaria Alessandra Magarelli
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Roberto Balducchi
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
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Baldacchino F, Spagnoletta A, Lamaj F, Vitale ML, Verrastro V. First Optimization of Tomato Pomace in Diets for Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Insects 2023; 14:854. [PMID: 37999053 PMCID: PMC10672421 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Tomato pomace (TP), an agricultural industrial waste product from the tomato processing industry, is valorized as a rearing substrate for Tenebrio molitor (L.). This study evaluated bran-based diets with increasing tomato pomace (0%, 27%, 41%, and 100%). Protein sources, such as brewer's spent grain and yeast, were used in TP27 and TP41 diets to ensure equal protein contents to the control diet. Results showed no different for larval and pupal weights between diets; however, the time of development significantly increases in TP100 compared to all diets. The feed conversion rate progressively increases from 2.7 to 4.3, respectively, from the control to the TP100 diet. Conversely, lycopene and β-carotene increase in the larvae. The fatty acid composition improves by increasing polyunsaturated fatty acids (mainly α-linoleic acid). Although the best nutritional quality was obtained in T100, the TP41 is the optimal diet for balance between larval performance and qualitative improvement of larvae. Therefore, tomato pomace is suitable for the formulation of mealworm diets, even in high dosages, when supplemented with sustainable protein and carbohydrate sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Baldacchino
- Laboratory of Bioproducts and Bioprocess, ENEA—Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. Jonica 106, Km 419+500, I-75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- Laboratory of Bioproducts and Bioprocess, ENEA—Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. Jonica 106, Km 419+500, I-75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Flutura Lamaj
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Vitale
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Verrastro
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy
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Nesci S, Spagnoletta A, Oppedisano F. Cell Metabolism Therapy by Small Natural Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13776. [PMID: 37762081 PMCID: PMC10530603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism therapy counteracting metabolic dysfunction performs a preeminent role in the pathophysiology of different diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, 75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
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Nesci S, Spagnoletta A, Oppedisano F. Inflammation, Mitochondria and Natural Compounds Together in the Circle of Trust. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076106. [PMID: 37047080 PMCID: PMC10094238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human diseases are characterized by the perpetuation of an inflammatory condition in which the levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are quite high. Excessive ROS production leads to DNA damage, protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation, conditions that lead to a worsening of inflammatory disorders. In particular, compromised mitochondria sustain a stressful condition in the cell, such that mitochondrial dysfunctions become pathogenic, causing human disorders related to inflammatory reactions. Indeed, the triggered inflammation loses its beneficial properties and turns harmful if dysregulation and dysfunctions are not addressed. Thus, reducing oxidative stress with ROS scavenger compounds has proven to be a successful approach to reducing inflammation. Among these, natural compounds, in particular, polyphenols, alkaloids and coenzyme Q10, thanks to their antioxidant properties, are capable of inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and the expression of target genes, including those involved in inflammation. Even more, clinical trials, and in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of phytosomes, which are capable of increasing the bioavailability and effectiveness of natural compounds, and have long been considered an effective non-pharmacological therapy. Therefore, in this review, we wanted to highlight the relationship between inflammation, altered mitochondrial oxidative activity in pathological conditions, and the beneficial effects of phytosomes. To this end, a PubMed literature search was conducted with a focus on various in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials from 2014 to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, 75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Miniero DV, Gambacorta N, Spagnoletta A, Tragni V, Loizzo S, Nicolotti O, Pierri CL, De Palma A. New Insights Regarding Hemin Inhibition of the Purified Rat Brain 2-Oxoglutarate Carrier and Relationships with Mitochondrial Dysfunction. J Clin Med 2022; 11:7519. [PMID: 36556135 PMCID: PMC9785169 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A kinetic analysis of the transport assays on the purified rat brain 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier (OGC) was performed starting from our recent results reporting about a competitive inhibitory behavior of hemin, a physiological porphyrin derivative, on the OGC reconstituted in an active form into proteoliposomes. The newly provided transport data and the elaboration of the kinetic equations show evidence that hemin exerts a mechanism of partially competitive inhibition, coupled with the formation of a ternary complex hemin-carrier substrate, when hemin targets the OGC from the matrix face. A possible interpretation of the provided kinetic analysis, which is supported by computational studies, could indicate the existence of a binding region responsible for the inhibition of the OGC and supposedly involved in the regulation of OGC activity. The proposed regulatory binding site is located on OGC mitochondrial matrix loops, where hemin could establish specific interactions with residues involved in the substrate recognition and/or conformational changes responsible for the translocation of mitochondrial carrier substrates. The regulatory binding site would be placed about 6 Å below the substrate binding site of the OGC, facing the mitochondrial matrix, and would allow the simultaneous binding of hemin and 2-oxoglutarate or malate to different regions of the carrier. Overall, the presented experimental and computational analyses help to shed light on the possible existence of the hemin-carrier substrate ternary complex, confirming the ability of the OGC to bind porphyrin derivatives, and in particular hemin, with possible consequences for the mitochondrial redox state mediated by the malate/aspartate shuttle led by the mitochondrial carriers OGC and AGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valeria Miniero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Gambacorta
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, Km 419,500, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tragni
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Loizzo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Sangiorgio P, Verardi A, Dimatteo S, Spagnoletta A, Moliterni S, Errico S. Correction to: Tenebrio molitor in the circular economy: a novel approach for plastic valorisation and PHA biological recovery. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:4785. [PMID: 34741272 PMCID: PMC9172739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sangiorgio
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Verardi
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | - Salvatore Dimatteo
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | - Stefania Moliterni
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | - Simona Errico
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy
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Errico S, Spagnoletta A, Verardi A, Moliterni S, Dimatteo S, Sangiorgio P. Tenebrio molitor as a source of interesting natural compounds, their recovery processes, biological effects, and safety aspects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:148-197. [PMID: 34773434 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is urgent to produce in larger quantities and more sustainably to reduce the gap between food supply and demand. In a circular bioeconomy vision, insects receive great attention as a sustainable alternative to satisfy food and nutritional needs. Among all insects, Tenebrio molitor (TM) is the first insect approved by the European Food Safety Authority as a novel food in specific conditions and uses, testifying its growing relevance and potential. This review holistically presents the possible role of TM in the sustainable and circular solution to the growing needs for food and nutrients. We analyze all high value-added products obtained from TM (powders and extracts, oils and fatty acids, proteins and peptides, and chitin and chitosan), their recovery processes (evaluating the best ones in technical and environmental terms), their nutritional and economical values, and their biological effects. Safety aspects are also mentioned. TM potential is undoubted, but some aspects still need to be discussed, including the health effects of substances and microorganisms in its body, the optimal production conditions (that affect product quality and safety), and TM capacity to convert by-products into new products. Environmental, economic, social, and market feasibility studies are also required to analyze the new value chains. Finally, to unlock the enormous potential of edible insects as a source of nutritious and sustainable food, it will be necessary to overcome the cultural, psychological, and regulatory barriers still present in Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Errico
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Alessandra Verardi
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Stefania Moliterni
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Salvatore Dimatteo
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Paola Sangiorgio
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
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Sangiorgio P, Verardi A, Dimatteo S, Spagnoletta A, Moliterni S, Errico S. Tenebrio molitor in the circular economy: a novel approach for plastic valorisation and PHA biological recovery. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:52689-52701. [PMID: 34453255 PMCID: PMC8476375 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The increase in the world population leads to rising demand and consumption of plastic raw materials; only a small percentage of plastics is recovered and recycled, increasing the quantity of waste released into the environment and losing its economic value. The plastics represent a great opportunity in the circular perspective of their reuse and recycling. Research is moving, on the one hand, to implement sustainable systems for plastic waste management and on the other to find new non-fossil-based plastics such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). In this review, we focus our attention on Tenebrio molitor (TM) as a valuable solution for plastic biodegradation and biological recovery of new biopolymers (e.g. PHA) from plastic-producing microorganisms, exploiting its highly diversified gut microbiota. TM's use for plastic pollution management is controversial. However, TM microbiota is recognised as a source of plastic-degrading microorganisms. TM-based plastic degradation is improved by co-feeding with food loss and waste as a dietary energy source, thus valorising these low-value substrates in a circular economy perspective. TM as a bioreactor is a valid alternative to traditional PHA recovery systems with the advantage of obtaining, in addition to highly pure PHA, protein biomass and rearing waste from which to produce fertilisers, chitin/chitosan, biochar and biodiesel. Finally, we describe the critical aspects of these TM-based approaches, mainly related to TM mass production, eventual food safety problems, possible release of microplastics and lack of dedicated legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sangiorgio
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Verardi
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | - Salvatore Dimatteo
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | - Stefania Moliterni
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | - Simona Errico
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419,500, 75026, Rotondella, MT, Italy
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Magrone T, Spagnoletta A, Magrone M, Russo MA, Corriero A, Jirillo E, Passantino L. Effects of Polyphenol Administration to European Farmed Sea Bass ( Dicentrharcus labrax L.): Special Focus on Hepatopancreas Morphology. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:526-533. [PMID: 30306883 DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666181009111214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hepatopancreas is an accessory organ associated with the liver in some fish, even including sea bass (Dicentrharcus labrax L.). Hepatopancreas contains an exocrine portion but until now its function has poorly been investigated. METHODS Here, European farmed sea bass have been treated with a feed enriched in polyphenols extracted from seeds of red grape (Nero di Troia cultivar) at two different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively) from day 273 to day 323. In fish samples, hepatopancreas area sizes have been measured to evaluate the effects of this dietary regimen on its morphology. RESULTS Quite interestingly, in treated fish area sizes of hepatopancreas were higher than those detected in untreated fish. Two hundred mg dose of polyphenols was more effective than that of 100 mg/kg polyphenols. Finally, hepatic polyphenol concentration was diminished in fish receiving 100 mg dose polyphenols and normalized with 200 mg dose in comparison to untreated fish. This evidence suggests the utilization of polyphenols for liver function, even including hepatopancreas development. CONCLUSION Our data suggest an expansion of hepatopancreas induced by polyphenol administration that is also associated with less mortality in farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,ENEA Research Centre Trisaia, Laboratory "BioProducts and BioProcesses", Rotondella (MT), Italy
| | - Manrico Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Antonio Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Corriero
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Letizia Passantino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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11
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Molino A, Martino M, Larocca V, Di Sanzo G, Spagnoletta A, Marino T, Karatza D, Iovine A, Mehariya S, Musmarra D. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Extraction from Nannochloropsis gaditana using Carbon Dioxide at Supercritical Conditions. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E132. [PMID: 30813384 PMCID: PMC6409814 DOI: 10.3390/md17020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This research shows that carbon dioxide supercritical fluid (CO₂-SF) is an emerging technology for the extraction of high interest compounds for applications in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics from microalgae. The purpose of this study is to recover fatty acids (FAs) and, more precisely, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass by CO₂-SF extraction. In the paper, the effect of mechanical pre-treatment was evaluated with the aim of increasing FAs recovery. Extraction was performed at a pressure range of 250⁻550 bars and a CO₂ flow rate of 7.24 and 14.48 g/min, while temperature was fixed at 50 or 65 °C. The effect of these parameters on the extraction yield was assessed at each extraction cycle, 20 min each, for a total extraction time of 100 min. Furthermore, the effect of biomass loading on EPA recovery was evaluated. The highest EPA extraction yield, i.e., 11.50 mg/g, corresponding to 27.4% EPA recovery, was obtained at 65 °C and 250 bars with a CO₂ flow rate of 7.24 g/min and 1.0 g biomass loading. The increased CO₂ flow rate from 7.24 to 14.48 g/min enhanced the cumulative EPA recovery at 250 bars. The purity of EPA could be improved by biomass loading of 2.01 g, even if recovery was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molino
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Portici, P. Enrico Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Maria Martino
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Trisaia, SS Jonica 106, km 419+500, 7026 Rotondella, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Larocca
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Trisaia, SS Jonica 106, km 419+500, 7026 Rotondella, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Di Sanzo
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Trisaia, SS Jonica 106, km 419+500, 7026 Rotondella, Italy.
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Trisaia, SS Jonica 106, km 419+500, 7026 Rotondella, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council (ITM-CNR) Via Pietro Bucci, Cubo 17C, 870 36 Rende, Italy.
| | - Despina Karatza
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Real Casa dell'Annunziata, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy.
| | - Angela Iovine
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Real Casa dell'Annunziata, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy.
| | - Sanjeet Mehariya
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Real Casa dell'Annunziata, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy.
| | - Dino Musmarra
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Real Casa dell'Annunziata, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy.
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Castellani S, Trapani A, Spagnoletta A, di Toma L, Magrone T, Di Gioia S, Mandracchia D, Trapani G, Jirillo E, Conese M. Nanoparticle delivery of grape seed-derived proanthocyanidins to airway epithelial cells dampens oxidative stress and inflammation. J Transl Med 2018; 16:140. [PMID: 29792199 PMCID: PMC5966913 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic respiratory diseases, whose one of the hallmarks is oxidative stress, are still incurable and need novel therapeutic tools and pharmaceutical agents. The phenolic compounds contained in grape are endowed with well-recognized anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-aging activities. Considering that natural anti-oxidants, such as proanthocyanidins, have poor water solubility and oral bioavailability, we have developed a drug delivery system based on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), apt to encapsulate grape seed extract (GSE), containing proanthocyanidins. Methods Plain, 6-coumarin (6-Coum), DiR- and GSE-loaded SLN were produced with the melt-emulsion method. Physicochemical characterization of all prepared SLN was determined by photon correlation spectroscopy and laser Doppler anemometry. MTT assay (spectrophotometry) and propidium iodide (PI) assay (cytofluorimetry) were used to assess cell viability. Flow cytometry coupled with cell imaging was performed for assessing apoptosis and necrosis by Annexin V/7-AAD staining (plain SLE), cell internalization (6-Coum-SLN) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (SLN-GSE). NF-κB nuclear translocation was studied by immunofluorescence. In vivo bio-imaging was used to assess lung deposition and persistence of aerosolized DiR-loaded SLN. Results Plain SLN were not cytotoxic when incubated with H441 airway epithelial cells, as judged by both PI and MTT assays as well as by apoptosis/necrosis evaluation. 6-Coum-loaded SLN were taken up by H441 cells in a dose-dependent fashion and persisted into cells at detectable levels up to 16 days. SLN were detected in mice lungs up to 6 days. SLN-GSE possessed 243 nm as mean diameter, were negatively charged, and stable in size at 37 °C in Simulated Lung Fluid up to 48 h and at 4 °C in double distilled water up to 2 months. The content of SLN in proanthocyanidins remained unvaried up to 2 months. GSE-loaded SLN determined a significant reduction in ROS production when added 24–72 h before the stimulation with hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, while at 24 h free GSE determined a higher decrease of ROS production than SLN-GSE, the contrary was seen at 48 and 72 h. Similar results were observed for NF-κB nuclear translocation. Conclusions SLN are a biocompatible drug delivery system for natural anti-oxidants obtained from grape seed in a model of oxidative stress in airway epithelial cells. They feature stability and long-term persistence inside cells where they release proanthocyanidins. These results could pave the way to novel anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory therapies for chronic respiratory diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1509-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Castellani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - A Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - A Spagnoletta
- Laboratory "BioProducts and BioProcesses", ENEA Research Centre Trisaia, Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | - L di Toma
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - T Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - S Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - D Mandracchia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - G Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - E Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - M Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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Magrone T, Spagnoletta A, Salvatore R, Magrone M, Dentamaro F, Russo MA, Difonzo G, Summo C, Caponio F, Jirillo E. Olive Leaf Extracts Act as Modulators of the Human Immune Response. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2017; 18:85-93. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530317666171116110537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Olive tree leaves have been used in the Mediterranean area as traditional
medicine in virtue of their healthy effects. Olive leaf extracts (OLEs) contain higher amounts of polyphenols
than those detected in the extra virgin olive oil and fruit. Several lines of evidence support the
cardioprotective, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities exerted by OLEs.
Methods:
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from twenty-five healthy donors were cultured in the
presence of 3 µg of two OLE extracts, extract A (resuspended in water) and extract B (resuspended in
70% ethanol). After harvesting, cell pellets were used for cytofluorimetric phenotyping, while supernatants
were assayed for cytokine release by means of ELISA. Furthermore, in the same supernatants
nitric oxide (NO) content was determined.
Results:
Both extracts, but especially extract A, increased absolute numbers of CD8+ and natural killer
(NK) cells. In addition, an increased production of interferon (IFN)-γ by both extracts as an expression
of T helper (h)1 activation was observed. Finally, both extracts enhanced NO release.
Conclusion:
OLEs, and mostly extract A, are able to in vitro modify healthy human immune response
by increasing IFN-γ production which seems to be associated to the higher absolute numbers of CD8+
and NK cells and this may suggest a reinforcement of the anti-tumor activity. Furthermore, increased
levels of NO may indicate the potential cardioprotective effects exerted by OLEs in virtue of their vasodilation
dependent activity. Finally, OLEs are able to maintain the equilibrium between T regulatory cells
and Th17 cells as evidenced by unmodified levels of interleukin (IL)-IL-10 and IL-17, respectively.
In the light of these results, OLEs are potential therapeutic compounds for the treatment of chronic
inflammatory disease, also preventing cardiovascular event outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosaria Salvatore
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Manrico Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Matteo A. Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Graziana Difonzo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Food Science and Technology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carmine Summo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Food Science and Technology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Caponio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Food Science and Technology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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Magrone T, Romita P, Verni P, Salvatore R, Spagnoletta A, Magrone M, Russo MA, Jirillo E, Foti C. In vitro Effects of Polyphenols on the Peripheral Immune Responses in Nickel-sensitized Patients. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2017; 17:324-331. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530317666171003161314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Verni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosaria Salvatore
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Manrico Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo A. Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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15
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Magrone T, Salvatore R, Spagnoletta A, Magrone M, Russo MA, Jirillo E. In Vitro Effects of Nickel on Healthy Non-Allergic Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. The Role of Red Grape Polyphenols. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2017; 17:166-173. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530317666170713145350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosaria Salvatore
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Manrico Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Antonio Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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Spagnoletta A, De Santis A, Tampieri E, Baraldi E, Bachi A, Genchi G. Identification and kinetic characterization of HtDTC, the mitochondrial dicarboxylate-tricarboxylate carrier of Jerusalem artichoke tubers. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2006; 38:57-65. [PMID: 16786427 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-006-9006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers were reported to be tolerant to cold and freezing. The aim of this study was to perform a kinetic characterization of the mitochondrial dicarboxylate-tricarboxylate carrier (HtDTC) and to assess a possible involvement of this carrier in the cold tolerance of tubers. The HtDTC was purified from isolated mitochondria by sequential chromatography on hydroxylapatite/celite and Matrex Gel Orange A. SDS gel electrophoresis of the purified fraction showed a single polypeptide band with an apparent molecular mass of 31.6 kDa. A polyclonal antibody raised against the tobacco DTC cross-reacted with the purified protein on Western blot analysis. In gel trypsin, digestion of the purified HtDTC yielded peptides that exhibited strong amino acid sequence similarity to previously identified plant DTCs. Furthermore, using degenerate primers, a portion of the Htdtc cDNA was amplified and sequenced; this cDNA encoded for a protein with high sequence similarity to known plant homolog DTCs. When reconstituted in liposomes loaded with dicarboxylate (2-oxoglutarate, malate, malonate, succinate, and maleate) or tricarboxylate anions (citrate, trans-aconitate, and isocitrate), the purified HtDTC transported all these anions in exchange with external [14C]2-oxoglutarate. A kinetic characterization of HtDTC was performed: (a) the half-saturation constant Km and the Vmax at 25 degrees C of the 2-oxoglutarate/2-oxoglutarate exchange by reconstituted HtDTC were found to be 360 microM and 10.9 micromol/(min mg protein), respectively; (b) the activation energy Ea of the succinate/2-oxoglutarate exchange by the reconstituted HtDTC was found to be 50.7 kJ/mol constant between -5 and 35 degrees C. Similarly, the activation energy Ea of succinate respiration of isolated Jerusalem artichoke mitochondria, measured between -2 and 35 degrees C, was shown to be constant (65.3 kJ/mol). The physiological relevance of kinetic properties and temperature dependence of transport activities of HtDTC is discussed with respect to the cold tolerance ability of Jerusalem artichoke tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spagnoletta
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Biologico, Università della Calabria, Cosenza 87100, Italy
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Abstract
Photostability of amlodipine (AML) has been monitored in several pharmaceutical inclusion systems characterized by plurimolecular aggregation of the drug and excipients with high molecular weight. Several formulations including cyclodextrins, liposomes and microspheres have been prepared and characterized. The photodegradation process has been monitored according to the conditions suggested by the ICH Guideline for photostability testing, by using a light cabinet equipped with a Xenon lamp and monitored by spectrophotometry. The formulations herein tested have been found to be able to considerably increase drug stability, when compared with usual pharmaceutical forms. The residual concentration detected in the inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins and liposomes was 90 and 77%, respectively, while a very good value of 97% was found for microspheres, after a radiant exposure of 11,340 kJm(-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ragno
- Dept. Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
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Spagnoletta A, De Santis A, Palmieri F, Genchi G. Purification and characterization of the reconstitutively active adenine nucleotide carrier from mitochondria of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2002; 34:465-72. [PMID: 12678438 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022570226209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The adenine nucleotide carrier from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers mitochondria was solubilized with Triton X-100 and purified by sequential chromatography on hydroxapatite and Matrex Gel Blue B in the presence of cardiolipin and asolectin. SDS gel electrophoresis of the purified fraction showed a single polypeptide band with an apparent molecular mass of 33 kDa. When reconstituted in liposomes, the adenine nucleotide carrier catalyzed a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-sensitive ATP/ATP exchange. It was purified 75-fold with a recovery of 15% and a protein yield of 0.18% with respect to the mitochondrial extract. Among the various substrates and inhibitors tested, the reconstituted protein transported only ATP, ADP, and GTP and was inhibited by bongkrekate, phenylisothiocyanate, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, mersalyl and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (but not N-ethylmaleimide). Atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside (at concentrations normally inhibitory in animal and plant mitochondria) were without effect in Jerusalem artichoke tubers mitochondria. Vmax of the reconstituted ATP/ATP exchange was determined to be 0.53 micromol/min per mg protein at 25 degrees C. The half-saturation constant Km and the corresponding inhibition constant Ki were 20.4 microM for ATP and 45 microM for ADP. The activation energy of the ATP/ATP exchange was 28 KJ/mol between 5 and 30 degrees C. The N-terminal amino acid partial sequence of the purified protein showed a partial homology with the ANT protein purified from mitochondria of maize shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spagnoletta
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
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Genchi G, Spagnoletta A, De Santis A, Stefanizzi L, Palmieri F. Purification and characterization of the reconstitutively active citrate carrier from maize mitochondria. Plant Physiol 1999; 120:841-8. [PMID: 10398720 PMCID: PMC59323 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.3.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/1998] [Accepted: 03/28/1999] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The citrate carrier from maize (Zea mays) shoot mitochondria was solubilized with Triton X-100 and purified by sequential chromatography on hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite/celite in the presence of cardiolipin. SDS-gel electrophoresis of the purified fraction showed a single polypeptide band with an apparent molecular mass of 31 kD. When reconstituted into liposomes, the citrate carrier catalyzed a pyridoxal 5'-P-sensitive citrate/citrate exchange. It was purified 224-fold with a recovery of 50% and a protein yield of 0.22% with respect to the mitochondrial extract. In the reconstituted system the purified citrate carrier catalyzed a first-order reaction of citrate/citrate (0.065 min-1) or citrate/malate exchange (0.075 min-1). Among the various substrates and inhibitors tested, the reconstituted protein transported citrate, cis-aconitate, isocitrate, L-malate, succinate, malonate, glutarate, alpha-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate, and alpha-ketoadipate and was inhibited by pyridoxal 5'-P, phenylisothiocyanate, mersalyl, and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (but not N-ethylmaleimide), 1,2, 3-benzentricarboxylate, benzylmalonate, and butylmalonate. The activation energy of the citrate/citrate exchange was 66.5 kJ/mol between 10 degrees C and 35 degrees C; the half-saturation constant (Km) for citrate was 0.65 +/- 0.05 mM and the maximal rate (Vmax) of the citrate/citrate exchange was 13.0 +/- 1.0 micromol min-1 mg-1 protein at 25 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Genchi
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Unit for the Study of Mitochondria and Bioenergetics, 70125 Bari, Italy
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