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Samarelli F, Purgatorio R, Lopopolo G, Deruvo C, Catto M, Andresini M, Carrieri A, Nicolotti O, De Palma A, Miniero DV, de Candia M, Altomare CD. Novel 6-alkyl-bridged 4-arylalkylpiperazin-1-yl derivatives of azepino[4,3-b]indol-1(2H)-one as potent BChE-selective inhibitors showing protective effects against neurodegenerative insults. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116353. [PMID: 38579622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Due to the putative role of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in regulation of acetylcholine levels and functions in the late stages of the Alzheimer's disease (AD), the potential of selective inhibitors (BChEIs) has been envisaged as an alternative to administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs). Starting from our recent findings, herein the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition of a novel series of some twenty 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroazepino[4,3-b]indol-1(2H)-one derivatives, bearing at the indole nitrogen diverse alkyl-bridged 4-arylalkylpiperazin-1-yl chains, are reported. The length of the spacers, as well as the type of arylalkyl group affected the enzyme inhibition potency and BChE/AChE selectivity. Two compounds, namely 14c (IC50 = 163 nM) and 14d (IC50 = 65 nM), bearing at the nitrogen atom in position 6 a n-pentyl- or n-heptyl-bridged 4-phenethylpiperazin-1-yl chains, respectively, proved to be highly potent mixed-type inhibitors of both equine and human BChE isoforms, showing more than two order magnitude of selectivity over AChE. The study of binding kinetics through surface plasmon resonance (SPR) highlighted differences in their BChE residence times (8 and 47 s for 14c and 14d, respectively). Moreover, 14c and 14d proved to hit other mechanisms known to trigger neurodegeneration underlying AD and other CNS disorders. Unlike 14c, compound 14d proved also capable of inhibiting by more than 60% the in vitro self-induced aggregation of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide at 100 μM concentration. On the other hand, 14c was slightly better than 14d in counteracting, at 1 and 10 μM concentration, glutamate excitotoxicity, due to over-excitation of NMDA receptors, and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress assessed in neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. This paper is dedicated to Prof. Marcello Ferappi, former dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Bari, in the occasion of his 90th birthday.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Samarelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Purgatorio
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Lopopolo
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Deruvo
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Michael Andresini
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Carrieri
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Valeria Miniero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Modesto de Candia
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Cosimo D Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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Milani G, Budriesi R, Tavazzani E, Cavalluzzi MM, Mattioli LB, Miniero DV, Delre P, Belviso BD, Denegri M, Cuocci C, Rotondo NP, De Palma A, Gualdani R, Caliandro R, Mangiatordi GF, Kumawat A, Camilloni C, Priori S, Lentini G. hERG stereoselective modulation by mexiletine-derived ureas: Molecular docking study, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300116. [PMID: 37460390 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a disorder of cardiac electrophysiology resulting in life-threatening arrhythmias; nowadays, only a few drugs are available for the management of LQTS. Focusing our attention on LQT2, one of the most common subtypes of LQTS caused by mutations in the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG), in the present work, the stereoselectivity of the recently discovered mexiletine-derived urea 8 was investigated on the hERG potassium channel. According to preliminary in silico predictions, in vitro studies revealed a stereoselective behavior, with the meso form showing the greatest hERG opening activity. In addition, functional studies on guinea pig isolated left atria, aorta, and ileum demonstrated that 8 does not present any cardiac or intestinal liability in our ex vivo studies. Due to its overall profile, (R,S)-8 paves the way for the design and development of a new series of compounds potentially useful in the treatment of both congenital and drug-induced forms of LQTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gualtiero Milani
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Beatrice Mattioli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Valeria Miniero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Environment, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Delre
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- CNR-Institute of Crystallography, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Natalie Paola Rotondo
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Environment, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Gualdani
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Amit Kumawat
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Camilloni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Priori
- ICS-Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Miniero DV, Gambacorta N, Spagnoletta A, Tragni V, Loizzo S, Nicolotti O, Pierri CL, De Palma A. New Insights Regarding Hemin Inhibition of the Purified Rat Brain 2-Oxoglutarate Carrier and Relationships with Mitochondrial Dysfunction. J Clin Med 2022; 11:7519. [PMID: 36556135 PMCID: PMC9785169 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A kinetic analysis of the transport assays on the purified rat brain 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier (OGC) was performed starting from our recent results reporting about a competitive inhibitory behavior of hemin, a physiological porphyrin derivative, on the OGC reconstituted in an active form into proteoliposomes. The newly provided transport data and the elaboration of the kinetic equations show evidence that hemin exerts a mechanism of partially competitive inhibition, coupled with the formation of a ternary complex hemin-carrier substrate, when hemin targets the OGC from the matrix face. A possible interpretation of the provided kinetic analysis, which is supported by computational studies, could indicate the existence of a binding region responsible for the inhibition of the OGC and supposedly involved in the regulation of OGC activity. The proposed regulatory binding site is located on OGC mitochondrial matrix loops, where hemin could establish specific interactions with residues involved in the substrate recognition and/or conformational changes responsible for the translocation of mitochondrial carrier substrates. The regulatory binding site would be placed about 6 Å below the substrate binding site of the OGC, facing the mitochondrial matrix, and would allow the simultaneous binding of hemin and 2-oxoglutarate or malate to different regions of the carrier. Overall, the presented experimental and computational analyses help to shed light on the possible existence of the hemin-carrier substrate ternary complex, confirming the ability of the OGC to bind porphyrin derivatives, and in particular hemin, with possible consequences for the mitochondrial redox state mediated by the malate/aspartate shuttle led by the mitochondrial carriers OGC and AGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valeria Miniero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Gambacorta
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, Km 419,500, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tragni
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Loizzo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Cavalluzzi MM, Lamonaca A, Rotondo NP, Miniero DV, Muraglia M, Gabriele P, Corbo F, De Palma A, Budriesi R, De Angelis E, Monaci L, Lentini G. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Lentil Wastes: Antioxidant Activity Evaluation and Metabolomic Characterization. Molecules 2022; 27:7471. [PMID: 36364300 PMCID: PMC9655545 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recovery of industrial by-products is part of the zero-waste circular economy. Lentil seed coats are generally considered to be a waste by-product. However, this low-value by-product is rich in bioactive compounds and may be considered an eco-friendly source of health-promoting phytochemicals. For the first time, a sustainable microwave-assisted extraction technique was applied, and a solvent screening was carried out to enhance the bioactive compound content and the antioxidant activity of green and red lentil hull extracts. With respect to green lentil hull extracts that were obtained with different solvents, the aqueous extract of the red lentil seed coats showed the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content (TPC = 28.3 ± 0.1 mg GAE/g dry weight, TFC = 1.89 ± 0.01 mg CE/100 mg dry weight, respectively), as well as the highest antioxidant activity, both in terms of the free radical scavenging activity (ABTS, 39.06 ± 0.73 mg TE/g dry weight; DPPH, IC50 = 0.39 μg/mL) and the protection of the neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y, IC50 = 10.1 ± 0.6 μg/mL), the latter of which has never been investigated so far. Furthermore, a metabolite discovery analysis was for the first time performed on the aqueous extracts of both cultivars using an HPLC separation which was coupled with an Orbitrap-based high-Resolution Mass Spectrometry technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonella Lamonaca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University Aldo Moro-Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Natalie Paola Rotondo
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University Aldo Moro-Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Valeria Miniero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University Aldo Moro-Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marilena Muraglia
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University Aldo Moro-Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Gabriele
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University Aldo Moro-Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University Aldo Moro-Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University Aldo Moro-Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta De Angelis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Linda Monaci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University Aldo Moro-Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Petrillo G, Tavani C, Bianchi L, Benzi A, Cavalluzzi MM, Salvagno L, Quintieri L, De Palma A, Caputo L, Rosato A, Lentini G. Densely Functionalized 2-Methylideneazetidines: Evaluation as Antibacterials. Molecules 2021; 26:3891. [PMID: 34202191 PMCID: PMC8271477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-two novel, variously substituted nitroazetidines were designed as both sulfonamide and urethane vinylogs possibly endowed with antimicrobial activity. The compounds under study were obtained following a general procedure recently developed, starting from 4-nitropentadienoates deriving from a common β-nitrothiophenic precursor. While being devoid of any activity against fungi and Gram-negative bacteria, most of the title compounds performed as potent antibacterial agents on Gram-positive bacteria (E. faecalis and three strains of S. aureus), with the most potent congener being the 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-nitro-4-(p-tolyl)azetidine 22, which displayed potency close to that of norfloxacin, the reference antibiotic (minimum inhibitory concentration values 4 and 1-2 μg/mL, respectively). Since 22 combines a relatively efficient activity against Gram-positive bacteria and a cytotoxicity on eucharyotic cells only at 4-times higher concentrations (inhibiting concentration on 50% of the cultured eukaryotic cells: 36 ± 10 μM, MIC: 8.6 μM), it may be considered as a promising hit compound for the development of a new series of antibacterials selectively active on Gram-positive pathogens. The relatively concise synthetic route described herein, based on widely available starting materials, could feed further structure-activity relationship studies, thus allowing for the fine investigation and optimization of the toxico-pharmacological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Petrillo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, I-16146 Genoa, Italy; (C.T.); (L.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Cinzia Tavani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, I-16146 Genoa, Italy; (C.T.); (L.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Lara Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, I-16146 Genoa, Italy; (C.T.); (L.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Alice Benzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, I-16146 Genoa, Italy; (C.T.); (L.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Maria Maddalena Cavalluzzi
- Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.C.); (L.S.); (A.R.); (G.L.)
| | - Lara Salvagno
- Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.C.); (L.S.); (A.R.); (G.L.)
| | - Laura Quintieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA) National Council of Research, Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.Q.); (L.C.)
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Leonardo Caputo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA) National Council of Research, Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.Q.); (L.C.)
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.C.); (L.S.); (A.R.); (G.L.)
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.C.); (L.S.); (A.R.); (G.L.)
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Carocci A, Roselli M, Budriesi R, Micucci M, Desaphy JF, Altamura C, Cavalluzzi MM, Toma M, Passeri GI, Milani G, Lovece A, Catalano A, Bruno C, De Palma A, Corbo F, Franchini C, Habtemariam S, Lentini G. Synthesis and Evaluation of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blocking Pyrroline Derivatives Endowed with Both Antiarrhythmic and Antioxidant Activities. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:578-588. [PMID: 33015979 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Under the hypothesis that cardioprotective agents might benefit from synergism between antiarrhythmic activity and antioxidant properties, a small series of mexiletine analogues were coupled with the 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline moiety, known for its antioxidant effect, in order to obtain dual-acting drugs potentially useful in the protection of the heart against post-ischemic reperfusion injury. The pyrroline derivatives reported herein were found to be more potent as antiarrhythmic agents than mexiletine and displayed antioxidant activity. The most interesting tetramethylpyrroline congener, a tert-butyl-substituted analogue, was at least 100 times more active as an antiarrhythmic than mexiletine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Carocci
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Roselli
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Matteo Micucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Jean-François Desaphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, piazza Giulio Cesare, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Altamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, piazza Giulio Cesare, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Cavalluzzi
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Maddalena Toma
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ilaria Passeri
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Milani
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Lovece
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Franchini
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis services UK, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
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7
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Purgatorio R, Kulikova LN, Pisani L, Catto M, Candia M, Carrieri A, Cellamare S, De Palma A, Beloglazkin AA, Reza Raesi G, Voskressensky LG, Altomare CD. Scouting around 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydrochromeno[3,2‐
c
]pyridin‐10‐ones for Single‐ and Multitarget Ligands Directed towards Relevant Alzheimer's Targets. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1947-1955. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Purgatorio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Larisa N. Kulikova
- Organic Chemistry Department Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St. Moscow 117198 Russia
| | - Leonardo Pisani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Modesto Candia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Antonio Carrieri
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Saverio Cellamare
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Andrey A. Beloglazkin
- Organic Chemistry Department Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St. Moscow 117198 Russia
| | - Ghulam Reza Raesi
- Organic Chemistry Department Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St. Moscow 117198 Russia
| | - Leonid G. Voskressensky
- Organic Chemistry Department Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St. Moscow 117198 Russia
| | - Cosimo D. Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
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8
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Catto M, Pisani L, de la Mora E, Belviso BD, Mangiatordi GF, Pinto A, Palma AD, Denora N, Caliandro R, Colletier JP, Silman I, Nicolotti O, Altomare CD. Chiral Separation, X-ray Structure, and Biological Evaluation of a Potent and Reversible Dual Binding Site AChE Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:869-876. [PMID: 32435398 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors (AChEIs) still remain the leading therapeutic options for the symptomatic treatment of cognitive deficits associated with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. The search for new AChEIs benefits from well-established knowledge of the molecular interactions of selective AChEIs, such as donepezil and related dual binding site inhibitors. Starting from a previously disclosed coumarin-based inhibitor (±)-cis-1, active as racemate in the nanomolar range toward AChE, we proceeded on a double track by (i) achieving chiral resolution of the enantiomers of 1 by HPLC and (ii) preparing two close achiral analogues of 1, i.e., compounds 4 and 6. An eudismic ratio as high as 20 was observed for the (-) enantiomer of cis-1. The X-ray crystal structure of the complex between the (-)-cis-1 eutomer (coded as MC1420) and T. californica AChE was determined at 2.8 Å, and docking calculation results suggested that the eutomer in (1R,3S) absolute configuration should be energetically more favored in binding the enzyme than the eutomer in (1S,3R) configuration. The achiral analogues 4 and 6 were less effective in inhibiting AChE compared to (±)-cis-1, but interestingly butylamide 4 emerged as a potent inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pisani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenio de la Mora
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Structural Biology, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Benny Danilo Belviso
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Rocco Caliandro
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosimo Damiano Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Purgatorio R, de Candia M, Catto M, Carrieri A, Pisani L, De Palma A, Toma M, Ivanova OA, Voskressensky LG, Altomare CD. Investigating 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroazepino[4,3-b]indole as scaffold of butyrylcholinesterase-selective inhibitors with additional neuroprotective activities for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 177:414-424. [PMID: 31158754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the role of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in acetylcholine hydrolysis in the late stages of the Alzheimer's disease (AD), inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) have been recently envisaged, besides acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, as candidates for treating mild-to-moderate AD. Herein, synthesis and AChE/BChE inhibition activity of some twenty derivatives of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroazepino[4,3-b]indole (HHAI) is reported. Most of the newly synthesized HHAI derivatives achieved the inhibition of both ChE isoforms with IC50s in the micromolar range, with a structure-dependent selectivity toward BChE. Apparently, molecular volume and lipophilicity do increase selectivity toward BChE, and indeed the N2-(4-phenylbutyl) HHAI derivative 15d, which behaves as a mixed-type inhibitor, resulted the most potent (IC50 0.17 μM) and selective (>100-fold) inhibitor toward either horse serum and human BChE. Moreover, 15d inhibited in vitro self-induced aggregation of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and displayed neuroprotective effects in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line, significantly recovering (P < 0.001) cell viability when impaired by Aβ1-42 and hydrogen peroxide insults. Overall, this study highlighted HHAI as useful and versatile scaffold for developing new small molecules targeting some enzymes and biochemical pathways involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Purgatorio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Modesto de Candia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Carrieri
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pisani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Maddalena Toma
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Olga A Ivanova
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid G Voskressensky
- Organic Chemistry Department, RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklai St, 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Cosimo D Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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Pisani L, De Palma A, Giangregorio N, Miniero DV, Pesce P, Nicolotti O, Campagna F, Altomare CD, Catto M. Mannich base approach to 5-methoxyisatin 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)hydrazone: A water-soluble prodrug for a multitarget inhibition of cholinesterases, beta-amyloid fibrillization and oligomer-induced cytotoxicity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:381-388. [PMID: 28801274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeting protein aggregation for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases remains elusive for medicinal chemists, despite a number of small molecules known to interfere in amyloidogenesis, particularly of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein. Starting from previous findings in the antiaggregating activity of a class of indolin-2-ones inhibiting Aβ fibrillization, 5-methoxyisatin 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)hydrazone 1 was identified as a multitarget inhibitor of Aβ aggregation and cholinesterases with IC50s in the low μM range. With the aim of increasing aqueous solubility, a Mannich-base functionalization led to the synthesis of N-methylpiperazine derivative 2. At acidic pH, an outstanding solubility increase of 2 over the parent compound 1 was proved through a turbidimetric method. HPLC analysis revealed an improved stability of the Mannich base 2 at pH2 along with a rapid release of 1 in human serum as well as an outstanding hydrolytic stability of the parent hydrazone. Coincubation of Aβ1-42 with 2 resulted in the accumulation of low MW oligomers, as detected with PICUP assay. Cell assays on SH-SY5Y cells revealed that 2 exerts strong cytoprotective effects in both cell viability and radical quenching assays, mainly related to its active metabolite 1. These findings show that 2 drives the formation of non-toxic, off-pathway Aβ oligomers unable to trigger the amyloid cascade and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pisani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, via G. Amendola 165/A, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela V Miniero
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Pesce
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Campagna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosimo D Altomare
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Catto
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
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11
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Pisani L, Catto M, De Palma A, Farina R, Cellamare S, Altomare CD. Discovery of Potent Dual Binding Site Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors via Homo- and Heterodimerization of Coumarin-Based Moieties. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1349-1358. [PMID: 28570763 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors still comprise the majority of the marketed drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The structural arrangement of the enzyme, which features a narrow gorge that separates the catalytic and peripheral anionic subsites (CAS and PAS, respectively), inspired the development of bivalent ligands that are able to bind and block the catalytic activity of the CAS as well as the role of the PAS in beta amyloid (Aβ) fibrillogenesis. With the aim of discovering novel AChE dual binders with improved drug-likeness, homo- and heterodimers containing 2H-chromen-2-one building blocks were developed. By exploring diverse linkages of neutral and protonatable amino moieties through aliphatic spacers of different length, a nanomolar bivalent AChE inhibitor was identified (3-[2-({4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl}oxy)ethoxy]-6,7-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-2-one (6 d), IC50 =59 nm) from originally weakly active fragments. To assess the potential against AD, the disease-related biological properties of 6 d were investigated. It performed mixed-type AChE enzyme kinetics (inhibition constant Ki =68 nm) and inhibited Aβ self-aggregation. Moreover, it displayed an outstanding ability to protect SH-SY5Y cells from Aβ1-42 damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pisani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Catto
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Farina
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Saverio Cellamare
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Cosimo D Altomare
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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12
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Tonazzi A, Giangregorio N, Console L, De Palma A, Indiveri C. Nitric oxide inhibits the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier through reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteine 136. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2017; 1858:475-482. [PMID: 28438511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation of the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter (CACT) has been investigated on the native and the recombinant proteins reconstituted in proteoliposomes, and on intact mitochondria. The widely-used NO-releasing compound, GSNO, strongly inhibited the antiport measured in proteoliposomes reconstituted with the native CACT from rat liver mitochondria or the recombinant rat CACT over-expressed in E. coli. Inhibition was reversed by the reducing agent dithioerythritol, indicating a reaction mechanism based on nitrosylation of Cys residues of the CACT. The half inhibition constant (IC50) was very similar for the native and recombinant proteins, i.e., 74 and 71μM, respectively. The inhibition resulted to be competitive with respect the substrate, carnitine. NO competed also with NEM, correlating well with previous data showing interference of NEM with the substrate transport path. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach on Cys residues of the recombinant CACT, the target of NO was identified. C136 plays a major role in the reaction mechanism. The occurrence of S-nitrosylation was demonstrated in intact mitochondria after treatment with GSNO, immunoprecipitation and immunostaining of CACT with a specific anti NO-Cys antibody. In parallel samples, transport activity of CACT measured in intact mitochondria, was strongly inhibited after GSNO treatment. The possible physiological and pathological implications of the post-translational modification of CACT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Tonazzi
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Via Bucci 4C, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Via Bucci 4C, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
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13
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Carocci A, Catalano A, Bruno C, Lovece A, Roselli MG, Cavalluzzi MM, De Santis F, De Palma A, Rusciano MR, Illario M, Franchini C, Lentini G. N-(Phenoxyalkyl)amides as MT(1) and MT(2) ligands: antioxidant properties and inhibition of Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent kinase II. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:847-51. [PMID: 23332368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently a series of chiral N-(phenoxyalkyl)amides have been reported as potent MT(1) and MT(2) melatonergic ligands. Some of these compounds were selected and tested for their antioxidant properties by measuring their reducing effect against oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) in the DCFH-diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. Among the tested compounds, N-[2-(3-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]butanamide displayed potent antioxidant activity that was stereoselective, the (R)-enantiomer performing as the eutomer. This compound displayed strong cytoprotective activity against H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity resulting slightly more active than melatonin, and performed as Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Carocci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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14
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Catalano A, Desaphy JF, Lentini G, Carocci A, Di Mola A, Bruno C, Carbonara R, De Palma A, Budriesi R, Ghelardini C, Perrone MG, Colabufo NA, Conte Camerino D, Franchini C. Synthesis and Toxicopharmacological Evaluation of m-Hydroxymexiletine, the First Metabolite of Mexiletine More Potent Than the Parent Compound on Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1418-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201197z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roberta Budriesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126
Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Dipartimento
di Farmacologia
Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
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