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Al-Hilphy AR, Al-Behadli TK, Al-Mtury AA, Abd Al-Razzaq AA, Shaish AS, Liao L, Zeng XA, Manzoor MF. Innovative date syrup processing with ohmic heating technology: Physiochemical characteristics, yield optimization, and sensory attributes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19583. [PMID: 37809817 PMCID: PMC10558822 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the application of the ohmic heating (OH) technique in the production of date syrup from the date fruit of the Sukkary variety at different electric field strengths (EFS) (9, 10, and 11 V/cm). The results were compared to the conventional heating method (CH). The response surface methodology was used to optimize yield. The results showed that the time to reach the boiling point of dates and water mixture using OH was less than the CH by 80% for extracting and 900% for evaporation. In addition, the productivity of date syrup using OH at EFS of 11 V/cm was higher than the CH by 86.11%. There is no significant effect between OH at EFS of 11 V/cm and CH in moisture content, refractive index, density, TSS, and viscosity. The optimum level of EFS was 11.5 V/cm, which gave a higher yield (64.93%). OH, save consumed power and cost. The OH gave the highest scores of sensory characteristics compared to CH. Total sugars, monosaccharides, and ketone monosaccharides were detected in the date syrup, and the result was positive, while the quintuple sugars and multiple sugars were negative for all treatments. The OH reduced the cost by 85.78% compared with CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaad R. Al-Hilphy
- Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq
| | | | | | | | - Ayoub S. Shaish
- Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq
| | - Lan Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Optimization and Intensification of Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Date Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Using Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) Technology and Thermal Processing. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the impact of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on the extraction of polyphenolics and antioxidant activity from downgraded date palm fruits. The PEF pretreatments (frequency: 30 Hz, time: 50 μs, pulse number: 240, the electric field strengths were found to be 1, 2, and 2.5 kV.cm−1, and methanol (50%) and temperatures (20, 40, 50 °C)) were optimized and applied before extraction to produce an extract of date fruits with a high content of bioactive compounds. The extracts obtained immediately after pretreatments were analyzed for total polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity, and phenolic profiles. The results revealed that the PEF-assisted extracts at 2.5 kV.cm−1 at T50 °C exhibited higher polyphenol content (+27%) and antioxidant activity (+31%) and notably improved phenolic profiles compared to untreated extracts. PEF treatment processing significantly enhanced the bioactive components and antioxidant activities of date fruits over time, regardless of the treatment applied and the extraction’s temperature. Hence, the application of PEF combined with thermal processing can be an appropriate alternative treatment for a better extractability of bioactive compounds from fruit of dates and food byproducts. These biomolecules could be consumed as new food technology, incorporated as food additives, and nutraceuticals products.
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Ghazzawy HS, Alqahtani N, Munir M, Alghanim NS, Mohammed M. Combined Impact of Irrigation, Potassium Fertilizer, and Thinning Treatments on Yield, Skin Separation, and Physicochemical Properties of Date Palm Fruits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1003. [PMID: 36903864 PMCID: PMC10005418 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Orchard cultural practices, i.e., irrigation, fertilizer, and fruit thinning, are crucially encompassed to enhance fruit yield and quality. Appropriate irrigation and fertilizer inputs improve plant growth and fruit quality, but their overuse leads to the degradation of the ecosystem and water quality, and other biological concerns. Potassium fertilizer improves fruit sugar and flavor and accelerates fruit ripening. Bunch thinning also significantly reduces the crop burden and improves the physicochemical characteristics of the fruit. Therefore, the present study aims to appraise the combined impact of irrigation, sulfate of potash (SOP) fertilizer, and fruit bunch thinning practices on fruit yield and quality of date palm cv. Sukary under the agro-climatic condition of the Al-Qassim (Buraydah) region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve these objectives, four irrigation levels (80, 100, 120, and 140% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), three SOP fertilizer doses (2.5, 5, and 7.5 kg palm-1), and three fruit bunch thinning levels (8, 10, and 12 bunches palm-1) were applied. The effects of these factors were determined on fruit bunch traits, physicochemical fruit characteristics, fruit texture profile, fruit color parameters, fruit skin separation disorder, fruit grading, and yield attributes. The findings of the present study showed that the lowest (80% ETc) and highest (140% ETc) irrigation water levels, lowest SOP fertilizer dose (2.5 kg palm-1), and retaining the highest number of fruit bunch per tree (12 bunches) had a negative effect on most yield and quality attributes of date palm cv. Sukary. However, maintaining the date palm water requirement at 100 and 120% ETc, applying SOP fertilizer doses at 5 and 7.5 kg palm-1, and retaining 8-10 fruit bunches per palm had significantly positive effects on the fruit yield and quality characteristics. Therefore, it is concluded that applying 100% ETc irrigation water combined with a 5 kg palm-1 SOP fertilizer dose and maintaining 8-10 fruit bunches per palm is more equitable than other treatment combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham S. Ghazzawy
- Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Central Laboratory for Date Palm Research and Development, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12511, Egypt
| | - Nashi Alqahtani
- Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naser S. Alghanim
- Date Palm Research Center Al-Ahsa, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al Mubarraz 36321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Mohammed
- Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koum 32514, Egypt
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Recent Advances in Natural Polyphenol Research. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248777. [PMID: 36557912 PMCID: PMC9787743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced by plants, which contribute to the plant's defense against abiotic stress conditions (e.g., UV radiation and precipitation), the aggression of herbivores, and plant pathogens. Epidemiological studies suggest that long-term consumption of plant polyphenols protects against cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Their structural diversity has fascinated and confronted analytical chemists on how to carry out unambiguous identification, exhaustive recovery from plants and organic waste, and define their nutritional and biological potential. The food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries employ polyphenols from fruits and vegetables to produce additives, additional foods, and supplements. In some cases, nanocarriers have been used to protect polyphenols during food processing, to solve the issues related to low water solubility, to transport them to the site of action, and improve their bioavailability. This review summarizes the structure-bioactivity relationships, processing parameters that impact polyphenol stability and bioavailability, the research progress in nanocarrier delivery, and the most innovative methodologies for the exhaustive recovery of polyphenols from plant and agri-waste materials.
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Bocker R, Silva EK. Pulsed electric field assisted extraction of natural food pigments and colorings from plant matrices. Food Chem X 2022; 15:100398. [PMID: 36211728 PMCID: PMC9532718 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology enables the extraction of food pigments at lower temperatures. PEF process intensification may reduce the extraction yield depending on the plant matrix. Coupling PEF with other emerging technologies is a smart strategy to extract natural pigments. The application of PEF technology in natural food pigment extraction still requires further studies.
Coloring compounds are widely applied to manufacturing foods and beverages. The worldwide food market is replacing artificial colorants with natural alternatives, given the increased consumer demand for natural products. However, these substitutes are still an issue due to their high production cost and low chemical and physical stability. Furthermore, natural pigments are highly sensitive to processes applied in conventional extraction techniques, such as thermal, mechanical, and chemical stresses. In this regard, pulsed electric field (PEF) technology has emerged as a promising non-thermal alternative for recovering and producing natural colorings from food matrices. Its action mechanism on cell structures through the electroporation effect is a smart alternative to overcoming the challenging issues associated with producing natural colorants. In this scenario, this review provides an overview of the PEF assisted extraction of natural pigments and colorants, such as anthocyanins (red-blue-purple), betalains (red), carotenoids (yellow-orange-red), and chlorophylls (green) from plant sources. Moreover, the potential and limitations of this emerging technology to integrate the extraction process of natural colorants were discussed.
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Bebek Markovinović A, Putnik P, Stulić V, Batur L, Duralija B, Pavlić B, Vukušić Pavičić T, Herceg Z, Bursać Kovačević D. The Application and Optimization of HIPEF Technology in the Processing of Juice from Strawberries Harvested at Two Stages of Ripeness. Foods 2022; 11:1997. [PMID: 35885240 PMCID: PMC9324555 DOI: 10.3390/foods11141997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of high intensity pulsed electric field (HIPEF) technology on the stability of total phenols, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and condensed tannins in strawberry juices (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. 'Albion') with different ripening stages (75% and 100%) and stored at +4 °C for 7 days. The HIPEF parameters studied were: (i) electric field strength (40 and 50 kV cm-1), (ii) frequency (100 and 200 Hz), and (iii) treatment duration (3 and 6 min). Of the HIPEF parameters studied, electric field strength and frequency had a statistically significant effect on the content of all phenolic compounds. Treatment duration showed no statistically significant effects on phenolic compounds except for flavonols and condensed tannins. Storage had a positive effect on the stability of most of the phenolic compounds, with the exception of flavonols. Optimization of HIPEF processing showed that strawberry samples at both ripeness levels were suitable for HIPEF treatment to obtain functional fruit juices with a high content of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Bebek Markovinović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.M.); (L.B.); (T.V.P.); (Z.H.); (D.B.K.)
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Višnja Stulić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.M.); (L.B.); (T.V.P.); (Z.H.); (D.B.K.)
| | - Luka Batur
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.M.); (L.B.); (T.V.P.); (Z.H.); (D.B.K.)
- Department of Dietetics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Mije Kišpatića 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Boris Duralija
- Department of Pomology, Division of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Branimir Pavlić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Blvd. Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Tomislava Vukušić Pavičić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.M.); (L.B.); (T.V.P.); (Z.H.); (D.B.K.)
| | - Zoran Herceg
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.M.); (L.B.); (T.V.P.); (Z.H.); (D.B.K.)
| | - Danijela Bursać Kovačević
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.M.); (L.B.); (T.V.P.); (Z.H.); (D.B.K.)
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Green Extraction of Date Palm Fruits via Ultrasonic-Assisted Approach: Optimizations and Antioxidant Enrichments. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10061049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Green extraction involves using green solvents, such as water, to reduce energy consumption, avoid health and environmental hazards and induce the quality and quantity of the extract. Date palm fruits are a vital source of food and medicinal activities, as they contain a high diversity of phytochemicals, mainly phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The main aim of this study is to investigate the use of water as a green solvent, when assisted by different ultrasonic frequencies, in the extraction of four different cultivars of date palm fruits, by evaluating the phenolic and flavonoid composition as well as the antioxidant capacity of the extract. Methods: Four date palm fruits’ cultivars (Agwa, Anbarah, Khalas, and Reziz) were extracted using conventional methods (by water and ethanol) and by ultrasonic means, using two frequencies, 28 and 40 kHz, and applying temperatures (30, 45, and 60 °C), also measuring extraction times (20, 40, 60 min.). Response surface methodology was used for the statistical analysis, applying three factors (temperature, time, and ultrasonic frequency), four responses (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, FRAP, and ABTS), and four cultivars (categories). Results: Conventional water extraction obtained minimal phenolic and flavonoid compounds (up to 52% of ethanol extraction). This percent improved to reach 60% when heat was utilized. The application of ultrasonic frequencies significantly enhanced the extraction of phenolics/flavonoids and the antioxidant ability of the extract to nearly 90% and 80%, respectively. The use of 40 kHz ultrasonic power managed to extract more phenolic and flavonoid components; however, the antioxidant capacities of the extract were less than when the 28 kHz power was utilized. Agwa and Khalas demonstrated themselves to be the best cultivars for ultrasonic-assisted extraction, depending on the results of the optimized responses. Conclusion: This study could be implemented in the industry to produce date palm fruits’ enriched extracts with phenolic and flavonoid components and/or antioxidants.
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Dey G, Ghosh A, Tangirala RK. “Technological convergence” of preventive nutrition with non‐thermal processing. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Dey
- School of Biotechnology Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
- GUT LEBEN INC. San Diego California USA
| | - Annesha Ghosh
- School of Biotechnology Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
| | - Rajendra K Tangirala
- GUT LEBEN INC. San Diego California USA
- Clinical Chemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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9
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Pulsed electric field (PEF): Avant-garde extraction escalation technology in food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Tena N, Asuero AG. Up-To-Date Analysis of the Extraction Methods for Anthocyanins: Principles of the Techniques, Optimization, Technical Progress, and Industrial Application. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020286. [PMID: 35204169 PMCID: PMC8868086 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, food industries are concerned about satisfying legal requirements related to waste policy and environmental protection. In addition, they take steps to ensure food safety and quality products that have high nutritional properties. Anthocyanins are considered high added-value compounds due to their sensory qualities, colors, and nutritional properties; they are considered bioactive ingredients. They are found in high concentrations in many by-products across the food industry. Thus, the non-conventional extraction techniques presented here are useful in satisfying the current food industry requirements. However, selecting more convenient extraction techniques is not easy. Multiple factors are implicated in the decision. In this review, we compile the most recent applications (since 2015) used to extract anthocyanins from different natural matrices, via conventional and non-conventional extraction techniques. We analyze the main advantages and disadvantages of anthocyanin extraction techniques from different natural matrices and discuss the selection criteria for sustainability of the processes. We present an up-to-date analysis of the principles of the techniques and an optimization of the extraction conditions, technical progress, and industrial applications. Finally, we provide a critical comparison between these techniques and some recommendations, to select and optimize the techniques for industrial applications.
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Dini I. Bio Discarded from Waste to Resource. Foods 2021; 10:2652. [PMID: 34828933 PMCID: PMC8621767 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern linear agricultural production system allows the production of large quantities of food for an ever-growing population. However, it leads to large quantities of agricultural waste either being disposed of or treated for the purpose of reintroduction into the production chain with a new use. Various approaches in food waste management were explored to achieve social benefits and applications. The extraction of natural bioactive molecules (such as fibers and antioxidants) through innovative technologies represents a means of obtaining value-added products and an excellent measure to reduce the environmental impact. Cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries can use natural bioactive molecules as supplements and the food industry as feed and food additives. The bioactivities of phytochemicals contained in biowaste, their potential economic impact, and analytical procedures that allow their recovery are summarized in this study. Our results showed that although the recovery of bioactive molecules represents a sustainable means of achieving both waste reduction and resource utilization, further research is needed to optimize the valuable process for industrial-scale recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Dini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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12
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A Critical Review on Pulsed Electric Field: A Novel Technology for the Extraction of Phytoconstituents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164893. [PMID: 34443475 PMCID: PMC8400384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different parts of a plant (seeds, fruits, flower, leaves, stem, and roots) contain numerous biologically active compounds called “phytoconstituents” that consist of phenolics, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins. The conventional techniques applied to extract these phytoconstituents have several drawbacks including poor performance, low yields, more solvent use, long processing time, and thermally degrading by-products. In contrast, modern and advanced extraction nonthermal technologies such as pulsed electric field (PEF) assist in easier and efficient identification, characterization, and analysis of bioactive ingredients. Other advantages of PEF include cost-efficacy, less time, and solvent consumption with improved yields. This review covers the applications of PEF to obtain bioactive components, essential oils, proteins, pectin, and other important materials from various parts of the plant. Numerous studies compiled in the current evaluation concluded PEF as the best solution to extract phytoconstituents used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. PEF-assisted extraction leads to a higher yield, utilizes less solvents and energy, and it saves a lot of time compared to traditional extraction methods. PEF extraction design should be safe and efficient enough to prevent the degradation of phytoconstituents and oils.
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Ahmed Z, Faisal Manzoor M, Hussain A, Hanif M, Zia-Ud-Din, Zeng XA. Study the impact of ultra-sonication and pulsed electric field on the quality of wheat plantlet juice through FTIR and SERS. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 76:105648. [PMID: 34182313 PMCID: PMC8250445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed electric field (PEF) and Ultrasound (US) are commonly used in food processing. We investigated the combined impact of pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultrasound (US) on the wheat plantlet juice. When compared with the individual treatments, the highest values of total phenolics, total flavonoids, chlorophyll, ORAC assay, and DPPH activities were obtained using the combined (US + PEF) methods. The US + PEF significantly decreased the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities from 0.87 to 0.27 Abs min-1 and 0.031-0.016 Abs min-1. Also, the synergistic application significantly lowered the yeast and mold (3.92 to 2.11 log CFU/mL), E. coli/Coliform (1.95 to 0.96 log CFU/mL), and aerobics (4.41 to 2.01 log CFU/mL). Furthermore, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to analyzing juice quality. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as the SERS substrates, which provided stronger Raman peaks for the samples treated with US + PEF methods. The FT-IR analysis showed significant enhancement of the nutritional molecules. The enhanced quality of wheat plantlet juice combined with lower yeast and mold suggests the suitability of integrated methods for further research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ahmed
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Abid Hussain
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Karakorum International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Muddasir Hanif
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Zia-Ud-Din
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, PR China.
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Tzima K, Brunton NP, Lyng JG, Frontuto D, Rai DK. The effect of Pulsed Electric Field as a pre-treatment step in Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of phenolic compounds from fresh rosemary and thyme by-products. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Faisal Manzoor M, Ahmed Z, Ahmad N, Karrar E, Rehman A, Muhammad Aadil R, Al‐Farga A, Waheed Iqbal M, Rahaman A, Zeng X. Probing the combined impact of pulsed electric field and ultra‐sonication on the quality of spinach juice. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Zahoor Ahmed
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Nazir Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition Faculty of Life Science Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Emad Karrar
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Abdur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ammar Al‐Farga
- Department of Biochemistry College of Sciences University of Jeddah Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdul Rahaman
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Xin‐An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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Almusallam IA, Mohamed Ahmed IA, Babiker EE, Al Juhaimi FY, Fadimu GJ, Osman MA, Al Maiman SA, Ghafoor K, Alqah HA. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive properties from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) spikelets using response surface methodology. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ahmad A, Naqvi SA, Jaskani MJ, Waseem M, Ali E, Khan IA, Faisal Manzoor M, Siddeeg A, Aadil RM. Efficient utilization of date palm waste for the bioethanol production through Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:2066-2074. [PMID: 33841824 PMCID: PMC8020936 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are rich in nutritional compounds, particularly in sugars. Sugars offer anaerobic fermentation, used for bioethanol production. Recently, researchers and industrialists finding ways to produce low-cost bioethanol on large scale using agricultural wastes. Date palm residual is the largest agricultural waste in Pakistan, which can be the cheapest source for bioethanol production, whereas the current study was designed to explore the possible utilization and the potential of date palm waste for bioethanol production through Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in yeast extract, Bacto peptone, and d-glucose medium. The fermentation process resulted in the production of 15% (v/v) ethanol under the optimum condition of an incubation period of 72 hr and three sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) were found in date waste. The functional group of ethanol (C2H5OH) was also found via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Therefore, S. cerevisiae could be recommended for ethanol production due to short fermentation time at 25% inoculum in 30°C and reduced the processing cost. Common date varieties of low market value are a preferred substrate for the process of producing industrial ethanol. Additionally, proximate analysis of date fruit by near-infrared spectroscopy revealed moisture contents (16.84%), crude protein (0.3%), ash (9.8%), crude fat (2.6%), and neutral detergent fibers (13.4%). So, date fruit contains various nutrients for microbial growth for ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Ahmad
- Institute of Horticultural SciencesUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Summar A. Naqvi
- Institute of Horticultural SciencesUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad J. Jaskani
- Institute of Horticultural SciencesUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Institute of Horticultural SciencesUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ehsan Ali
- Punjab Bioenergy InstituteUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Iqrar A. Khan
- Institute of Horticultural SciencesUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | | | - Azhari Siddeeg
- Department of Food EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of GeziraWad MedaniSudan
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
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Pattnaik M, Pandey P, Martin GJO, Mishra HN, Ashokkumar M. Innovative Technologies for Extraction and Microencapsulation of Bioactives from Plant-Based Food Waste and their Applications in Functional Food Development. Foods 2021; 10:279. [PMID: 33573135 PMCID: PMC7911848 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The by-products generated from the processing of fruits and vegetables (F&V) largely are underutilized and discarded as organic waste. These organic wastes that include seeds, pulp, skin, rinds, etc., are potential sources of bioactive compounds that have health imparting benefits. The recovery of bioactive compounds from agro-waste by recycling them to generate functional food products is of increasing interest. However, the sensitivity of these compounds to external factors restricts their utility and bioavailability. In this regard, the current review analyses various emerging technologies for the extraction of bioactives from organic wastes. The review mainly aims to discuss the basic principle of extraction for extraction techniques viz. supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and pulsed electric field extraction. It provides insights into the strengths of microencapsulation techniques adopted for protecting sensitive compounds. Additionally, it outlines the possible functional food products that could be developed by utilizing components of agricultural by-products. The valorization of wastes can be an effective driver for accomplishing food security goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisha Pattnaik
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India; (M.P.); (P.P.); (H.N.M.)
| | - Pooja Pandey
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India; (M.P.); (P.P.); (H.N.M.)
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Gregory J. O. Martin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Hari Niwas Mishra
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India; (M.P.); (P.P.); (H.N.M.)
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19
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Sridhar A, Ponnuchamy M, Kumar PS, Kapoor A. Food preservation techniques and nanotechnology for increased shelf life of fruits, vegetables, beverages and spices: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2020; 19:1715-1735. [PMID: 33192209 PMCID: PMC7651826 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-01126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Food wastage is a major issue impacting public health, the environment and the economy in the context of rising population and decreasing natural resources. Wastage occurs at all stages from harvesting to the consumer, calling for advanced techniques of food preservation. Wastage is mainly due to presence of moisture and microbial organisms present in food. Microbes can be killed or deactivated, and cross-contamination by microbes such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should be avoided. Moisture removal may not be feasible in all cases. Preservation methods include thermal, electrical, chemical and radiation techniques. Here, we review the advanced food preservation techniques, with focus on fruits, vegetables, beverages and spices. We emphasize electrothermal, freezing and pulse electric field methods because they allow both pathogen reduction and improvement of nutritional and physicochemical properties. Ultrasound technology and ozone treatment are suitable to preserve heat sensitive foods. Finally, nanotechnology in food preservation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Sridhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203 Kanchipuram, Chennai, India
| | - Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203 Kanchipuram, Chennai, India
| | - Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110 India
| | - Ashish Kapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203 Kanchipuram, Chennai, India
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20
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Manzoor MF, Ahmad N, Ahmed Z, Siddique R, Mehmood A, Usman M, Zeng XA. Effect of dielectric barrier discharge plasma, ultra-sonication, and thermal processing on the rheological and functional properties of sugarcane juice. J Food Sci 2020; 85:3823-3832. [PMID: 33073398 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present work was designed to study the impact of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma, ultrasound (US), and thermal treatment on the functional, rheological, and microbial analysis of sugarcane juice. The results showed that plasma and US treatment did not significantly affect the pH and color of the juice. Total soluble solids (°Brix) value increased from 16.30 ± 0.10 for untreated to 20.50 ± 0.15 during plasma treatment at 45 V for 2 min and 16.65 ± 0.27 during US treatment (40 kHz, power 240 W, and time 40 min). The maximum increase of 25% in total phenolic contents (TPC) and 21% in total flavonoid contents (TFC) was observed in a plasma-treated sample at 40 and 45 V (for 2 min) respectively, whereas 18% in TPC and 16% TFC was observed in the US-treated sample (40 kHz, power 240 W, and time 30 min) as compared to control sample. Plasma treatment increased the antioxidant activities (Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity) toward maximum at 40 V and only 6% of vitamin C was degraded than others. Similarly, plasma treatment significantly reduced particle size, which further led to decreased significantly (P < 0.05) the apparent viscosity of sugarcane juice with a rise in shear rate and drove to a speedy breakdown on initial shearing. A significant reduction was observed in the microbial load among all treatments as compared to the control. Significant reductions of 3.6 and 0.50 log CFU/mL were observed in the total aerobic mesophilic and yeast and mold counts after DBD plasma treatment at 45 V for 2 min, respectively. Thus, we can conclude that novel technology like plasma treatment can be effectively used at an industrial scale for the preservation and processing of sugarcane juice. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Nowadays, novel processing techniques are employed to improve the nutritional quality and stability of juices. The consequences of the present research showed that DBD plasma treatment could improve the TPC, TFC, antioxidant activities, vitamin C, and rheological properties while reducing the activity of the microbial load better than the US and thermal treatment. The verdicts described that novel processing methods can enhance the quality of sugarcane juice at an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Nazir Ahmad
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahoor Ahmed
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Rabia Siddique
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
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21
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Pulsed electric field (PEF) as pre-treatment to improve the phenolic compounds recovery from brewers' spent grains. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Ahmed Z, Manzoor MF, Ahmad N, Zeng X, Din ZU, Roobab U, Qayum A, Siddique R, Siddeeg A, Rahaman A. Impact of pulsed electric field treatments on the growth parameters of wheat seeds and nutritional properties of their wheat plantlets juice. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:2490-2500. [PMID: 32405405 PMCID: PMC7215213 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the impacts of the pulsed electric field (PEF; 2 to 6 kV/cm; a number of pulses 25 and 50) on wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) seeds before imbibition to improve the germination, growth, and their nutritional profile in juice form. It was observed that the PEF treatment at 6 kV/cm at 50 pulses increased water uptake, germination of seeds, and growth parameters of seedlings. A significant increase in total phenolic contents, DPPH, chlorophylls, carotenoids, soluble proteins, minerals, and amino acids in PEF-treated seeds plantlets juice as compared to the untreated seeds plantlets juice was observed. The results indicate that the PEF may effectively stimulate the growth of the wheat kernels and positively affect their metabolism, optimize the nutrients, and enhance the strength of the wheat kernels plantlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ahmed
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)GuangzhouChina
| | - Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)GuangzhouChina
| | - Nazir Ahmad
- Institute of Home and Food SciencesFaculty of Life SciencesGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Xin‐An Zeng
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)GuangzhouChina
| | - Zia ud Din
- Department of Human NutritionThe University of Agriculture, PeshawarPeshawarPakistan
| | - Ume Roobab
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)GuangzhouChina
| | - Abdul Qayum
- Key Laboratory of Dairy ScienceNortheast Agriculture UniversityMinistry of EducationHarbinChina
| | - Rabia Siddique
- Department of ChemistryGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Azhari Siddeeg
- Department of Food Engineering and TechnologyFaculty of Engineering and TechnologyUniversity GeziraWad MedaniSudan
| | - Abdul Rahaman
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)GuangzhouChina
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23
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Manzoor MF, Ahmed Z, Ahmad N, Aadil RM, Rahaman A, Roobab U, Rehman A, Siddique R, Zeng XA, Siddeeg A. Novel processing techniques and spinach juice: Quality and safety improvements. J Food Sci 2020; 85:1018-1026. [PMID: 32222053 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the combined effect of ultrasound (US) and pulsed electric field (PEF) techniques was analyzed for the quality improvement and microbial safety of spinach juice. The spinach juice was treated with US at frequency of 40 kHz, radiating power of 200 W below 30 ± 2 °C temperature for 21 min in ultrasonic bath cleaner, and PEF treatment (pulse frequency: 1 kHz, flow rate: 60 mL/min, temperature: 30 ± 2 °C, time: 335 µs, electric field strength 9 kV/cm) was done. In results, the combined (US-PEF) treatment attained the highest value of minerals and total free amino acids as compared to US or PEF treatment alone. US-PEF treatment significantly reduced the total plate count (3.83 to 1.97 log CFU/mL), E. coli/Coliform (1.90 to 0.75 log CFU/mL) and yeast and mold (4.23 to 2.22 log CFU/mL). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra showed that all nonthermal treatments led to a higher concentration of carbonyl compounds rather generate new carbonyl compounds. US-PEF treatment significantly reduced the particle size. The rheology of spinach juice was drastically changed by all nonthermal techniques, indicating non-Newtonian modal accompanied by a decrease of consistency index (K), apparent viscosity (η), and increase of flow behavior (n). Overall, the improved quality of spinach juice shows the suitability of both technologies for industrial applications despite the variations in rheological properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Nowadays, nonthermal technologies like US and PEF are being used to enhance the nutritional quality and stability of different fruits and vegetable juices. The current research shows that US-PEF application can enhance the free amino acids and mineral contents while significantly decrease microbial activities and particle size. The rheology of spinach juice can be dramatically changed, through the reduction of consistency index (K), apparent viscosity (η) and elevation of flow behavior (n). The results of this research proposed that US-PEF treatment can be a more suitable nonthermal application to enhance the quality of spinach juice at an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zahoor Ahmed
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Nazir Ahmad
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rahaman
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ume Roobab
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Abdur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Rabia Siddique
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Azhari Siddeeg
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, China
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