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Lisco G, De Tullio A, Jirillo E, Giagulli VA, De Pergola G, Guastamacchia E, Triggiani V. Thyroid and COVID-19: a review on pathophysiological, clinical and organizational aspects. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1801-1814. [PMID: 33765288 PMCID: PMC7992516 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid dysfunction has been observed in patients with COVID-19, and endocrinologists are requested to understand this clinical issue. Pandemic-related restrictions and reorganization of healthcare services may affect thyroid disease management. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To analyze and discuss the relationship between COVID-19 and thyroid diseases from several perspectives. PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, ClinicalTrial.gov were searched for this purpose by using free text words and medical subject headings as follows: "sars cov 2", "covid 19", "subacute thyroiditis", "atypical thyroiditis", "chronic thyroiditis", "hashimoto's thyroiditis", "graves' disease", "thyroid nodule", "differentiated thyroid cancer", "medullary thyroid cancer", "methimazole", "levothyroxine", "multikinase inhibitor", "remdesivir", "tocilizumab". Data were collected, analyzed, and discussed to answer the following clinical questions: "What evidence suggests that COVID-19 may induce detrimental consequences on thyroid function?"; "Could previous or concomitant thyroid diseases deteriorate the prognosis of COVID-19 once the infection has occurred?"; "Could medical management of thyroid diseases influence the clinical course of COVID-19?"; "Does medical management of COVID-19 interfere with thyroid function?"; "Are there defined strategies to better manage endocrine diseases despite restrictive measures and in-hospital and ambulatory activities reorganizations?". RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 may induce thyroid dysfunction that is usually reversible, including subclinical and atypical thyroiditis. Patients with baseline thyroid diseases are not at higher risk of contracting or transmitting SARS-CoV-2, and baseline thyroid dysfunction does not foster a worse progression of COVID-19. However, it is unclear whether low levels of free triiodothyronine, observed in seriously ill patients with COVID-19, may worsen the disease's clinical progression and, consequently, if triiodothyronine supplementation could be a tool for reducing this burden. Glucocorticoids and heparin may affect thyroid hormone secretion and measurement, respectively, leading to possible misdiagnosis of thyroid dysfunction in severe cases of COVID-19. High-risk thyroid nodules require a fine-needle aspiration without relevant delay, whereas other non-urgent diagnostic procedures and therapeutic interventions should be postponed. DISCUSSION Currently, we know that SARS-CoV-2 could lead to short-term and reversible thyroid dysfunction, but thyroid diseases seem not to affect the progression of COVID-19. Adequate management of patients with thyroid diseases remains essential during the pandemic, but it could be compromised because of healthcare service restrictions. Endocrine care centers should continuously recognize and classify priority cases for in-person visits and therapeutic procedures. Telemedicine may be a useful tool for managing patients not requiring in-person visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lisco
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Apulia, Italy.
| | - A De Tullio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Apulia, Italy
| | - E Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Apulia, Italy
| | - V A Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Apulia, Italy
| | - G De Pergola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Apulia, Italy
| | - E Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Apulia, Italy
| | - V Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Apulia, Italy.
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Castellani S, Trapani A, Spagnoletta A, di Toma L, Magrone T, Di Gioia S, Mandracchia D, Trapani G, Jirillo E, Conese M. Nanoparticle delivery of grape seed-derived proanthocyanidins to airway epithelial cells dampens oxidative stress and inflammation. J Transl Med 2018; 16:140. [PMID: 29792199 PMCID: PMC5966913 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic respiratory diseases, whose one of the hallmarks is oxidative stress, are still incurable and need novel therapeutic tools and pharmaceutical agents. The phenolic compounds contained in grape are endowed with well-recognized anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-aging activities. Considering that natural anti-oxidants, such as proanthocyanidins, have poor water solubility and oral bioavailability, we have developed a drug delivery system based on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), apt to encapsulate grape seed extract (GSE), containing proanthocyanidins. Methods Plain, 6-coumarin (6-Coum), DiR- and GSE-loaded SLN were produced with the melt-emulsion method. Physicochemical characterization of all prepared SLN was determined by photon correlation spectroscopy and laser Doppler anemometry. MTT assay (spectrophotometry) and propidium iodide (PI) assay (cytofluorimetry) were used to assess cell viability. Flow cytometry coupled with cell imaging was performed for assessing apoptosis and necrosis by Annexin V/7-AAD staining (plain SLE), cell internalization (6-Coum-SLN) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (SLN-GSE). NF-κB nuclear translocation was studied by immunofluorescence. In vivo bio-imaging was used to assess lung deposition and persistence of aerosolized DiR-loaded SLN. Results Plain SLN were not cytotoxic when incubated with H441 airway epithelial cells, as judged by both PI and MTT assays as well as by apoptosis/necrosis evaluation. 6-Coum-loaded SLN were taken up by H441 cells in a dose-dependent fashion and persisted into cells at detectable levels up to 16 days. SLN were detected in mice lungs up to 6 days. SLN-GSE possessed 243 nm as mean diameter, were negatively charged, and stable in size at 37 °C in Simulated Lung Fluid up to 48 h and at 4 °C in double distilled water up to 2 months. The content of SLN in proanthocyanidins remained unvaried up to 2 months. GSE-loaded SLN determined a significant reduction in ROS production when added 24–72 h before the stimulation with hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, while at 24 h free GSE determined a higher decrease of ROS production than SLN-GSE, the contrary was seen at 48 and 72 h. Similar results were observed for NF-κB nuclear translocation. Conclusions SLN are a biocompatible drug delivery system for natural anti-oxidants obtained from grape seed in a model of oxidative stress in airway epithelial cells. They feature stability and long-term persistence inside cells where they release proanthocyanidins. These results could pave the way to novel anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory therapies for chronic respiratory diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1509-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Castellani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - A Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - A Spagnoletta
- Laboratory "BioProducts and BioProcesses", ENEA Research Centre Trisaia, Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | - L di Toma
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - T Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - S Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - D Mandracchia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - G Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - E Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - M Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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Jirillo A, Disperati A, Balli M, Bonciarelli G, Demicheli R, Antonaci S, Jirillo E. Pilot Study of Intravenous Administration of the Acid-Treated Salmonella Minnesota R595 (Re) in Cancer Patients. Tumori 2018; 73:481-6. [PMID: 2961115 DOI: 10.1177/030089168707300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The clinical toxicity of acetic acid-treated « Salmonella minnesota » R595 (Re) organisms was evaluated in 24 cancer patients. Bacteria were injected i.v. four times at increasing doses for a total of 6.5 μg. This therapeutic regimen was free of major side effects (one patient had fever higher than 38 °C and 10 patients complained of pruritus). Furthermore, this bacterial preparation which possesses a more exposed lipid A on its surface, exhibited immunomodulating capacities in that it normalized the inverted T helper/T suppressor ratio and enhanced natural killer activity in tumor patients. The mechanisms of the lower toxicity and immunomodulating activities of these bacteria compared to other lipid A preparations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jirillo
- Divisione di Radioterapia e Oncologia, US.S.L. n. 28, Legnago (Verona), Italia
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Galanos C, Gumenscheimer M, Mühlradt P, Jirillo E, Freudenberg M. MALP-2, a Mycoplasma lipopeptide with classical endotoxic properties: end of an era of LPS monopoly? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519000060061001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although some activities of LPS are shared by other bacterial components, for half a century LPS has been regarded as unique in displaying many pathophysiological activities. Here we report on a synthetic lipopeptide, MALP-2 from Mycoplasma fermentans , which expresses potent endotoxin-like activity and whose lethal toxicity is comparable to that of LPS. With the exception of the Limulus lysate gelation test, in which MALP-2 was approximately 1000-fold less active than LPS, the synthetic lipopeptide induced all activities tested for, and in most cases to an extent comparable to that of LPS. Unlike LPS, the biological activities of MALP-2 were expressed both in LPSresponder and in LPS-non-responder mice (BALB/c/l, C57BL10/ScCr), indicating that MALP-2 signaling, unlike that of LPS, is not transduced via the Toll-like receptor (Tlr) 4 protein. MALP-2 expressed no toxicity in normal or sensitized Tlr2 knockout (Tlr2— /—) mice indicating that its toxic activity is induced via Tlr2 signaling. The phenomenology of the lethal shock induced by MALP-2 in normal or sensitized mice, i.e. the kinetics of its development and symptoms of illness exhibited by the treated animals, was very reminiscent of the lethal shock induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Galanos
- Max-Planck Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - P.F. Mühlradt
- Immunobiology Research Group, GBF, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - E. Jirillo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicina, Policlinico University, Bari, Italy
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Jirillo E, Caccavo D, Magrone T, Piccigallo E, Amati L, Lembo A, Kalis C, Gumenscheimer M. Review: The role of the liver in the response to LPS: experimental and clinical findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519020080050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays an important physiological role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detoxification and, in particular, hepatocytes are involved in the clearance of endotoxin of intestinal derivation. In experimental shock models, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induces hepatocyte apoptosis and lethal effects are due to secreted TNF-α and not to cell-associated TNF-α. An exaggerated production of TNF-α has been reported in murine viral infections, in which mice become sensitized to low amounts of LPS and both interferon (IFN)-γ and IFN-α/β are involved in the macrophage-induced release of TNF-α. The prominent role of LPS and TNF-α in liver injury is also supported by studies of ethanol-induced hepatic damage. In humans, evidence of LPS-induced hepatic injury has been reported in cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis and a decreased phagocytic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system has been found in these diseases. The origin of endotoxemia in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients seems to be multifactorial and LPS may be of exogenous or endogenous derivation. In endotoxemic HCV-positive patients responsive to a combined treatment with IFN-α/ribavirin (RIB), endotoxemia was no longer detected at the end of the therapeutic regimen. By contrast, 48% of the non-responders to this treatment were still endotoxemic and their monocytes displayed higher intracellular TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-1β levels than responders. Moreover, in responders, an equilibrium between IFN-γ and IL-10 serum levels was attained. In the non-responders, serum levels of IL-10 did not increase following treatment. This may imply that an imbalance between T helper (Th)1 and Th2 derived cytokines could be envisaged in the non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Jirillo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, , IRCCS 'Saverio de Bellis', Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - D. Caccavo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - T. Magrone
- IRCCS 'Saverio de Bellis', Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - E. Piccigallo
- IRCCS 'Saverio de Bellis', Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - L. Amati
- IRCCS 'Saverio de Bellis', Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - A. Lembo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, Max Planck Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C. Kalis
- Max Planck Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
Most studies have reported reduced carnitine levels in the tissues of patients with sepsis, probably due to increased urinary excretion. Because of the increased utilization of fatty acids and ketone bodies as sources of energy in sepsis, the carnitine deficiency can further impair the fuel metabolism and contribute to the unregulated lipid metabolism in these patients. Recently, experimental and clinical studies have shown that carnitine and its congeners are able to: (a) downmodulate the spontaneous and endotoxin (LPS)-triggered overproduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha; (b) ameliorate the lipid metabolism; and (c) reduce the severity of illness, accelerate recovery, and, in some cases, improve survival in experimental septic shock. Many questions concerning the ultimate molecular mechanism of action of these compounds in endotoxaemia are still unanswered. Yet, these compounds may be helpful in patients with sepsis, when associated with conventional therapy, in that they can effectively reduce TNF-alpha levels and ameliorate the host's metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Famularo
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Experimental Medicine, L'Aquila, Ospedale S., Camillo, Rome, Sigma Tau, Department of Research and Development, Pomezia and Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - C. De Simone
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Experimental Medicine, L'Aquila, Ospedale S., Camillo, Rome, Sigma Tau, Department of Research and Development, Pomezia and Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - E. Arrigoni Martelli
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Experimental Medicine, L'Aquila, Ospedale S., Camillo, Rome, Sigma Tau, Department of Research and Development, Pomezia and Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - E. Jirillo
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Experimental Medicine, L'Aquila, Ospedale S., Camillo, Rome, Sigma Tau, Department of Research and Development, Pomezia and Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
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Serio M, Potenza M, Montagnani M, Mansi G, Rinaldi R, Pece S, Fumarola D, Jirillo E, Mitolo-Chieppa D. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced hyporeactivity in perfused rat resistance vessels: modulating effects of dexamethasone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199600300607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out on mesenteric vascular bed from LPS-injected rats in order to investigate possible mechanisms underlying hyporesponsiveness in resistance blood vessels in the course of septic shock syndrome. The involvement of L-arginine (L-Arg)/nitric oxide (NO) pathway was evaluated by administration of L-Arg, which produced a decrease in perfusion pressure in LPS-treated rats, whereas it was ineffective in control rats. Of note, dexamethasone (DEX) pretreatment in endotoxaemic rats significantly reduced the vasorelaxation by L-Arg; however, this non selective inhibitor of inducible-NOS expression was not able to prevent noradrenaline (NA) hyporeactivity. Furthermore, in order to evaluate whether hyporesponsiveness could be due to an altered contraction mechanism, the effect of endothelin (ET)-1 was tested. This peptide was able to markedly enhance the contractile response to noradrenaline in LPS-treated rats. Collectively, our findings suggest that vascular hyporesponsiveness during septic shock can only be partially explained by activation of the L-Arg/NO pathway. Other mechanisms, probably related to smooth muscle cell contractility, may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Serio
- Institute of Medical Pharmacology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - M.A. Potenza
- Institute of Medical Pharmacology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - M. Montagnani
- Institute of Medical Pharmacology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - G. Mansi
- Institute of Medical Pharmacology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rinaldi
- Institute of Medical Pharmacology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - S. Pece
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - D. Fumarola
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - E. Jirillo
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Jirillo E, Pece S, Pellegrino N, Di Leo A, Russo F, Linsalata M, Messa C, Amati L, Caradonna L, Moran A, Caccavo D. The role of Helicobacter pylori LPS in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-related gastropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519990050041101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori strains and/or their lipopolysaccharides (LPS) represent the trigger of different regional and systemic immune responses in the course of H. pylori-related gastropathy as indicated by the following: (i) in patients with chronic gastritis (CG) or duodenal ulcer (DU), eradication of H. pylori leads to a dramatic decrease of gastric mucosal content of various cytokines such as interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β1; (ii) gastric epithelial cells are activated by H. pylori organisms through tyrosine phosphorylation signaling events but H. pylori LPSs do not affect this signal transduction pathway; and (iii) in sera from patients with CG and DU, besides antibodies to S-form LPS, humoral IgG and IgA response against R-form LPS has been also detected. On the other hand, antibodies against synthetic polymeric Lewisx were found in a few patients with CG and in no patients with DU.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Jirillo
- Department of Immunology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy,
| | - S. Pece
- Department of Immunology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - A. Di Leo
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - F. Russo
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - M. Linsalata
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - C. Messa
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - L. Amati
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - L. Caradonna
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - A.P. Moran
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - D. Caccavo
- Department of Immunology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Pece S, Fumarola D, Giuliani G, Jirillo E, Moran A. Activity in the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay and induction of tumor necrosis factor-α by diverse Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide preparations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199600200609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Different chemically characterized H. pylori LPS preparations, such as smooth (S)- and rough (R)-form LPS, a completely dephosphorylated R-LPS, and three lipid A chemotypes, from the S- and R- form LPS (S- and R-lipid A) as well as a dephosphorylated derivative of S-lipid A, respectively, were evaluated for expression of potency in a quantitative chromogenic Limulus amebocyte (CLAL) lysate assay and for release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from activated human mononuclear cells. As far as the CLAL activity is concerned, no statistically significant differences could be observed between S- and R-LPS. Dephosphorylation of both R-LPS and S-lipid A caused a significant decrease of CLAL activity. In general terms, all the lipid A chemotypes were significantly less effective than the native LPS molecule and, in particular, R-lipid A expressed the lowest Limulus activity of all preparations. With regard to TNF-α release, R-LPS was the most potent inducer of this cytokine, even though its dephosphorylation reduced activity. In conclusion, the results show that phosphate groups influence both CLAL activity and, to a lesser extent, TNF-α release, and that the core oligosaccharide synergically cooperates with lipid A for the production of this cytokine, being, however, not essential for the expression of CLAL activity. Furthermore, preliminary structural data show that H. pylori D-glucosamine disaccharide backbone, besides being underphosphorylated at position 4', is also characterized by a reduced number of acyloxyacyl residues in comparison with enterobacterial lipid A. These findings, besides providing useful information on the structure-bioactivity relationships within H. pylori LPS, further support the evidence that this non-invasive, slow bacterium possesses the ability to modulate the local cellular immune response via LPS and related inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pece
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, Department of Microbiology, University College, Galway, Ireland
| | - D. Fumarola
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, Department of Microbiology, University College, Galway, Ireland
| | - G. Giuliani
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, Department of Microbiology, University College, Galway, Ireland
| | - E. Jirillo
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, Department of Microbiology, University College, Galway, Ireland
| | - A.P. Moran
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, Department of Microbiology, University College, Galway, Ireland
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Caradonna L, Amati L, Magrone T, Pellegrino N, Jirillo E, Caccavo D. Invited review: Enteric bacteria, lipopolysaccharides and related cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease: biological and clinical significance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519000060030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) [inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)] are both characterized by an exaggerated immune response at the gut associated lymphoreticular tissue level. Such an abnormal and dysregulated immune response may be directed against luminal and/or enteric bacterial antigens, as also supported by murine models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) caused by organisms such as Citrobacter rodentium and Helicobacter hepaticus. Bacterial endotoxins or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been detected in the plasma of IBD patients and an abnormal microflora and/or an increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa have been invoked as cofactors responsible for endotoxemia. At the same time, the evidence that phagocytosis and killing exerted by polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes and the T-cell dependent antibacterial activity are decreased in IBD patients may also explain the origin of LPS in these diseases. In IBD, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been detected in elevated amounts in mucosal tissue and/or in peripheral blood, thus suggesting a monocyte/macrophage stimulation by enteric bacteria and/or their constituents ( e.g. LPS). On these grounds, in experimental models and in human IBD, anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies and interleukin receptor antagonists are under investigation for their capacity to neutralize the noxious effects of immune mediators. Finally, the administration of lactobacilli is beneficial in human IBD and, in murine colitis, this treatment leads to a normalization of intestinal flora, reducing the number of colonic mucosal adherent and translocated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Caradonna
- Scientific Institute for Gastrointestinal Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - L. Amati
- Scientific Institute for Gastrointestinal Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - T. Magrone
- Scientific Institute for Gastrointestinal Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - N.M. Pellegrino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - E. Jirillo
- Scientific Institute for Gastrointestinal Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy, Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy,
| | - D. Caccavo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Pece S, Messa C, Caccavo D, Giuliani G, Greco B, Fumarola D, Berloco P, Di Leo A, Jirillo E, Moran A. Serum antibody response against Helicobacter pylori NCTC 11637 smooth- and rough-lipopolysaccharide phenotypes in patients with H. pylori-related gastropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199700400601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The antigenicity of the Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule during the course of natural H. pylori infection in humans was investigated. The IgG and IgA responses against smooth (S)- and rough (R)-form LPS were evaluated in H. pylori positive patients with chronic gastritis (CG, n = 30) and duodenal ulcer disease (DU, n = 16), and in 15 H. pylori-negative dyspeptic subjects. The results demonstrated that anti H. pylori LPS IgG and IgA antibody levels were significantly enhanced in both groups of H. pylori-positive patients compared with H. pylori-negative subjects, thus confirming that H. pylori LPS is part of the immunogenic antigen profile of the bacterium. In addition, a marked response against R-LPS, which significantly correlated with that observed against S-LPS, was found for both IgG and IgA, thus indicating that core oligosaccharide plays a powerful immunogenic role. Since the O-side chain of LPS from H. pylori NCTC 11637 contains epitopes which mimic Lewis x (Lex) antigens, the presence of antibodies to monomeric, trimeric, and polymeric Lex was also investigated. Antibodies against polymeric Lex were detected in two patients suffering from chronic atrophic gastritis and active chronic gastritis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pece
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - C. Messa
- IRCCS 'Saverio de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - D. Caccavo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - G. Giuliani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - B. Greco
- IRCCS 'Saverio de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - D. Fumarola
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - P. Berloco
- IRCCS 'Saverio de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - A. Di Leo
- IRCCS 'Saverio de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - E. Jirillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy,
| | - A.P. Moran
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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12
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Passantino L, Santamaria N, Zupa R, Pousis C, Garofalo R, Cianciotta A, Jirillo E, Acone F, Corriero A. Liver melanomacrophage centres as indicators of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus L. well-being. J Fish Dis 2014; 37:241-250. [PMID: 23634773 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Melanomacrophage centres (MMCs), located in different organs of non-mammalian vertebrates, play a role in the destruction, detoxification or recycling of endogenous and exogenous materials. Cytochrome P450 monoxygenase 1A (CYP1A) is involved in xenobiotics biotransformation, and its liver expression is considered as a biomarker for detecting exposure to environmental pollutants. Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT), Thunnus thynnus L., liver samples were collected from: wild animals caught in the eastern Atlantic; juveniles reared in the central Adriatic; juveniles reared in the northern Adriatic; adults reared in the western Mediterranean. The samples were processed for basic histology, histochemistry and for CYP1A immunodetection. An unexpected high density of MMCs, containing ferric iron and lipofuscin-ceroids, was detected in the juveniles sampled in the northern Adriatic Sea. These individuals showed also a strong anti-CYP1A immunopositivity in hepatocytes and in the epithelium of bile ducts. This study supports the utility of MMCs as biomarkers of fish 'health status' and gives concern for a potential contaminant accumulation in ABFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Passantino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplant, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
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13
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Wiik-Nielsen J, Løvoll M, Fritsvold C, Kristoffersen AB, Haugland Ø, Hordvik I, Aamelfot M, Jirillo E, Koppang EO, Grove S. Characterization of myocardial lesions associated with cardiomyopathy syndrome in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., using laser capture microdissection. J Fish Dis 2012; 35:907-916. [PMID: 22913811 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., is characterized by focal infiltration in the spongy myocardium and endocardium of the heart. The origin of the mononuclear infiltrate is unknown. Using experimentally infected fish, we investigated localization of the causative agent, piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV), within the heart and characterized the cell population associated with myocardial lesions. Cellular and transcriptional characteristics in the lesions were compared with adjacent non-infiltrated tissues using laser capture microdissection, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Our results reveal that PMCV is almost exclusively present in myocardial lesions. The inflammatory infiltrate comprises a variety of leucocyte populations, including T cells, B cells, MHC class II(+) and CD83(+) cells, most likely of the macrophage line. Correlation analyses demonstrated co-ordinated leucocyte activity at the site of the virus infection. Cellular proliferation and/or DNA repair was demonstrated within the myocardial lesions. Different cell populations, mainly myocytes, stained positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Densities of endothelial cells and fibroblasts were not significantly increased. The simultaneous presence of PMCV and various inflammatory cells in all myocardial lesions analysed may indicate that both viral lytic and immunopathological effects may contribute to the pathogenesis of CMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wiik-Nielsen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, Oslo, Norway.
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14
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Abstract
Over the last few years, an array of experimental and clinical data supports a role for free radicals in the pathogenesis of aging phenomenon. In this context, toxic oxygen metabolites released by activated polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) may in part contribute to the increased burden of oxidants with advancing age. As far as PMN respiratory burst is concerned, many reports point out an age-related impairment of formyl peptide (FMLP)-triggered oxidative response. Although an imbalance in cell calcium homeostasis has been suggested to account for such an effect, the observation of an unaffected phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced superoxide anion (O(2)()) generation implies that other mechanisms may be involved in such a deficit. In this regard, the reduction of membrane microviscosity and/or the cytoskeleton-mediated decrease of FMLP receptor expression may play a pivotal role. In addition, the latter mechanism may also explain the failure of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-priming to fully restore PMN oxidative response induced by FMLP. Finally, a beta(2) integrin-dependent defect in PMN adhesiveness has been observed as a function of age. However, in spite of this finding, the increase of O(2)() production by aged adherent cells mimicks that observed in young controls, this suggesting the possible occurrence of a prolonged O(2)() release as a consequence of the persistence of infectious agents. Taken together, these findings outline a selective dysfunction of oxidative metabolism in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tortorella
- Immunologia, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico, 1-70124 Bari, Italy
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15
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Magrone T, Marzulli G, Jirillo E. Immunopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases: current therapeutic models of neuroprotection with special reference to natural products. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:34-42. [PMID: 22211682 DOI: 10.2174/138161212798919057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD) are neurodegenerative processes whose frequency is dramatically increasing in the western world. Both diseases share a common pathogenic denominator characterized by an exaggerated activation of the systemic and cerebral immune system, respectively. For instance, lipopolysaccharides in PD and amyloid beta in AD trigger microglia and astrocytes to release reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines. Infiltrating peripheral T cells once activated in the central nervous system also contribute to the neurodegenerative process. Besides innovative biotherapy, nutraceuticals or functional foods are currently investigated for their neuroprotective activities. Especially, vitamin D and polyphenols, seem to be promising therapeutic tools for inhibiting ROS formation and arresting cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation in PD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy Policlinico, P.zza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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16
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Marzulli G, Magrone T, Kawaguchi K, Kumazawa Y, Jirillo E. Fermented Grape Marc (FGM): Immunomodulating Properties and its Potential Exploitation in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:43-50. [DOI: 10.2174/138161212798919011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Megna M, Pamico A, Cristella G, Saggini R, Jirillo E, Ranieri M. Effects of Herbal Supplements on the Immune System in Relation to Exercise. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:43S-49S. [DOI: 10.1177/03946320120250s107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Megna
- Neuroscience and Sense Organs Department Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Bari “Aldo Moro” University — Italy
| | - A. Pamico
- Neuroscience and Sense Organs Department Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Bari “Aldo Moro” University — Italy
| | - G. Cristella
- Osmairm Neuropsychomotor Rehabilitation Center Laterza (Ta) Italy
| | - R. Saggini
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation “G. D'annunzio” University -Chieti, Italy
| | - E. Jirillo
- Department of Clinica Medica, Immunologica e Malattie Infettive Bari “Aldo Moro” University - Italy
| | - M. Ranieri
- Neuroscience and Sense Organs Department Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Bari “Aldo Moro” University — Italy
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18
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Magrone T, Jirillo E. The Impact of Bacterial Lipolysaccharides on the Endothelial System: Pathological Consequences and Therapeutic Countermeasures. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2011; 11:310-25. [DOI: 10.2174/187153011797881210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Magrone T, Jirillo E. Potential Application of Dietary Polyphenols from Red Wine to Attaining Healthy Ageing. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11:1780-96. [DOI: 10.2174/156802611796235116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Candore G, Caruso C, Jirillo E, Magrone T, Vasto S. Low grade inflammation as a common pathogenetic denominator in age-related diseases: novel drug targets for anti-ageing strategies and successful ageing achievement. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16:584-96. [PMID: 20388068 DOI: 10.2174/138161210790883868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, people are living much longer than they used to do, however they are not free from ageing. Ageing, an inexorable intrinsic process that affects all cells, tissues, organs and individuals, is a post-maturational process that, due to a diminished homeostasis and increased organism frailty, causes a reduction of the response to environmental stimuli and, in general, is associated to an increased predisposition to illness and death. However, the high incidence of death due to infectious, cardiovascular and cancer diseases underlies a common feature in these pathologies that is represented by dysregulation of both instructive and innate immunity. Several studies show that a low-grade systemic inflammation characterizes ageing and that inflammatory markers are significant predictors of mortality in old humans. This pro-inflammatory status of the elderly underlies biological mechanisms responsible for physical function decline and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis are initiated or worsened by systemic inflammation. Understanding of the ageing process should have a prominent role in new strategies for extending the health old population. Accordingly, as extensively discussed in the review and in the accompanying related papers, investigating ageing pathophysiology, particularly disentangling age-related low grade inflammation, is likely to provide important clues about how to develop drugs that can slow or delay ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Candore
- Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Biomedical Methodologies, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
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21
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Amati L, Marzulli G, Martulli M, Tafaro A, Jirillo F, Pugliese V, Martemucci G, D'Alessandro AG, Jirillo E. Donkey and goat milk intake and modulation of the human aged immune response. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16:864-9. [PMID: 20388099 DOI: 10.2174/138161210790883651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a group of 14 healthy aged subjects, donkey and goat milk was administered respectively, for a period of one month. Cytokine profile [interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10, IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha] was assessed before and after milk intake by means of a cytometric bead array test. Data demonstrated that IL-12 was undetectable, while IL-10, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were released in very low amounts. Quite interestingly, IL-8 was increased by donkey milk administration, while same cytokine was dramatically decreased following goat milk intake. Same pattern of response was noted with IL-6 even if levels of these cytokine were lower than those detectable in the case of IL-8. Taken together, these findings indicate that administration of donkey milk in the aged host is able to upregulate the immune response, while goat milk seems to reduce the exaggerated acute phase response in elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amati
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
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22
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Amati L, Marzulli G, Martulli M, Chiloiro M, Jirillo E. Effects of a hypocaloric diet on obesity biomarkers: prevention of low-grade inflammation since childhood. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16:893-7. [PMID: 20388103 DOI: 10.2174/138161210790883525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI), serum cytokines and serum obesity markers were evaluated in 33 obese children before, during and after a hypocaloric diet. The cytometric bead array "human inflammatory kit" was used for the evaluation of serum interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. On the other hand, the following obesity biomarkers were evaluated by means of a flowcytomix-human obesity 9 plex kit: Soluble Isoform of CD40 Ligand; Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Leptin; Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1; Myeloperoxidase; Osteoprotegerin; Resistin and Soluble TNF-receptors. Actually, throughout the study modifications of BMI were negligible and, therefore, serum cytokines and obesity markers did not show any significant changes in comparison with baseline values. On the other hand, at the different time points considered the majority of obesity markers were higher than normal controls, thus indicating a low grade inflammation in childhood obesity. Therefore, attempts at reducing this inflammatory status in children which predisposes to the metabolic syndrome outcome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amati
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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23
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Jirillo F, Martemucci G, D'Alessandro AG, Panaro MA, Cianciulli A, Superbo M, Jirillo E, Magrone T. Ability of goat milk to modulate healthy human peripheral blood lymphomonocyte and polymorphonuclear cell function: in vitro effects and clinical implications. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16:870-6. [PMID: 20388100 DOI: 10.2174/138161210790883534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro effects of goat's milk from different sources (Jonica, Saanen, and Priska breeds plus a commercial preparation) on healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated in terms of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine release. According to the incubation time (24 h or 48 h) used all milks could induce release of NO from monocytes. In this context, however, in the presence of a commercial milk preparation inhibition of lypopolysaccharide (LPS)-induce NO generation was evident. Also polymorphonuclear cells stimulated with the various milks released detectable amounts of NO. In the case of Priska milk inhibition of LPS-mediated NO generation was observed. Despite a broad array of cytokines tested [Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha, Transforming Growth Factor-beta and Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor] only IL-10, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 were released by PBMCs upon stimulation with various milks. Taken together, these data indicate that goat's milk for its capacity to produce NO may exert a cardioprotective and anti-atherogenic effect in consumers. Moreover, induction of proinflammatory (TNF-alpha and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines suggests the ability of this milk to maintain immune homeostasis in the immunocompromised host (e.g., aged people).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jirillo
- Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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24
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Jirillo F, Jirillo E, Magrone T. Donkey's and goat's milk consumption and benefits to human health with special reference to the inflammatory status. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16:859-63. [PMID: 20388098 DOI: 10.2174/138161210790883688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The environmental impact as well as malnutrition are responsible for an increased incidence of inflammatory diseases with a consequential loss of immune homeostasis. Therefore, administration of nutraceuticals is aimed at reconstituting the immune balance in terms of the so-called immune nutrition. Among many known nutraceuticals, more recently, donkey's and goat's milks have been used as good alternatives to human and bovine milk in various clinical conditions such as allergy, atopy and inflammatory diseases. In fact, both milks possess immunomodulating capacities and release nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator endowed with anti-atherogenic properties. In this review, emphasis will be placed on the consumption of fermented milk and, in particular, on its ability to modulate the aged immune system, even including the intestinal mucosal immune response in elderly. Therefore, for their specific properties donkey's and goat's milk administration to aged people should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jirillo
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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25
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Amati L, Marzulli G, Martulli M, Pugliese V, Caruso C, Candore G, Vasto S, Jirillo E. Administration of a synbiotic to free-living elderly and evaluation of serum cytokines. A pilot study. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16:854-8. [PMID: 20388097 DOI: 10.2174/138161210790883633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ten free-living elderly were administered with a synbiotic [fermented milk containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus Gorbach and Goldin (LGG)] and oligofructose as a prebiotic for one month. Serum cytokines were evaluated before (T(0)) and after (T(1)) synbiotic administration. At T(0), values of Interleukin (IL)-12, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1beta and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha were lower than normal controls, with the exception of IL-8, thus confirming previous results on the impairment of both innate and adaptive responses in elderly. At T(1), the synbiotic was able to significantly increase, depressed values of IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 with a trend to a modest increase for the restant cytokines. In conclusion, the synbiotic used in this study seems to be very beneficial to elderly for its capacity to maintain the immune homeostasis, even if an increase in dosage and prolongation of administration time are required for a better modulation of the aged adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amati
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
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26
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Magrone T, Jirillo E. A Broad Variety of Antigens Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis: How to Neutralize Noxious Reactions in the Host. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2010; 10:149-60. [DOI: 10.2174/187153010791213083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Ranieri M, Megna M, Lancioni GE, Jirillo E, Amico AP, Nardulli M, Stasi M, Ianieri G, Saggini A, Megna G. Physical exercise and the immune system. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:29-32. [PMID: 19887040 DOI: 10.1177/03946320090220s306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Ranieri
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences Department, Aldo Moro University, Bari 70124, Italy.
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28
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Tortorella C, Loria MP, Piazzolla G, Schulze-Koops H, Lipsky PE, Jirillo E, Antonaci S. Age-related impairment of T cell proliferative responses related to the decline of CD28+ T cell subsets. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 26:55-70. [PMID: 18653126 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(97)00033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/1997] [Revised: 08/05/1997] [Accepted: 08/08/1997] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The impairment of phytohaemagglutinin-triggered lymphocyte proliferation represents a prominent immunologic abnormality in elderly individuals. To assess whether the reduced function is related to a CD28/B7 signalling deficiency, purified T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (APCs) were analyzed for their phenotypic profile and/or functional capacities. T cell responses to immobilized OKT3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or a combination of anti-CD2 mAb and phorbol esters were unaffected in old subjects when compared to the younger counterpart. In contrast, CD28 costimulation in the presence of OKT3 or anti-CD2 mAb, gave rise to significantly diminished T cell proliferative responses. These findings correlated with a marked decline of CD28(+) T cell frequency, which mainly involved the CD4(-)CD45RO(-) cell subset. The defect in CD28 expression could not be reversed by T cell stimulation, as a comparable increase in CD28 levels occurred in both 'aged' and 'young' T cells after in vitro activation. Moreover, the elderly group did not exhibit a reduction of interleukin (IL)-2 synthesis, as assessed at 24 h of culture, regardless of the stimulant used. Finally, B7.2 (CD86) expression by 'aged' CD14(+) APCs was unaffected in both resting and interferon-gamma activated cells. These results suggest that an intrinsic defect in CD28 expression might in part account for the age-related decline of T cell proliferative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tortorella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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29
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Chiloiro M, Riezzo G, Chiarappa S, Correale M, Guerra V, Amati L, Noviello MR, Jirillo E. Relationship among fatty liver, adipose tissue distribution and metabolic profile in moderately obese children: an ultrasonographic study. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 14:2693-8. [PMID: 18991688 DOI: 10.2174/138161208786264197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relationship between moderate obesity and glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and suspected fatty liver in children. We measured body mass index (BMI), z-score BMI, caliper skinfold thickness, waist and hip circumference in 94 participants (mean age 9.7 +/-2.2 years). Fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA score, lipid profile and transaminases (ALT, AST) were measured. Fatty liver and skinfold thickness were evaluated by means of ultrasound. The z-score BMI was 2.01 +/-0.39 (mean +/- SD), and the duration of obesity was 4.3+/-3.03 years. A positive correlation was found between caliper and US skinfold thickness for tricipital (r= 0.33; p= 0.003) and sovrailiac skinfold (r= 0.34; p=0.003). Fatty liver was diagnosed in 64% of children and it was positively related to anthropometric measurements. The three sub-groups--group 0 (normal US liver and normal transaminases); group 1 (US fatty liver and normal transaminases); group 2 (US fatty liver and elevated transaminases)--showed a difference concerning z-score BMI, insulin and HOMA parameters (Tukey test: z score BMI group 1 vs group 0 and 2 vs group 0; serum insulin: group 2 vs group 1 and group 2 vs group 0; HOMA IR: group 2 vs group 1 and group 2 vs group 0). Moderately obese children with steatosis exhibited a clear increase of insulin and insulin resistance which represents indices of a future metabolic syndrome. In addition, it is important to perform a liver ultrasound since transaminases seems to be not adequate for the diagnosis of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiloiro
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS S de Bellis, Via Turi, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy.
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30
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Passantino L, Massaro MA, Jirillo F, Di Modugno D, Ribaud MR, Modugno GD, Passantino GF, Jirillo E. Antigenically Activated Avian Erythrocytes Release Cytokine-Like Factors: A Conserved Phylogenetic Function Discovered in Fish. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 29:141-52. [PMID: 17464774 DOI: 10.1080/08923970701284664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fish erythrocytes are endowed with the ability to produce cytokine like factors when stimulated with Candida albicans (Ca). To evaluate whether similar activities are still conserved in bird erythrocytes (BE), a morphological, cytochemical and immunological evaluation was conducted on peripheral cells in chickens (Gallus gallus). BE form rosettes with monocytes (Mo)-macrophages (MØ), and Mo-MØ according to cytochemical analysis to maintain phagocytic functions across the evolution. Finally, Ca-activated BE release in the supernatants cytokine like-factors that enhance Mo-MØ phagocytosis (interferon-gamma-like activity) and inhibit Mo-MØ migration in agarose (migration inhibitory factor activity). In conclusion, bird erythrocytes, as nonimmune cells, are able to participate in the immune response contributing to the host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Passantino
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Amati L, Passeri ME, Selicato F, Mastronardi ML, Penna A, Jirillo E, Covelli V. New Insights into the Biological and Clinical Significance of Fecal Calprotectin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 28:665-81. [PMID: 17190742 DOI: 10.1080/08923970601067326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, calprotectin, a cytoplasmatic protein, released by activated neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and/or monocytes-macrophages (MØ), is considered a good indicator of inflammation in several diseases. Accordingly, fecal calprotectin represents a good predictor of clinical relapse in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, whereas conflicting results have been reported in Crohn's disease (CD) patients. In our study, in 76 IBD patients (29 CD and 47 UC) fecal calprotectin has been evaluated by a commercial ELISA kit. Results demonstrate that levels of this protein in the stool are significantly more elevated in active CD and UC patients than in normal volunteers. In quiescent CD and UC a trend to higher levels of calprotectin than in the normal counterpart is, however, evident. These data suggest that a low-grade inflammation of the intestinal wall is always present in CD and UC patients, which may predict a clinical relapse risk. In the same group of patients calprotectin levels also were analyzed according to sex and age. A trend to higher values of calprotectin was present in male patients with active or quiescent CD than in their female counterparts. Only in UC patients in remission a trend to calprotectin increase was more marked in the male group than in the female counterpart. When CD and UC patients were divided up according to age, calprotectin positivity peaked between 30-39 years in active CD patients, while in quiescent CD maximum positivity was between 40 and 49 years. However, in both active and quiescent UC patients, calprotectin positivity increased with age. The more precocious detectability of fecal calprotectin in CD patients, as a marker of intestinal mucosa inflammation, may be related to the different histopathology of the two diseases (CD versus UC). However, reduced PMN and/or MØ trafficking from peripheral blood to intestinal mucosa with age by effects of chronic treatment should not be ignored in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amati
- National Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy
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Passantino L, Cianciotta A, Jirillo F, Carrassi M, Jirillo E, Passantino GF. Lymphoreticular System in Fish: Erythrocyte-Mediated Immunomodulation of Macrophages Contributes to the Formation of Melanomacrophage Centers. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 27:147-61. [PMID: 15803867 DOI: 10.1081/iph-51766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In fish, melanomacrophage centers (MMC) represent the equivalent of germinal centers of birds and mammals. They consist of aggregates of macrophages filled with fragments of cells, mainly erythrocytes, and various pigments such as hemosiderin, lipofuscin, and melanin. The kidney, the spleen, and the liver contain many MMC either moving freely or encapsulated in the context of the lymphoreticular tissue. Here, we have demonstrated for the first time that MMC exist in the kidney, spleen, and liver of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson by using traditional stainings and cytoenzymatic methods: periodic acid-shiff, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and peroxidase. Finally, in the view of the already described peripheral interaction between fish erythrocytes (FE) and macrophages (MO), we postulate that these cellular aggregates (rosettes) travel to distant organs, thus contributing to the formation of MMC in the kidney, spleen, and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Passantino
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Perillo A, Passantino G, Passantino L, Cianciotta A, Mastrosimini AM, Lacovazzi P, Venezia P, Jirillo E, Troncone A. First Observation of an Hashimoto Thyroiditis-Like Disease in Horses from Eastern Europe: Histopathological and Immunological Findings. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 27:241-53. [PMID: 16114508 DOI: 10.1081/iph-200067743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Among 622 slaughtered horses from eastern Europe, 156 thyroid glands were selected on the basis of macroscopic alterations (e.g., determination of volume and weight). In the 80% of these thyroids, microscopic alterations consistent with a diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis-like disease were found. In particular, a subverted architecture of the thyroid gland with colloid rarefaction, lymphocytic infiltration, and fibrosis was noted. The confirmation of the histopathological diagnosis of an equine Hashimoto thyroiditis-like disease was provided by the increased serum concentration of thyroglobulin, of antithyroglobulin, and of antithyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. Despite evidence consistent with an Hashimoto thyroiditis-like disease in eastern European horses, the etiopathogenesis of this autoimmune disorder deserves further investigation. In this respect, in some horses histopathological alterations in the pituitary gland may suggest an as-yet-unidentified disorder within the hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perillo
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Passantino L, Cianciotta A, Patruno R, Ribaud MR, Jirillo E, Passantino GF. Do Fish Thrombocytes Play an Immunological Role? Their Cytoenzymatic Profiles and Function During an Accidental Piscine Candidiasis in Aquarium. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 27:345-56. [PMID: 16114515 DOI: 10.1081/iph-200067959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fish (F) thrombocytes (THRs) from healthy trouts were studied in terms of cytoenzyme expression. FTHRs were positive to acid periodic of shiff (PAS) and acid phosphatase (ac. phos.) without tartaric acid (-TA) stainings, as well to alkaline phosphatase. However, when compared with autologous macrophages (M psi's), they were negative to naphthol cloroacetate esterase (AS-D), alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (Anae), peroxidase (perox) and control ac. phos. with tartaric acid (+TA) stainings, thus indicating a lack of typical lysosomial enzymes. This evidence supports the notion that FTHRs are not true digesting cells. Quite interestingly, trouts and human M psi's were positive for PAS, AS-D, Anae, and perox stainings, thus confirming that cellular cytochemistries are maintained across evolution as their phagocytic functions. Additionally, blood films from trouts, accidentally infected with Candida albicans in aquarium, were morphologically analyzed. Actually, FTHRs interact with erythrocytes, potentiating the formation of rosettes around a central Mpsi. Polymorph nuclear cells and lymphocytes are present in these cellular aggregates, thus suggesting that FTHRs may represent a link between innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Passantino
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Jirillo F, Passantino G, Massaro MA, Cianciotta A, Crasto A, Perillo A, Passantino L, Jirillo E. In Vitro Elicitation of Intestinal Immune Responses in Teleost Fish: Evidence for a Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction in Rainbow Trout. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 29:69-80. [PMID: 17464768 DOI: 10.1080/08923970701282544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In fish the gut immune system has been the subject of few investigations until now. Here, we provide novel morphological and immunological data on the gut isolated from rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. The pyloric (P) and terminal (T) segments of trout gut, when morphologically examined, evidenced lymphocytes and macrophages (MØ) loosely dispersed in the intestinal mucosa and in the lamina propria in the absence of typical Peyer's patches-like structures. Furthermore, incubation of P and T sections with Candida albicans (Ca) and functional analysis of supernatants generated some interesting results. In fact, active supernatants, when compared with controls, exhibited cytokine-like activities attributable to the presence of interferon (IFN)-gamma and migration inhibiting factor (MIF), respectively. In particular, IFN-gamma-like activity gave rise to an enhancement of Ca phagocytosis by MØ, whereas MIF inhibited MØ migration in agarose. Taken together, these in vitro data suggest that the gut-associated lymphoreticular tissue in fish possesses the appropriate armamentarium to mount a type IV hypersensitivity response when challenged by microbial antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jirillo
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Magrone T, Candore G, Caruso C, Jirillo E, Covelli V. Polyphenols from Red Wine Modulate Immune Responsiveness: Biological and Clinical Significance. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14:2733-48. [DOI: 10.2174/138161208786264098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Magrone T, Panaro M, Jirillo E, Covelli V. Molecular Effects Elicited In Vitro by Red Wine on Human Healthy Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Potential Therapeutical Application of Polyphenols to Diet-Related Chronic Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14:2758-66. [DOI: 10.2174/138161208786264179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Magrone T, Tafaro A, Jirillo F, Amati L, Jirillo E, Covelli V. Elicitation of Immune Responsiveness Against Antigenic Challenge in Age- Related Diseases: Effects of Red Wine Polyphenols. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14:2749-57. [DOI: 10.2174/138161208786264043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tafaro A, Magrone T, Jirillo F, Martemucci G, D'Alessandro AG, Amati L, Jirillo E. Immunological properties of donkey's milk: its potential use in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 13:3711-7. [PMID: 18220810 DOI: 10.2174/138161207783018590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Donkey's milk is the best substitute of human milk for its content in lactose, proteins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids. Here, we have evaluated the effects of colostrum and milk from donkeys (Martina Franca breed) on the function of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at different intervals from lactation. Colostrum induced more IgA responses, while milk induced predominantly more IgG responses. Both milk and colostrum induced expression of CD25 and CD69 on PBMCs. The ability to induce release of interleukins (IL) (IL-12, IL-1 beta and IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was confined only to milk, while colostrum was devoid of this capacity. Finally, both colostrum and milk induced nitric oxide (NO) release from PBMCs but milk exhibited a greater capacity than colostrum in NO generation. Taken together, these immunological activities exerted by both colostrum and milk from donkeys may be useful in the treatment of human immune-related diseases. In particular, NO induction by donkey's milk may be very useful in the prevention of atherosclerosis, being a strong vasodilator and an effective antimicrobial agent since pathogens and/or their products may play a proatherogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tafaro
- Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Lenato G, Suppressa P, Giordano P, Guanti G, Guastamacchia E, Triggiani V, Amati L, Resta F, Covelli V, Jirillo E, Sabba C. Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia: A Rare Disease As A Model for the Study of Human Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2007; 13:3656-64. [DOI: 10.2174/138161207783018572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Koppang E, Fischer U, Satoh M, Jirillo E. Inflammation in Fish As Seen from A Morphological Point of View with Special Reference to the Vascular Compartment. Curr Pharm Des 2007; 13:3649-55. [DOI: 10.2174/138161207783018644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Magrone T, Tafaro A, Jirillo F, Panaro M, Cuzzuol P, Cuzzuol A, Pugliese V, Amati L, Jirillo E, Covelli V. Red Wine Consumption and Prevention of Atherosclerosis: An In Vitro Model Using Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2007; 13:3718-25. [DOI: 10.2174/138161207783018581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Amati L, Selicato F, Ranieri M, Megna M, Galantino M, Miniello S, Megna G, Jirillo E. Bridges between nervous and immune systems: their disconnection and clinical consequences. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2006; 28:633-50. [PMID: 17190740 DOI: 10.1080/08923970601067177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nervous and immune systems are connected by several mutual links, thus constituting a diffuse functional network in the body. In particular, neurohormones, neuropeptides, and cytokines represent the major mediators of the so-called psychoneuroendocrinoimmune axis. In this review, special emphasis is placed on certain pathologies characterized by a disconnection of the existing bridges between nervous and immune systems. For instance, spinal cord injury (SCI) is a clinical condition in which loss of neurons and very poor axon growth represent the main features. The role played by infiltrating and resident immunocompetent cells is still debated in SCI. However, to enhance axon growth in SCI, current therapeutic attempts are based on the stimulation of the immune response within the central nervous system, thus triggering either cell-mediated or humoral immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amati
- National Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy
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Jirillo E, Amati L, Suppressa P, Cirimele D, Guastamacchia E, Covelli V, Tafaro E, Sabbà C. Involvement of the Transforming Growth Factor β in the Pathogenesis of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12:1195-200. [PMID: 16611100 DOI: 10.2174/138161206776361228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is characterized by vessel alterations such as dilatation of postcapillary venules and arterio-venous communications, which account for the major clinical manifestations of the disease. Two types of HHT have been characterized HHT-1 and HHT-2, respectively, depending the former on endoglin mutations and the latter on activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK-1) mutations. Both endoglin and ALK-1 bind to the transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily which, physiologically, regulates the activities of endothelial cells and also those related to the extracellular matrix. In this review, the salient features of TGF-beta will be outlined with special reference to its activity on the immune system and on tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the involvement of TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of some gastrointestinal diseases will be discussed and, in particular, in the course of liver disease, Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease. In the light of these data and of animal model of HHT, the potential risk of developing other diseases in HHT patients will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jirillo
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy.
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Amati L, Passeri ME, Resta F, Triggiani V, Jirillo E, Sabbà C. Ablation of T-Helper 1 Cell Derived Cytokines and of Monocyte-Derived Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: Immunological Consequences and Clinical Considerations. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12:1201-8. [PMID: 16611101 DOI: 10.2174/138161206776361372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidences on the adaptive immune response in patients with hereditary hemorragic telagiectasia (HHT) are lacking. Here, we report in 9 patients with HHT a multiple deficit involving the intracellular expression of T helper (h)1-derived cytokines [Interferon (IFN)-gamma, Interleukin (IL)-2 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha] and of monocyte-derived TNF-alpha. On the other hand, percentages of Th2-derived cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) were normal or, in some cases, above normality. Quite interestingly, monocyte-derived IL-10 was detectable in 5 out of 9 patients in a percentage of cells comparable to controls or exceeding normal levels. Taken together, these data point out, in HHT, an ablation of Th1-responses, while Th2-type cytokines are preserved, thus exerting either a suppressive effect on Th1-cells (via IL-4 and IL-10) or an antiinflammatory response on monocyte-derived TNF-alpha (via IL-10). Furthermore, monocyte-derived IL-10 may also contribute to the antiinflammatory activity seen in HHT. According to current literature even if patients with HHT do not exhibit certain diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cancer and abnormal responses to pathogens, the observed immune deficits need to be diagnosed and therapeutically corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amati
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy.
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Amati L, Passeri ME, Lippolis A, Lio D, Caruso C, Jirillo E, Covelli V. Taking advantage of viral immune evasion: virus-derived proteins represent novel biopharmaceuticals. Curr Med Chem 2006; 13:325-33. [PMID: 16475940 DOI: 10.2174/092986706775476106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In healthy individuals, natural and adaptive immune responses are able to control virus entry into the host. In particular, CD8(+)-mediated cytotoxicity, sustained by the intervention of CD4+ cells, represents the major key event leading to virus eradication. On the other hand, viruses are able to evade from host immune response via several mechanisms, and special emphasis will be placed on hepatitis C virus and chronic Epstein-Barr infections also in view of personal data. Virokines, viroreceptors, and serpins greatly contribute to viral immune escape, and, among virokines, interleukin (IL)-10 has been object of intensive studies. Finally, all these products have been used as biopharmaceuticals, and, for instance, viral IL-10, chemokine-binding proteins, and serpins exhibit in animal models immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic activities. As far as their use in human trials is concernded, many cautions are required in order to avoid deleterious side effects and, in particular, the purity of the product, its route and frequency of administration, as well as the immune status of the patient should be taken into serious account.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amati
- National Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte-Bari, Italy
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Ribaud MR, Passantino L, Perillo A, Jirillo F, Carrassi M, Jirillo E, Passantino GF. A Comparison Between Thrombocytes and Monocyte-Macrophages in Salmo gairdneri Richardson: A Cytoenzymatic Evaluation. Anat Histol Embryol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_96.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Jirillo E, Passantino L, Ribaud MR, Passantino GF. Fish immunology. Fish Erythrocytes Release Cytokine-like Factors that Modulate Autologous Macrophage Function. Anat Histol Embryol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_51.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Passantino L, Ribaud MR, Cianciotta A, Altamura M, Massaro MA, Passantino G, Jirillo E. The Origin of Melanomacrophages Centers in Salmo Gairdneri Richardson. Anat Histol Embryol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_87.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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